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1、PIECEPIECEProgram for North American Mobility In Higher EducationProgram for North American Mobility In Higher EducationMODULE 14. “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)”MODULE 14. “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)”4 steps of LCA, approaches, software, databases, subjectivity, 4 steps of LCA, approaches, software,
2、 databases, subjectivity, sensitivity analysis, application to a classic example. sensitivity analysis, application to a classic example. 1 1Created by: cole Polytechnique de Montral, Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo & Created by: cole Polytechnique de Montral, Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo & Unive
3、rsidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi.Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi.PIECENAMPWhat is the structure of this module?What is the structure of this module?Module 14 is intended to convey the basic aspects of Life Cycle Module 14 is intended to convey the basic aspects of Life Cycle Assessment (LC
4、A) methods and tools, using a case study approach.Assessment (LCA) methods and tools, using a case study approach.This module is divided into 3 “tiers”, each with a specific goal:This module is divided into 3 “tiers”, each with a specific goal:Tier I: Basic Concepts.Tier I: Basic Concepts.Tier II: T
5、ier II: How to use computer tools.How to use computer tools.Tier III: Tier III: How to Apply the Tool in a real world context.How to Apply the Tool in a real world context.These tiers are intended to be completed in that particular order. These tiers are intended to be completed in that particular o
6、rder. Students are quizzed at various points to measure their degree of Students are quizzed at various points to measure their degree of understanding, before proceeding to the next level.understanding, before proceeding to the next level.Structure of Module 14Structure of Module 142 2Module 14 Lif
7、e Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMPTier IBackground Information3 3Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMPWhat is the purpose of this tier?What is the purpose of this tier?Background Background Information.Information. It It will will provide provide a a general general overview overview of of life life cyc
8、le assessment (LCA) and its potential applicationscycle assessment (LCA) and its potential applicationsPurpose of Module 14Purpose of Module 144 4Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMPGaudreault, Gaudreault, C., C., Samson, Samson, R., R., Stuart, Stuart, P. P. (2004). (2004). “Survey “Survey of o
9、f LCA LCA Applications Applications and and Methodologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry”. Paper submitted to TAPPI Journal.Methodologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry”. Paper submitted to TAPPI Journal.GoedkoopGoedkoop andand OeleOele. . 2002. 2002. ”User ”User Manual Manual Introduction Introduct
10、ion into into LLCA LLCA methodology methodology and and practice with practice with SimaProSimaPro 5.1“. 5.1“. International International Organization Organization for for Standardization.2000.“Environmental Standardization.2000.“Environmental Management Management Life Life Cycle Assessment Princi
11、ples and Framework”. Geneva, Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14040Cycle Assessment Principles and Framework”. Geneva, Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14040 International International Organization Organization for for Standardization.2000 Standardization.2000 “Environmental “Environmental Management Management Life
12、 Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment Goal Goal and and Scope Scope Definition Definition and and Inventory Inventory Analysis”. Analysis”. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14041Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14041 International International Organization Organization for for Standardization.2000.
13、“Environmental Standardization.2000.“Environmental Management Management Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment Life Life Cycle Cycle Impact Impact Assessment”. Assessment”. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Switzerland. Notes: Notes: ISO ISO 1404214042 International International Organization Organ
14、ization for for Standardization.2000.“Environmental Standardization.2000.“Environmental Management Management Life Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Interpretation”. Geneva, Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14043Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Interpretation”. Geneva, Switzerland. Notes: ISO 14043ReferencesRefere
15、nces5 5Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMPInternational International Organization Organization for for Standardization.2000.“Environmental Standardization.2000.“Environmental Management Management Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment Life Life Cycle Cycle Interpretation”. Interpretation
16、”. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Switzerland. Notes: Notes: ISO ISO 1404314043 Lopes, Lopes, Dias, Dias, Arroja, Arroja, Capela Capela and and Pereira, Pereira, 2003 2003 “Application “Application of of life life cycle cycle assessment assessment to the Portuguese pulp and paper industry”. Journal of
17、 Cleaner Production.to the Portuguese pulp and paper industry”. Journal of Cleaner Production. Pollution Prevention A Federal Strategy for Action, 1995 Pollution Prevention A Federal Strategy for Action, 1995 Svoboda Svoboda S. S. (1995). (1995). “Note “Note of of Life Life Cycle Cycle Analysis”. An
18、alysis”. National National Pollution Pollution Prevention Prevention Center for Higher Education.Center for Higher Education. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),United Natio
19、ns Environment Programme (UNEP), http:/http:/ReferencesReferences6 6Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).(LCA).1.1.2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overvie
20、w of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.industry.1.1.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as
21、 a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.for practical applications in the operation of a facility.5.5.Multiple choice questions.Multiple choice questions.Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline7 7Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cyc
22、le Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).1.1. The origin1.1. The originTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline8 8Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).A
23、ssessment (LCA). 1.1. The origin1.1. The origin LCA LCA has has its its roots roots in in the the 1960s, 1960s, when when scientists scientists concerned concerned about about the the rapid rapid depletion depletion of of fossil fossil fuels fuels developed developed it it as as an an approach appro
24、ach to to understanding understanding the the impacts impacts of of energy energy consumption.consumption.In In the the early early 1970s, 1970s, LCAs LCAs concentrated concentrated mainly mainly on on energy energy and and raw raw materials materials but but later later air air emissions, water emi
25、ssions and solid waste were included in the calculation.emissions, water emissions and solid waste were included in the calculation.9 9Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMPIn In the the late late 1970s 1970s and and early early 1980s, 1980s, the the environmental environmental concern concern shi
26、fted shifted to to issues issues of of hazardous waste management.hazardous waste management.The The SETAC SETAC conference conference of of 1990 1990 in in Vermont Vermont was was the the first first to to analyze analyze LCAs LCAs into into three three main stages. These stages are:main stages. Th
27、ese stages are:Inventory Inventory In In which which the the data data describing describing the the system system are are collected collected and and converted converted to to a a standard standard format format to to provide provide a a description description of of the the physical physical chara
28、cteristics characteristics of of the the system system of of interest.interest.InterpretationInterpretation In In which which the the physical physical datas datas from from the the inventory inventory are are related related to to observable environmental problems.observable environmental problems.
