《高一英语语法大全》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高一英语语法大全（12页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、直接引语和间接引语1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。eg: He said :I broke your CD player. (一般过去时改成过去完成时)He told me he had broken my CD player.Jenny said, I have lost a book.(现在完成时改成过去完成时)Jenny said she had lost a book.Mum said,Ill go to see a friend.(一般将来时改成过去将来时)Mum said she would go to see a friend.过去完成时保留原有的时态He
2、said, We hadnt finished our homework.He said they hadnt finished their homework.注意 直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。2 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰， 从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：Mary said, :My brother is an engineer.Mary said her brother was and engineer.3 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由 whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：He
3、said,Can you run, Mike?He asked Mike whether/if he could run.4. 直接引语如果是祈使句， 间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) + (not) to do sth. 句型。如：pass me the water, please.said he.He asked him to pass her the water.5. 直接引语如果是以Lets开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用suggest+动名词或从句的结构。如：She said, Lets go to the cinema.She suggested go
4、ing to the cinema.或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.现在进行时表将来的动作现在进行时表将来的动作， 谓语通常为瞬间动词。 如： come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay,meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。1用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。2现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do如：go, come, start, return, get, arr
5、ive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。He is reading a novel.他在看小说。The train is arriving soon.火车就要进站了。3用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。4现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的， 而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情， 因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。What are you doing next Friday?下星期五你们打算干什么？The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞。定语从句1.
6、定语从句的结构及理解2. 定语从句的关系词的使用3. 定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳一定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明， 缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have
7、 been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make theaudience applaud.二定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子 做这个名词或代词的定语叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面， 被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行
8、词， 它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接， 这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词关系代词或关系副词： that, which, who, whose, when, where, why 。 先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3.
9、A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on acommon theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in therivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it
10、is like to do the things they haveseen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.三关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或 whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of thecompany.2. Many peo
11、ple who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered thescenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点一当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all, no, only 等形式时，关系代词一般用 that，而不能用 which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one thing that ke
12、eps worrying me.三定语从句的简化表达：1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语
13、从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明： 修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外， 还可以用非谓语动词形式： d
14、oing 短语， done短语，being done 短语，to be done 短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词+doing 短语： 正在做.的人/正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词+ done 短语： 被.的人/事3. 被修饰名词+being done 短语：正在被.的人/事4. 被修饰名词+ to be done 短语：将要被.的人/事1Do you know the man talking to my sister ?2The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, me
15、ans “you havea phone call” in Brazil.3Did you see that car being repaired ?4In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.5The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.6Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.7The Yellow Rive
16、r, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或 V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done 表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done 表示将要被做的【典型例题】例 1 Friendship is needed
17、 by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives.A. which B. that C. who D. it分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives 为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship 用 which 连接定语从句。答案：A例 2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom分析： _ I worked three years ago作为定语从
18、句修饰先行词Uncle Li， 从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C例 3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained分析： 定语从句_ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the
19、 reason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A例 4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. which D. whose分析：非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard 修饰先行词 teachers, 它与从句中的 work是从属关系，关系词用 whose答案：D例 5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt included women players until 191
20、2.A. first playing B. to be first playedC. first played D. to be first playing分析：公元前 776 年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912 年才容纳女运发动。_in 776 BC做定语修饰 The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done 做定语。答案：C例 6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being bui
21、lt分析： 根据句意房子即将开工。 _ for the teachers and the construction work修饰 The houses应为 The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。答案：B例 7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in thediscussion?A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended分析：根据句意：比方说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会
22、有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰 How many of us 做定语。与全句动作同步.答案：B例 8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia.A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Australia 修饰先行词 three children，根据从句中的is 判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案：B【模拟试题】1.
23、 Susan is the very girl _ the good deed.A. whom I think did B. whom I think she didC. who I think did D. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket.A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next mon
24、th.A. where B. which C. to which D. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. when B. in that C. which D. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussed B. discussedC. to be discussed D. to discuss6. The food _
25、at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ?A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词the very girl 在从句中做 think 的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句 did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2.
26、 C 定语从句_ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词 money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3. C 定语从句_ he devoted much time 意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote.to sth.关系词前加介词：to4. A 定语从句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词 the day ：先行词the day 在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的时机。5. C 短语_ tomorrow 做定语修饰 the question，根据表
27、达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6. D 短语_ at the moment 做 the food 的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被的。7. C 现在分词短语 reading under the big tree做定语修饰 the teacher 表示： 正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：一用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must 可以用来表达对事实的推
28、测。 根据说话人对事实的把握性大小， must 表示“肯定”， may / might / can / could表示“可能”，must只用于肯定句中， may / might的否认式may not / might not表示 “可能不”,而 can / could 可以用于疑问句， 表示“可能， 可能吗?”， 其否认式 cant / couldnt 表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。二对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be + doing例句：1. You mu
29、st be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to k now each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7.
