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1、句子成分概述句子成分概述:一个句子的各个组成部分一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成叫做句子成分分.句子成分有句子成分有主语主语(Subject)、谓语谓语(Predicate)、宾语宾语(Object)表语表语(Predicative)、定语定语(Attribute) 、状语状语(Adverbial)、补语补语(Complement)和和同位语同位语(Appositive).句子除了上述几种基本成分外句子除了上述几种基本成分外, 一些一些独立成分独立成分, 如如插入语插入语(Parenthesis)、呼语呼语(Direct Address)和和感叹语感叹语(Interjection)等等.e.
2、g. Sandy, be quick.呼呼语语Oh, my God!感叹语感叹语Its too expensive, I think.插入语插入语1.主主语2.(1)主主语成分成分3.主主语是句子所是句子所叙述的主体述的主体, 说明句明句子子讲的人或事物的人或事物.4.可作主可作主语的有的有:a.名名词b. Shanghai is in the east of China.c. Tom works very hard.b.代词代词 I bought a new book. That is a picture of our school. Who knows the answer?c.数词数词
3、Three plus four is seven. The first is the best.d.动词不定式动词不定式 To see is to believe. It is important to learn English. e.动名词短语动名词短语 Smoking is harmful to the health.f.名词化的形容词或分词名词化的形容词或分词 The old should be respected. The disabled will receive more money.g.名词性短语名词性短语 A man with a book is coming towards
4、 us.h. 主语从句主语从句 What he said is not true.(2) 形式主语形式主语形式主语形式主语(Formal Subject)是代词是代词it的的一种用法一种用法.当句子的主语是当句子的主语是动词不定式、动词不定式、动名词短语或从句动名词短语或从句时时,为使句子平衡为使句子平衡, 一般用一般用it作形式主语放在句首作形式主语放在句首, 而将真而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后正的主语当在谓语动词之后.a.It +谓语谓语+动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 It is a good habit to do morning exercises. It is difficult
5、for him to give up smoking.b. It +谓语谓语+动名词短语动名词短语(主要用在以主要用在以no good/use, useless, worthwhile, dangerous等词作表语等词作表语的句子中的句子中) It is no use learning without thinking. It is dangerous playing with fire.c. It +谓语谓语+名词性从句名词性从句(真正的主语真正的主语是是that引导的名词性从句引导的名词性从句)It is a pity that you didnt come to the party.I
6、t is said that nobody knows where he lives. 2. 谓语谓语 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态, 由由动词承担动词承担, 一般放在主语之后一般放在主语之后. He is a middle school student. The new term will begin on the 1st of September. His novel has been translated into English.3. 宾语宾语 (1)宾语成分宾语成分 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果, 是动作的承受是动作的承受 者者
7、. 宾语常用于及物宾语常用于及物动词之后动词之后, 称为称为动词宾语动词宾语. 介词后面介词后面的名词或代词的名词或代词, 称为称为介词宾语介词宾语.a.名词名词b. He lost his parents in his childhood.c.b.代词代词(人称代词用宾格人称代词用宾格)d. Everybody likes her.e.c.数词数词f. -How many chairs do you want?g. -I want four.d.名词化的形容词和分词名词化的形容词和分词 The doctor is operating on the injured.e.动词不定式短语动词不定式
8、短语 Id like to have some coffee.f.动名词短语动名词短语 I havent finished reading your book yet.g.名词性短语或从句名词性短语或从句 I like coffee with some sugar. I think you are right.Note: I really dont know what to do next.(2)双宾语双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语直接宾语(Direct Object)和间接宾语和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语称为双宾语.这两个
9、宾语往往一个指这两个宾语往往一个指人人(一般为间接宾语一般为间接宾语), 另一个指物另一个指物(一般为直一般为直接宾语接宾语). 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前. He gave me a book. 间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接也可将间接宾语后置宾语后置, 并在其前加上介词并在其前加上介词to或或for. He gave a book to me. He bought this book for me.注意注意: 如果直接宾语是人称代词如果直接宾语是人称代词, 则间则间接宾语必须后置接宾语必须后置, 并在其前