29、Improvement Improvement In In which which the the system system is is modified modified in in some some way way to to reduce reduce or or ameliorate ameliorate the observed environmental impacts.the observed environmental impacts.InventoryInterpretationImprovement1.1.Introduction and definition of t
30、he Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). 1010Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).1.1. The origin1.1. The origin1
31、.2. Introduction1.2. IntroductionTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline1111Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA).1.2. 1.2. IntroductionIntroductionA A fundamental fundamental p
32、art part in in the the application application of of the the LCA LCA is is that that a a company company that that makes makes and and uses uses a a LCA LCA -in -in the the long long run- run- is is going going to to the the same same demand demand to to its its suppliers suppliers and and clients c
33、lients within the commercial chain.within the commercial chain. Generally using a LCA causes a rain of ideas that can help to see Generally using a LCA causes a rain of ideas that can help to see the problem from an extensive point of view. The LCA is a tool of the problem from an extensive point of
34、 view. The LCA is a tool of support for the decision making. support for the decision making. For what kind of applications do we use the LCAFor what kind of applications do we use the LCA ? ?The potential applications of LCA include (ISO 1997):The potential applications of LCA include (ISO 1997): I
35、dentification of improvement opportunities for environmental Identification of improvement opportunities for environmental aspects. aspects. As a decision making tool in strategic planning, priorities As a decision making tool in strategic planning, priorities definition and product or process desig
36、n. definition and product or process design. Selection and evaluation of relevant environmental performance indicators. Selection and evaluation of relevant environmental performance indicators. Marketing Marketing programs.programs.1212Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and de
37、finition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).1.1. The origin1.1. The origin1.2. Introduction1.2. Introduction1.3. Definition1.3. DefinitionTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline1313Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and defi
38、nition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA).1.3. 1.3. DefinitionDefinitionLife Cycle :Life Cycle :Consecutive Consecutive and and interlinked interlinked stages stages of of a a product product or or a a service service system, system, fro
39、m from the the extraction of natural resources to the final disposal.extraction of natural resources to the final disposal.In In this this module,module, LCALCA is is utilised utilised as as a a quantitative quantitative process process used used to to evaluate evaluate the the associate associate e
40、nvironmental environmental loads loads to to a a product, product, a a process process or or an an activity activity identifying identifying the the use use of of mass mass and and energy energy and and the the discharges discharges to to the the surroundings; surroundings; in in order order to to d
41、etermine determine it it potential potential impactimpact. .1414Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). The The study study takes takes into into account account the the
42、 stages stages of of extraction extraction and and processing processing of of raw raw materials; materials; production, production, transportation transportation and and distribution distribution of of raw raw materials materials and and products; products; use, use, reusability and/or reusability
43、and/or recyclingrecycling as well as the disposition of the remainder. as well as the disposition of the remainder.1515Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). The The IS
44、O ISO 14040 14040 standard standard defines defines LCA LCA as as a a compilation compilation and and evaluation evaluation of of the the inputs inputs and and outputs outputs and and the the potential potential environmental environmental impacts impacts of of a a product product system system thro
45、ugh through its its life life cyclecycle. . The The Life-Cycle Life-Cycle Assessment Assessment framework framework as as laid laid down down in in this this standard standard is is shown shown below:below:1616Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle
46、Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). The The base base of of LCA LCA consists consists of of making making a a mass mass and and energy energy balances balances of of the the studied studied system. system. In In this this way way the the inputs inputs and
47、 and outputs outputs are are identified, identified, and and later later the the potential potential environmental environmental impacts impacts are evaluated.are evaluated.A A cradle-to-gravecradle-to-grave manner manner involves involves all all the the steps steps in in the the product product pr
48、oduction: production: from from raw raw material material extraction extraction and and transport transport to to production production and and consumption, consumption, until until the the re-use re-use or or the disposal.the disposal.1717Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and
49、 definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). Life Life Cycle Cycle Analysis Analysis must must be be used used cautiously, cautiously, and and in in the the interpretation interpretation of of the the impact impact assessment, care mu
50、st be taken with subjective judgments.assessment, care must be taken with subjective judgments.When When first first conceived, conceived, it it was was predicted predicted that that LCA LCA would would enable enable definitive definitive judgments judgments to to be made. That misplaced belief has
51、now been discredited.be made. That misplaced belief has now been discredited.In combination with the trend towards more open disclosure of In combination with the trend towards more open disclosure of environmental information by companies and the desire by environmental information by companies and
52、 the desire by consumers to be guided towards the least harmful purchases, consumers to be guided towards the least harmful purchases, LCA appears to be a vital tool.LCA appears to be a vital tool.1818Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessmen
53、t (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).1.1. The origin1.1. The origin1.2. Introduction1.2. Introduction1.3. Definition1.3. Definition1.4. The ISO 14040 family 1.4. The ISO 14040 family Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline1919Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP ISO 1404
54、0 : Environmental Management - LCA ISO 14040 : Environmental Management - LCA Principles and FrameworkPrinciples and Framework ISO ISO 14041 14041 : : Environmental Environmental Management Management - - LCA LCA Goal Goal and and Scope Scope Definition Definition & & Inventory AnalysisInventory Ana
55、lysis ISO 14042 : Environmental Management - LCA ISO 14042 : Environmental Management - LCA Life Cycle Impact AssessmentLife Cycle Impact Assessment ISO 14043 : Environmental Management - LCA ISO 14043 : Environmental Management - LCA Life Cycle InterpretationLife Cycle Interpretation ISO ISO 14047
56、14047 : : Illustrative Illustrative Examples Examples on on how how to to apply apply ISO ISO 14042 14042 - - Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment Life Cycle Impact AssessmentLife Cycle Impact Assessment ISO 14048 : Environmental Management - LCA ISO 14048 : Environmental Management - LCA Dat
57、a Documentation FormatData Documentation Format ISO ISO 14049 14049 : : Environmental Environmental Management Management - - LCA LCA Examples Examples of of Application Application of of ISO ISO 14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventor
58、y Analysis1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA).1.4. 1.4. The ISO 14040 FamilyThe ISO 14040 Family2020Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and
59、 definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO 14040 : ISO 14040 : Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Principles and FrameworkPrinciples and FrameworkThis This international international standard standard specifies