30、 He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?三对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have
31、seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气： 表达“本来”， “不然早就”。 这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。 表达了说话人的埋怨， 懊悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought
32、 to have done：本应该shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done：本不该could have done：本来可以neednt have done：本来没必要would like to have done：本来很想would rather not have done: 本来不愿意could / might / have done: 不然早就例句：1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bou
33、ght that dictionary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen
34、to death but for the rescue in time.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need 和 dare 的两种形式的用法need 和 dare 可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式to do结构，在疑问句和否认句中，加助动词 do/does/did/或 dont/doesnt/didnt。作为情态动词使用时， 主要用于疑问句和否认句中。情态动词 neednt没有必要，不必相当于dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a
35、while ? Thank you, you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型 I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure 或 There is no doubt that+从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will 和 would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 则指过去愿意做例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you wi
36、ll accept this job.would 可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do?例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议” 或“推荐”例句：1. Shall we s
37、tart the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.在表示推测的否认句或疑问句中， 常用 can /cant /could / couldnt表示， 意思是： “可能吗?”；“不可能”。而不能使用 must
38、nt或 must 等词。【典型例题】1. Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand,though.A. might B. must C. can D. should分析：此题考查情态动词推测性用法。 根据 he is the last one to help others.他是最不可能帮助别人的人 ，既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。 答案为 A2. Look, someone
39、is coming. Guess who it _ be ?I think it _ be Tom.I dont think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; his D. might ; must ; can ; himself分析： 根据备选答案。can 表示推测时用于疑问句或否认句中。 此题首句就应该是 Guess whocan it be? 第二句应该是 I think it must be Tom.说话人十分肯定 。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否认。
40、即：I dont think it can be him/he.不可能是他 。答案为 A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?Sure. She _ around the campus now.A. must be walking B. must walkC. may walk D. may be walking分析：关键词 Sure 告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing 表示肯定正在做。答案为A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh
41、, did you ? You _ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel 是泛指。所以 D 选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done 表示：本来可以。答案为A5. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through theheavy snow.A. nee
42、dnt have driven B. cant have drivenC. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Neednt have done 表示本来没必要。答案为A6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave分析：根据句意：我真的很担忧你，你
43、真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。 “离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ?B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might分析：根据B 的答复：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。 Might 表示推测：可能。答案为D8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday.B：Will it be a big
44、surprise to her ?A. should B. must C. would D. shall分析：A 说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall 表示许诺。答案为 D【模拟试题】1. A：Is John coming by train ?B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up.A. should have arrived B.
45、 should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep aga in.A. might B. should C. can D. will4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working for an hour.A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoo
46、n because my car broke down.You _ mine. I wasnt using it.A. might borrow B. could have borrowedC. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.It _ her husband. He has been dead for ages.A. mustnt be B. couldnt have beenC. may not have been D. mustnt
47、have been【试题答案】1. 分析：根据 B 的答复“他应该坐火车来 ，但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。此题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may 表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D2. 分析：根据句意：White 先生本应该在 8:30 到这里出席会议的，可他在 8:30没有到场。Should have done表示：本应该。答案为A3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might have done 表示对过去的推测：可能已经答案为 A4. 分析：根据后半句 Youve only been working for an hour.你才刚干了一个小时说明You _
48、be tired你不可能很累 ，cant 表示“不可能”答案为 C5. 分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done. 答案为 B6. 分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done 答案为：B与 it 有关的主要句型it 强调句型知识总结归纳：一it 用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it 用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语to do 短语，doing 短语，名词性从句则放在句尾。主
49、要句型：Its +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.find / make / think / feel it +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.例句：1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English .2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it ear
50、lier.4. Its no use going there so early.5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.6. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.二其他句型1. It takes+时间段+sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等Its said that.Its reported th
51、at Its believed/thought/suggested that例句：1. It generally takes time to reach this pointbeing on the same wavelength .2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring探险on their own and get stuck on thecliff .3. Its suggested thatwe should have a meeting to discuss the problem .被动语态结构:1.行为动词
52、的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词否认式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.被动语态主要的用法1我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁这时 都不带由by引起的短语 。Th
53、e book is written for teachers. 这种书是为教师写的。2动作的承受者是谈话的中心这时可带有by引起的短语 。The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。3出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者 是谁。It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。4被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audienc
54、e.刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。5在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的，有些带有被、 受、由等词，译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。他被选为我班班长。He was elected monitor of our class.但在更多情况下却不带这类标记，这种情况值得特别注意。运动会什么时候开？ When will the sports meet be held?注 意 点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look af
55、ter,take care of,cutdown, laugh at,talk about,turn on等eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有be covered with be surprised atbe interested in be worried aboutbe made of/from be known to4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.eg. This dictionary sells well.This kind of car drives fast.The woolen sweater costs $ 88.5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者)被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者(动作承受者)