10、加上介词并在其前加上介词to或或for. Heres your report. Dont forget to show it to your parents.(3) 复合宾语复合宾语 有些及物动词有些及物动词, 除了接一个直接宾除了接一个直接宾语外语外, 还接还接宾语补足语宾语补足语(Object Complement), 用来说明宾语的动作、用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征状态或特征. 宾语宾语+宾语补足语叫做宾语补足语叫做复合宾语复合宾语(Complex Object). 其各种其各种形式如下形式如下:a.名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+名词名词b. His father named him
11、Johnny.c.b. 名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+形容词形容词d. Youll find our washing-powder excellent.e.c. 名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+介词短语介词短语f. At last, he found him in trouble.d. 名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定分词或动词不定式短语式短语 Mum asked him to buy some bread. I can see some students playing basketball.注意注意:在在let, make, watch, see, hear, feel等词后等词
12、后, 接动词不定式作宾补接动词不定式作宾补, 则须省去则须省去不定式符号不定式符号to. We heard him sing in the next room.如果复合宾语中的宾语是如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动动词不定式、动名词短语或从句名词短语或从句, 常用常用it来代替宾语来代替宾语, 将真将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后, it则被称则被称为为形式宾语形式宾语(Formal Object). We found it difficult to solve this problem.形式宾形式宾语语宾语补足语宾语补足语真正宾语真正宾语I think it ne
13、cessary that we should vote on it.形式宾语形式宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语真正宾真正宾语语4、 定语定语 定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词代词. 可作定语的有可作定语的有:a.形容词形容词b. Newton is a famous scientist.c.b. 名词名词d. Lets listen to the weather forecast first.c. 动名词动名词 Our school is going to build a swimming pool.d. 分词短语或动词不定式短语分词短语或动词不定式短语 She is r
14、eading an interesting book. I have no pen to write with.e. 介词短语或副词介词短语或副词 I havent got the solution to the problem. I used to live in the room above.f. 从句从句 The man who is coming toward us is my English teacher.5、 同位语同位语 在一个句子中在一个句子中, 一个名词或一个名词或代词代词, 或相当于名词的短语或或相当于名词的短语或从句从句, 放在另一个名词或代词放在另一个名词或代词之后之
15、后, 用以说明它的性质或情用以说明它的性质或情况况, 被称为同位语被称为同位语(Appositive). 可作可作同位语的通常有同位语的通常有:a.名词名词b. This is my best friend, Tom.c.b. 代词代词d. We all got a surprise.e.c. 数词数词f. This prize is for you two.g.d. 从句从句h. I had no idea that you were here.6、 状语状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子整个句子, 说明地点、时间、原因、说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、
16、条件、让步、方向、程目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分, 被被称为状语称为状语(Adverbial). 可充当状语的可充当状语的有有:a.副词副词b. Who can write beautifully?c.b. 介词短语介词短语d. Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside.e.c. 分词短语分词短语f. Not knowing what to do, I decided to give up.d. 动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 His mother often comes to see
17、 him.e. 名词名词 Please come this way.f. 从句从句 As soon as the teacher came in, all the students stood up.7、 表语表语 表语表语(Predicative)是用来说明主是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的语的身份、特征或状态的, 一般用在一般用在连系动词连系动词be, 或半系动词如或半系动词如become, look, turn, seem, appear等之后等之后. 可充当表语的有可充当表语的有:a.名词名词b. His father is a teacher.c.b. 代词代词d. This bo
18、ok is mine.e.c. 形容词或分词短语形容词或分词短语 The leaves turn yellow in autumn. The teacher was satisfied with your work. The story is very interesting.d. 数词数词 One plus one is two.e. 动词不定式或动名词短语动词不定式或动名词短语 My job is looking after her. What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.f. 副词或介词短语 Sorry, my father isnt in. Tom is in Shanghai now.g. 从句 The question is why we should put off the meeting.