60、 specifies the the general general framework, framework, principles principles and and requirements requirements for for conducting conducting and and reporting reporting life life cycle cycle assessment assessment studies. studies. This This international international standard standard does does n
61、ot describe the life cycle assessment technique in details.not describe the life cycle assessment technique in details.In In this this definition, definition, it it is is clear clear that that impact impact assessment assessment is is an an integral integral part part of of LCA. LCA. ISO ISO 14040 1
62、4040 is is an an excellent excellent compromise compromise between between what what makes makes up up a a Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment and and that that what is to be achieved at all.what is to be achieved at all.2121Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and defini
63、tion of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO 14041 : ISO 14041 : Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Goal and Scope Definition & Inventory AnalysisGoal and Scope Definition &
64、Inventory AnalysisThis This international international standard standard in in addition addition to to ISO ISO 14040 14040 specifies specifies the the requirements requirements and and procedures procedures necessary necessary for for the the compilation compilation and and preparation preparation
65、of of the the definition definition of of the the goal goal and and scope scope of of a a Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment study study and and for for performing, performing, interpreting interpreting and and reporting reporting a a Life Life Cycle Cycle Inventory Inventory analysis analy
66、sis (LCI). (LCI). This This international international standard standard does does not not describe describe the the life life cycle cycle assessment technique in detail.assessment technique in detail.2222Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Intr
67、oduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO 14042 : ISO 14042 : Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Impact AssessmentLife Cycle Impact AssessmentISO ISO 14042 14042 describes describes and a
68、nd gives gives guidance guidance on on a a general general framework framework for for the the Life Life Cycle Cycle Impact Impact Assessment Assessment phase phase (LCIA) (LCIA) of of LCA LCA as as well well as as its its key key features features and and inherent inherent limitations. limitations.
69、 It It specifies specifies requirements requirements for for conducting conducting LCIA LCIA and and its relationship to other LCA phases. its relationship to other LCA phases. The The standard standard is is supported supported with with a a technical technical report report illustrating illustrati
70、ng examples examples on on how how to to apply apply ISO ISO 14042. 14042. In In the the ISO ISO 14042 14042 document document a a large large range range of of issues issues are are mentioned mentioned that that need need to be decided and described. to be decided and described. 2323Module 14 Life
71、Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO 14043 : ISO 14043 : Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Interpretat
72、ionLife Cycle InterpretationThis This international international standard standard provides provides requirements requirements and and recommendations recommendations for for conducting conducting the the life life cycle cycle interpretation interpretation phase phase in in LCA LCA or or LCI LCI st
73、udies. studies. This This document document is is intended intended to to provide provide guidance guidance on on the the interpretation interpretation of of LCA LCA results results in in relation relation to to the the goal goal definition definition phase phase of of the the LCA LCA study, study,
74、involving review of the scope of the LCA.involving review of the scope of the LCA.This This international international standard standard does does not not describe describe specific specific methodologies methodologies for for the the life life cycle cycle interpretation interpretation phase phase
75、of of LCA LCA and and LCI LCI studies. studies. This This standard standard is is short, short, clear clear and and illustrated. illustrated. The The aim aim of of the the working working group group was was to to demonstrate demonstrate that that the the LCA LCA interpretation interpretation can ca
76、n be be done done simply, simply, by by referring referring essentially to common sense.essentially to common sense.2424Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO/DTR 1
77、4047: ISO/DTR 14047: Illustrative Examples on how to apply ISO Illustrative Examples on how to apply ISO 14042 - Life Cycle Assessment 14042 - Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Impact AssessmentLife Cycle Impact AssessmentThe The purpose purpose of of this this Technical Technical Report Report is is
78、 to to provide provide examples examples to to illustrate illustrate practice practice in in carrying carrying out out a a life life cycle cycle impact impact assessment assessment according according to to ISO ISO 14042. 14042. These These examples examples are are only only a a sample sample of of
79、 the the total total possible possible examples examples that that could could satisfy satisfy the the provisions provisions of of the the standard. standard. They They should should be be read read as as offering offering “a “a way” way” or or “ways” “ways” rather rather than than the the “unique “
80、unique way” way” of of applying applying the the standard. standard. They They reflect reflect the the key key elements elements of of the the life life cycle cycle impact impact assessment assessment (LCIA) (LCIA) phase phase of of the the LCA. LCA. It It should should be be noted noted that that t
81、he the examples examples presented presented in in this this technical technical report report are are not not exclusive exclusive and and that that other other examples examples exist to illustrate the methodological issues described.exist to illustrate the methodological issues described.2525Modul
82、e 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO/DTR 14048: ISO/DTR 14048: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Assessment Data D
83、ocumentation FormatData Documentation FormatThis This technical technical specification specification is is applicable applicable to to the the specification specification and and structuring structuring of of questionnaire questionnaire forms forms and and information information system. system. Ho
84、wever, However, it it can can also also be be applied applied to to other other aspects aspects of of the the management of the environmental data.management of the environmental data.The The technical technical specification specification does does not not include include requirements requirements
85、on on completeness completeness of of data data documentation. documentation. The The data data documentation documentation format format in in independent independent of of any any software software of of database database platform platform for for implementation.implementation.The The technical te
86、chnical specification specification does does not not require require any any specific specific sequential, sequential, graphic graphic or or procedural procedural solutions solutions for for the the presentation presentation or or treatment treatment of of datas, datas, nor nor does does it it desc
87、ribe describe specific specific modeling modeling methodologies for LCA and LCI data.methodologies for LCA and LCI data.2626Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Assessment (LCA). ISO/D
88、TR 14049: ISO/DTR 14049: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment Assessment Examples of Application of ISO 14041 to Goal and Examples of Application of ISO 14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory AnalysisScope Definition and Inventory AnalysisT
89、his This technical technical report report provides provides examples examples about about practices practices in in carrying carrying out out a a Life Life Cycle Cycle Inventory Inventory Analysis Analysis (LCI) (LCI) as as means means of of satisfying satisfying certain certain provisions provisio
90、ns of of the the standard. standard. They They should should be be read read as as offering offering a a way way or or ways ways rather rather than than the the unique unique way way of of applying applying the the standard. standard. Also Also they they reflect reflect only only certain certain por
91、tions of an LCI study.portions of an LCI study.It It should should be be noted noted that that the the examples examples presented presented in in this this technical technical Report Report are are not not exclusive exclusive and and that that many many other other examples examples exist exist ill
92、ustrating illustrating the the methodological methodological issues issues described. described. The The examples examples are are only only portions portions of of complete complete LCI LCI studies.studies.2727Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle
93、 Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. MethodologyTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline2828Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of
94、 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.1. 2.1. MethodologyMethodologyThe The ISO 14040ISO 14040 general framework of an general framework of an LCALCA study consists of four steps: study consists of four steps:1.1.Defining the Defining the goal and scopego
95、al and scope of the study. of the study.2.2.Making Making a a model model of of the the product product life life cycle cycle with with all all the the environmental environmental inflows inflows and and outflows. outflows. This This is is usually usually referred referred to to as as the the life l
96、ife cycle cycle inventoryinventory (LCI) (LCI) stages.stages.3.3.Understanding Understanding the the environmental environmental relevance relevance of of all all the the inflows inflows and and outflows, outflows, this is referred to as the this is referred to as the life cyclelife cycle impact ass
97、essmentimpact assessment (LCIA) phase. (LCIA) phase.4.4.The The interpretationinterpretation of the study. of the study.2929Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyGoal and scopeDefinition(ISO 14041)Inven
98、toryAnalysis(ISO 14041)ImpactAssessment(ISO 14042)LifeCycleInterpretation(ISO 14043)Direct application: Product development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing OtherPrinciples and Framework (ISO 14040)Other tools:TechniquesEconomicSocial3030Module 14 Life Cycle Assessme
99、ntPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology The The challenge challenge for for the the LCA LCA practitioner practitioner is is to to develop develop the the models models in in such such a a way way that that the the simplifications an
100、d thus uncertainties do not influence the results too much.simplifications and thus uncertainties do not influence the results too much.The The best best way way to to deal deal with with this this problem problem is is to to carefully carefully define define a a goal goal and and scope scope of of
101、the the LCA LCA study before starting.study before starting.The The goal goal and and scope scope definition definition is is a a guide guide that that helps helps you you to to ensure ensure the the consistency consistency of of the the LCA you perform.LCA you perform.Example :Example :LCA LCA meth
102、odology methodology was was applied applied to to Portuguese Portuguese production production of of printing printing and and writing writing paper paper in in order to evaluate its environmental performance and also to make a order to evaluate its environmental performance and also to make a compar
103、ative, environmental assessment of fuel oil and natural gas,comparative, environmental assessment of fuel oil and natural gas, respectively, as energy sources in the manufacturing process. respectively, as energy sources in the manufacturing process. (Lopes et al. 2003)(Lopes et al. 2003)3131Module
104、14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Go
105、al and Scope2.2. Goal and ScopeTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline3232Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.2. 2.2. Goal and scope Goal and scope Goal Goal & & Scope Scope Definition Definition (ISO (ISO 1
106、4041).14041). That That is is to to state, state, the the reasons reasons of of the the study, study, the the information information that that is is expected expected to to obtain, obtain, how how it it is is going going to to be be used, used, the the intended intended audience audience of the rep
107、ort, the analysis of the scope and the limits of the system.of the report, the analysis of the scope and the limits of the system.1.1.Defining the goal:Defining the goal:The The goal goal of of any any study study shall shall unambiguously unambiguously state state the the intended intended applicat
108、ion, application, the the reasons reasons for for carrying carrying out out the the study study and and the the intended intended audience, audience, I.e. I.e. to to whom whom the the results results of of the the study study are intended to be communicated. are intended to be communicated. Some Som
109、e LCA LCA studies studies serve serve more more than than one one purpose. purpose. The The results results may may be be both both used used internally internally and and externally. externally. In In that that case, case, consequences consequences of of such such double double use use should shoul
110、d be be clearly clearly described. described. ( (GoedkoopGoedkoop andand OeleOele. 2002). 2002) 3333Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology It It is is obvious obvious that that an an LCA LCA should shou
111、ld have have goal. goal. However, However, in in ISO ISO there there are are some some particular particular requirements for the goal definition:requirements for the goal definition: TheThe application application and and intended intended audiences audiences shall shall be be described described u
112、nambiguously. unambiguously. This This is is important, important, asas a a study study that that aims aims to to provide provide data data that that is is applied applied internally internally can can be be quitequite differently differently structured structured than than a a study study that that
113、 aims aims at at making making public public comparisons comparisons betweenbetween two two products.products.TheThe reasons reasons for for carrying carrying out out the the study study should should be be clearly clearly described. described. Is Is the the commissionercommissioner oror practitione
114、r trying to prove something, is the practitioner trying to prove something, is the commissioner commissioner intending intending to to provide provide informationinformation only, etc. only, etc.2.2.Defining the scope:Defining the scope:3.3.The scope of the study describes the most important methodo
115、logical choices, The scope of the study describes the most important methodological choices, 4.4.assumptions assumptions and and limitations. limitations. One One starts starts with with initial initial system system boundariesboundaries and and initial initial data data qualityquality requirements
116、requirements that that can can be be adapted adapted later later if if more more information information becomes becomes available or necessary.available or necessary.3434Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle meth
117、odology The The scope scope of of any any LCA LCA study study should should be be efficiently efficiently well well defined defined to to ensure ensure that that the the breadth breadth and and the the inherent inherent details details in in which which the the study study is is conducted conducted
118、are are both both compatibles compatibles with with and and sufficientes to address the stated study goal. sufficientes to address the stated study goal. ( (Goedkoop and Oele. 2002)Goedkoop and Oele. 2002)Factors that should be considered and stated clearly in the Scope of Study include:Factors that
119、 should be considered and stated clearly in the Scope of Study include: The The function(sfunction(s) of the system to be analyzed) of the system to be analyzed The functional unit on which the study will be based The functional unit on which the study will be based The system boundaries The system
120、boundaries Allocation procedures adopted Allocation procedures adopted Data quality requirements Data quality requirements Any assumptions made Any assumptions made Study limitations Study limitations The type and format of the study reports The type and format of the study reports3535Module 14 Life
121、 Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology Function, Function, functional unitfunctional unit and and reference flowreference flowA A particularly particularly important important issue issue in in product product compar
122、isons comparisons is is the the functional functional unit unit or or comparison comparison basis. basis. In In many many cases, cases, one one cannot cannot simply simply compare compare product product A A and and B, B, as as they they may may have have different different performance performance
123、characteristics. characteristics. Defining Defining a a functional functional unit unit can can be be quite quite difficult, difficult, as as the the performance performance of of products products is is not not always always easy easy to to describe. describe. For For instance, instance, if if the
124、the objective objective of of the the study study is is to to compare compare paper paper towels towels with with hand hand dryers, dryers, the the function function of of these these products products is is to to dry dry hands hands and and the the functional unit can be defined as x pair of dried
125、hands. functional unit can be defined as x pair of dried hands. Initial System BoundariesInitial System BoundariesProduct Product systems systems tend tend to to be be interrelated interrelated in in a a very very complex complex way. way. It It is is helpful helpful to to draw draw a a diagram diag
126、ram of of the the system system and and to to identify identify the the boundaries boundaries in in this this diagram. Important choices in this area are:diagram. Important choices in this area are:What is the boundary with nature? For example, in What is the boundary with nature? For example, in an
127、 LCA on paper it is important to decide if the growing of aan LCA on paper it is important to decide if the growing of atree is included. If it is, one can include the COtree is included. If it is, one can include the CO2 2 uptake and the uptake and the land use effect.land use effect.3636Module 14
128、Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology Will Will the the production production and and disposal disposal of of capital capital goods goods be be included? included? One One can can distinguish three orders:distin
129、guish three orders: First Order : Only the production of materials and transport are included. First Order : Only the production of materials and transport are included. Second Second Order Order : : All All processes processes during during the the life life cycle cycle are are included, included,
130、but but the the capital capital goods are left out.goods are left out. Third Order : Now the capital goods are included. Third Order : Now the capital goods are included. Criteria for inclusion of inputs and outputsCriteria for inclusion of inputs and outputsApart Apart from from the the criteria cr
131、iteria for for system system boundaries, boundaries, one one can can also also use use a a certain certain threshold threshold below below which which you you consider consider it it is is useless useless to to collect collect data data for for an an inflow inflow or or an an outflow. outflow. ISO I
132、SO recommends recommends using using one one or or more more of of the the following following bases bases for for such such a a threshold:threshold: If the mass of the inflow is lower than a certain percentage. If the mass of the inflow is lower than a certain percentage. If the economic value of a
133、n inflow is lower than a certain percentage of the If the economic value of an inflow is lower than a certain percentage of the total value of the product system.total value of the product system. If If the the contribution contribution from from an an inflow inflow to to the the environmental envir
134、onmental load load is is below below a a certain certain percentage.percentage.3737Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology Data CategoriesData CategoriesIt It defines defines the the kind kind of of data
135、 data necessary necessary for for the the study. study. They They can can be be collected collected at at the the production production sites sites (i.e. (i.e. primary primary data) data) or or be be obtained obtained or or calculated calculated from from published published references references or
136、 or databases databases (i.e. (i.e. secondary secondary data). data). ISO ISO recommends recommends the the use use of of primary primary data data for for those those processes processes that that contribute contribute with with most most of of the the mass mass and and energy flows or processes wi
137、th significant environmental emissions (ISO 1999).energy flows or processes with significant environmental emissions (ISO 1999). Data Quality RequirementsData Quality RequirementsThe The quality quality of of the the data data used used in in the the life life cycle cycle inventory inventory is is n
138、aturally naturally reflected reflected in in the the quality quality of of the the final final LCA. LCA. The The data data quality quality can can be be described described and and assessed assessed in in different different ways. ways. It It is is important important that that the the data data qua
139、lity quality is is described described and and assessed assessed in in a a systematic systematic way way that that allows allows others others to to understand understand and and control control the the actual actual data data quality.quality.Initial Initial data data quality quality requirements re
140、quirements shall shall be be established established which which define define that that following following parameters: parameters: Time-related coverageTime-related coverage. . Geographical coverageGeographical coverage. . Technology coverageTechnology coverage. .3838Module 14 Life Cycle Assessmen
141、tPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyIn In all all studies, studies, the the following following additional additional data data quality quality indicators indicators shall shall be be taken taken into into consideration considerat
142、ion in in a a level level of of detail detail depending depending on on goal goal and scope definition:and scope definition: PrecisionPrecision CompletenessCompleteness RepresentativenessRepresentativeness ConsistencyConsistency ReproducibilityReproducibility3939Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECEN
143、AMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology ISO recommends the following procedure in order to deal with allocation issues:ISO recommends the following procedure in order to deal with allocation issues: Avoid Avoid allocation, allocation, by by
144、 splitting splitting the the processes processes in in such such a a way way that that can can be be described described as two separated processes that each has a single output.as two separated processes that each has a single output. Another Another way way to to avoid avoid allocation allocation
145、is is to to extend extend the the system system boundaries, boundaries, and and by by including process is that would be needed to make a similar output.including process is that would be needed to make a similar output. If If it it is is not not possible possible to to avoid avoid allocation alloca
146、tion in in either either way, way, the the ISO ISO standard standard suggest suggest allocating allocating the the environmental environmental load load based based on on a a physical physical causality, causality, such such as as mass mass or or energy content of the outputs.energy content of the o
147、utputs.If If this this procedure procedure cannot cannot be be applied, applied, ISO ISO suggests suggests using using socio-economic socio-economic allocation allocation basis, such as the economic value.basis, such as the economic value.Although Although ISO ISO mentions mentions the the socio-eco
148、nomic socio-economic basis basis as as a a last last resource, resource, it it is is used used very very often. often. The The advantage advantage is is that that economic economic value value is is a a good good way way to to distinguish distinguish waste from an output, and it expresses the relati
149、ve importance of an output.waste from an output, and it expresses the relative importance of an output. AllocationAllocation4040Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.
150、2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : ExampleTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline4141Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.
151、2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.3. 2.3. Goal and scope: ExampleGoal and scope: ExampleThe The purpose purpose of of this this study study is is the the identification identification and and assessment assessment of of the the environmen
152、tal environmental impacts impacts associated associated with with the the production, production, use use and and final final disposal disposal of of printing printing and and writing writing paper paper produced produced in in Portugal Portugal from from Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus globulus and
153、and consumed in Portugal. The schema below shows the system boudaries.consumed in Portugal. The schema below shows the system boudaries.4242Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyIn In this this example,
154、 example, the the functional functional unit unit was was defined defined as as 1 1 tonne tonne of of white white printing printing and and writing writing paper, paper, with with a a standard standard weight weight of of 80 80 g/mg/m2 2, , produced produced from from Portuguese Portuguese Eucalyptu
155、s Eucalyptus globulus globulus kraft kraft pulp pulp and and consumed in Portugal.consumed in Portugal. The The impact impact assessment assessment conducted conducted in in this this study study considers considers the the following impact categories:following impact categories:Global Warming poten
156、tial for 100 yearsGlobal Warming potential for 100 yearsAcidificationAcidificationEutrophicationEutrophicationNon-renewable resource depletionNon-renewable resource depletionPhotochemical oxidant formationPhotochemical oxidant formation4343Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and
157、 definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope :
158、Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory AnalysisTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline4444Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.4. 2.4. ISO gu
159、idelines; Inventory AnalysisISO guidelines; Inventory AnalysisPhase Phase of of Life Life Cycle Cycle Assessment Assessment involving involving the the compilation compilation and and quantification quantification of of inputs inputs and and outputs, outputs, for for a a given given product product
160、system system throughout throughout its its life life cycle. cycle. (International (International Organization Organization for for Standardization 1997)Standardization 1997)4545Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cyc
161、le methodology Inventory AnalysisInventory AnalysisInventory Inventory analysis analysis is is the the stage stage in in which which data data are are collected collected and and where where calculations calculations are are performed performed in in order order to to quantify quantify the the relev
162、ant relevant inputs inputs and and outputs outputs of of the the system system as as a a whole. whole. Typically, Typically, inventory inventory data data include include raw raw materials materials and and energy energy consumption, consumption, and and the the emission emission of of solid, solid,
163、 liquid liquid and and gaseous gaseous wastes. wastes. Inventory Inventory data data may may be be provided provided for for full full life life cycles cycles or or for for partial partial life life cycles. cycles. (Susan Svoboda, 1995)(Susan Svoboda, 1995)Raw MaterialsEnergyWaterEmissions to AirRel
164、eases to WaterSolid WasteUsable ProductsOther Environmental ReleasesSystemInputsInputsOutputsOutputs4646Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyAn An important important step step in in the the inventory
165、inventory is is the the creation creation of of a a process process flow flow diagramdiagram that that will will serve serve as as the the “blueprint” “blueprint” for for the the data data to to be be collected. collected. Each Each step step in in the the system system should should be be represent
166、ed represented in in the the diagram, diagram, including including the the steps steps of of the the production production of of ancillary ancillary products products such such as as chemicals chemicals and and packaging. packaging. This This step step is is important important because because it it
167、 clearly clearly depicts depicts the the relative relative contribution contribution of of each each subsystem subsystem to to the the entire entire production production system and the final product.system and the final product.The The following following is is a a synopsis synopsis of of the the v
168、arious various issues issues that that can can be be analyzed analyzed in in an an inventory inventory analysis:analysis: Data Collection Data Collection Refining System Boundaries Refining System Boundaries Calculation Calculation Validation of Data Validation of Data Relating data to the specific
169、system Relating data to the specific system Allocation and Recycling Allocation and Recycling4747Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology1.1.Data CollectionData CollectionInventory Inventory Analysis Anal
170、ysis involves involves data data collection collection and and calculation calculation procedures procedures to to quantify quantify relevant relevant inputs inputs and and outputs outputs of of a a product product system. system. These These inputs inputs and and outputs outputs may may include inc
171、lude the the use use of of resources resources and and releases releases to to air, air, water water and and land land associated associated with with the the system. system. Interpretation Interpretation may may be be draw draw from from these these data, data, depending depending on on the the goa
172、ls goals and and scope scope of of the the LCA. LCA. These These data data also also constitute constitute the the input input to to the the life life cycle cycle impact impact assessment.assessment.The The qualitative qualitative and and quantitative quantitative data data for for inclusion inclusi
173、on in in the the inventory inventory shall shall be be collected collected for for each each unit unit process process that that is is included included within within the the system system boundaries. boundaries. The The procedures procedures used used for for data data collection collection may may
174、 vary vary depending depending on on the the scope, scope, unit unit process process or or intended intended application of the study.application of the study.The The technical technical specification specification provides provides comprehensive comprehensive formats formats for for data data colle
175、ction collection and and treatment and the following concept can be used,treatment and the following concept can be used, Description of the process as well as description of inputs and outputs. Description of the process as well as description of inputs and outputs. Description of modeling and vali
176、dation Description of modeling and validation Description of administrative information Description of administrative information4848Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.2.Refining System BoundariesR
177、efining System BoundariesThe The system system boundaries boundaries are are defined defined as as a a part part of of the the scope scope definition definition procedure. procedure. After After the the initial initial data data collection, collection, the the system system boundaries boundaries can
178、 can be be refined refined e.g. e.g. as as a a result result of of decisions decisions of of exclusion exclusion life life stages stages or or sub-systems, sub-systems, exclusion exclusion of of material material flows flows or or inclusion inclusion of of new new unit unit processes processes shown
179、 shown to to be be significant significant according according to to the the sensitivity sensitivity analysis. analysis. The The following following is is a a synopsis synopsis of of the the various various subsystems subsystems that that can can be be analyzed analyzed in an inventory analysis:in a
180、n inventory analysis:4949Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyRaw Materials Acquisition. Raw Materials Acquisition. Data Data are are collected collected for for this this subsystems subsystems an an a
181、ll all activities activities required required to to obtain obtain raw raw materials, materials, including including transportation transportation of of the the materials materials to to the the point point of of manufacture. manufacture. The The inventory inventory should should also also include i
182、nclude all all inputs inputs of of energy, energy, materials, materials, and and equipment equipment necessary necessary for for acquiring acquiring each each raw raw material. material. Because Because this this dramatically dramatically increases increases the the complexity complexity of of the t
183、he analysis, analysis, criteria criteria must must be be determined determined to to eliminate eliminate insignificant insignificant contributions contributions (usually (usually any any component component contributing contributing less less than than five five percent of inputs might be ignored).p
184、ercent of inputs might be ignored).5050Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyProduct System. Product System. Data Data collected collected for for this this subsystem subsystem includes includes all all
185、 energy, energy, material, material, or or water water inputs inputs and and environmental environmental releases releases that that occur occur during during the the manufacturing manufacturing processes processes required required to to convert convert each each raw raw materials materials input i
186、nput into into intermediate intermediate materials materials ready ready for for fabrication. fabrication. If If industrial industrial scrap scrap is is used used in in another another subsystem, subsystem, it it is is considered considered to to the the same same consumption consumption and and emi
187、ssion emission rates rates required required to to produce produce that that primary primary material.material.5151Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyTransportation/Distribution. Transportation/Distr
188、ibution. An An inventory inventory of of the the related related transportation transportation activities activities of of the the product product to to warehouses warehouses and and end-users end-users maybe maybe simplified simplified by by using using standards standards for for the the average a
189、verage distance distance transported transported and and the the typical typical mode mode of of transportation transportation used. used. As As in in previous previous stages, stages, clear clear boundaries boundaries must must be be established established to to define define the the extent extent
190、 to to which which issues issues such such as as building building and and maintaining maintaining transportation transportation and and distribution equipment will be included into the inventory results.distribution equipment will be included into the inventory results.5252Module 14 Life Cycle Asse
191、ssmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyConsumer Use/Disposal. Consumer Use/Disposal. Data Data collected collected for for this this subsystem subsystem cover cover consumer consumer activities activities including including use
192、 use (product (product consumption, consumption, storage, storage, preparation, preparation, or or operation), operation), maintenance maintenance (repair) (repair) and reuse. Issues to consider when defining the scope of the subsystem include:and reuse. Issues to consider when defining the scope of
193、 the subsystem include: Time of product use before it is discarded Time of product use before it is discarded Inputs used in the maintenance process Inputs used in the maintenance process The typical frequency of repair The typical frequency of repair Potential product reuse and recycling options Po
194、tential product reuse and recycling options5353Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology 3.3.Calculation proceduresCalculation procedures4.4.No No formal formal demands demands exist exist for for calculat
195、ion calculation in in life life cycle cycle assessment assessment except except the the described described demands demands for for allocation allocation procedures. procedures. Due Due to to the the amount amount of of data data it it is is recommended recommended as as a a minimum minimum to to de
196、velop develop a a spreadsheet spreadsheet for for the the specific specific purpose. purpose. A A number number of of general general PC-programs/software PC-programs/software for for calculation calculation are are available available e.g. e.g. spreadsheets/spreadsheet spreadsheets/spreadsheet appl
197、ications applications (EXCEL/Lotus (EXCEL/Lotus etc), etc), together together with with many many software software programs programs developed developed specially specially for for life life cycle cycle assessment. assessment. The The appropriate appropriate program can be chosen depending on the k
198、ind and amount of data to be handled.program can be chosen depending on the kind and amount of data to be handled.4.4.Validation of DataValidation of DataThe The validation validation of of data data has has to to be be conducted conducted during during the the data data collection collection proces
199、s process in in order order to to improve improve the the overall overall data data quality. quality. Systematic Systematic data data validation validation may may point point out out areas areas where data quality must be improved or data must be found in similar where data quality must be improved
200、 or data must be found in similar processes processes or or unit processes.unit processes.For For each each data data category category and and for for each each reporting reporting location location where where missing missing data data are are identified, the treatment of the missing data should r
201、esult in:identified, the treatment of the missing data should result in: An acceptable reported data value; An acceptable reported data value; A “zero” data value of justifies; or A “zero” data value of justifies; or A A calculated calculated value value based based on on the the reported reported v
202、alues values from from unit unit processes processes employing employing similar technology.similar technology.5454Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology5.5.Relating data to the specific systemRelating
203、data to the specific system6.6.The The fundamental fundamental inputs inputs and and outputs outputs data data are are often often delivered delivered from from industry industry in in arbitrary arbitrary units units e.g. e.g. energy energy consumption consumption as as MJ/machine/week MJ/machine/we
204、ek or or emissions emissions to to the the sewage sewage system as mg metals/liter wastewater.system as mg metals/liter wastewater.7.7.For For each each unit unit process, process, an an appropriate appropriate reference reference flow flow shall shall be be determine determine (e.g. (e.g. one one k
205、ilogram kilogram of of material material or or one one mega mega joule joule for for energy). energy). The The quantitative quantitative input input and and output output data data of the unit process shall be calculated in relation to this reference flow.of the unit process shall be calculated in r
206、elation to this reference flow.8.8.Based Based on on the the refined refined chart chart and and systems systems boundaries, boundaries, unit unit processes processes are are interconnected to allow calculations of the complete system.interconnected to allow calculations of the complete system.6.6.A
207、llocation and RecyclingAllocation and Recycling7.7.When When performing performing a a life life cycle cycle assessment assessment of of a a complex complex system, system, it it may may not not be be possible possible to to handle handle all all the the impacts impacts and and outputs outputs insid
208、e inside the the system system boundaries. boundaries. This This problem problem can can be be solved either by:solved either by:8.8.1.1. Expanding the system boundaries to include all the inputs and outputs, or by Expanding the system boundaries to include all the inputs and outputs, or by2.2. Allo
209、cating the relevant environmental impacts to the studied system. Allocating the relevant environmental impacts to the studied system. Since Since the the inventory inventory is is intrinsically intrinsically based based on on material material balances balances between between inputs inputs and and
210、outputs, outputs, allocation allocation procedures procedures should should approximate approximate as as much much as as possible possible such such fundamental fundamental input-input-output output relationships relationships and and characteristics. characteristics. Some Some principles principle
211、s should should be be kept kept in in mind mind when when allocating loadings.allocating loadings.5555Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyAllocation can be necessary when dealing with:Allocation can b
212、e necessary when dealing with: Multi-output Multi-output “black “black box” box” processes, processes, i.e. i.e. when when more more than than one one product product is is produced produced and and some of those product flows are crossing the system boundaries.some of those product flows are crossi
213、ng the system boundaries. Multi-input Multi-input processes, processes, such such as as waste waste treatment, treatment, where where a a strict strict quantitative quantitative causality causality between inputs and emissions etc. seldom exists.between inputs and emissions etc. seldom exists. Open-
214、loop Open-loop recycling, recycling, where where a a waste waste material material leaving leaving the the system system boundaries boundaries is is used used as as a raw material by another system, outside the boundaries of the studied system.a raw material by another system, outside the boundaries
215、 of the studied system.Recycling Recycling technology technology is is expected expected to to improve improve greatly greatly in in the the future. future. Therefore, Therefore, content content levels levels and and recycling recycling rates rates should should always always be be reported reported
216、 at at current current rates rates with with documentation documentation of of study study dates. dates. Advances Advances in in technology technology will will both both increase increase rates rates and and the the number number of of products that are recyclable, altering both products that are r
217、ecyclable, altering both open-loopopen-loop and and closed-loopclosed-loop recycling options.recycling options.5656Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of
218、 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Invent
219、ory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: ExampleTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline5757Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.5. 2.5. Inventory Analysis: ExampleInventory Analysis: ExampleThe productio
220、n of Eucalyptus The production of Eucalyptus includes forest installation, forest includes forest installation, forest growth and wood harvesting. growth and wood harvesting. Forest installation and growth Forest installation and growth comprises path opening, land comprises path opening, land prepa
221、ration, soil preparation, preparation, soil preparation, deep fertilization, plantation, pest deep fertilization, plantation, pest control, soil mobilization and soil control, soil mobilization and soil fertilization.fertilization.5858Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages
222、of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThis subsystem includes pine This subsystem includes pine growth and pine harvesting, growth and pine harvesting, 75% of which is done by 75% of which is done by regeneration felling and 25% regeneration felling and 25% by thinki
223、ng.by thinking.5959Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyData on the production of Data on the production of softwood pulp include the softwood pulp include the pulping process.pulping process.6060Modul
224、e 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyTo perform this study, two To perform this study, two scenarios were defined:scenarios were defined: Actual scenario (AS): Actual scenario (AS): Eucalyptus pulp and pape
225、r Eucalyptus pulp and paper integrated production using integrated production using heavy fuel oil.heavy fuel oil. Natural gas scenario (NGS): Natural gas scenario (NGS): Eucalyptus pulp and paper Eucalyptus pulp and paper integrated production using integrated production using natural gas.natural g
226、as.6161Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe printing and writing paper The printing and writing paper production include eucalyptus production include eucalyptus pulp transfer, softwood pulp pulp t
227、ransfer, softwood pulp bales pulping, pulp refining, bales pulping, pulp refining, cleaning, and screening, cleaning, and screening, broke recovery, paper broke recovery, paper machine, finishing, machine, finishing, wastewater treatment in an wastewater treatment in an activated sludge plant and on
228、 activated sludge plant and on site energy production.site energy production.6262Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyFinal disposal alternatives in Final disposal alternatives in Portugal for printing
229、 and Portugal for printing and writing wastepaper are writing wastepaper are recycling (11%), landfilling recycling (11%), landfilling (84%) and composting (5%).(84%) and composting (5%).6363Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stage
230、s of life cycle methodologyThe production of The production of hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide and sodium chlorate was sodium chlorate was included because, they included because, they are energy-insensitive are energy-insensitive process.process.6464Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2
231、.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologySome subsystems Some subsystems purchase electricity purchase electricity from the national grid, from the national grid, while others have a while others have a surplus of electricity surplus of electrici
232、ty production.production.6565Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThis subsystem This subsystem includes the circulation, includes the circulation, between subsystems, between subsystems, of wood, soft
233、wood of wood, softwood pulp, paper, pulp, paper, wastepaper, chemicals wastepaper, chemicals and fuels by 16 tonne, and fuels by 16 tonne, 28 tonne and garbage 28 tonne and garbage trucks, ocean ships and trucks, ocean ships and electric trains.electric trains.6666Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIEC
234、ENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe fuels considered The fuels considered are heavy fuel oil, light are heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, diesel oil and fuel oil, diesel oil and natural gas.natural gas.6767Module 14 Life Cycle Assess
235、mentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goa
236、l and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact AssessmentTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline6868Module 14 L
237、ife Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.6. 2.6. Impact AssessmentImpact AssessmentThe The purpose purpose of of Life Life Cycle Cycle Impact Impact AssessmentAssessment (LCIA) (LCIA) is is to to assess assess a a
238、systems systems Life Life Cycle Cycle Inventory Inventory results results with with the the aim aim of of improving improving understanding understanding with with regard regard to to their their potential potential environmental environmental significance. significance. LCIA LCIA specifically speci
239、fically uses uses impact impact categories categories and and associated associated indicators indicators to to simplify simplify LCI LCI results results with with regard regard to to one one or or more more environmental environmental issues. issues. An An LCA LCA shall shall include include LCIA L
240、CIA to to help help identify identify potential potential environmental environmental problems problems associated with various man-made activities.associated with various man-made activities.Life Cycle Impact Assessment is defined as the phase in the LCA aimed at understanding Life Cycle Impact Ass
241、essment is defined as the phase in the LCA aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of a product systems.a product systems.6969Module 14 Life Cyc
242、le AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.6. 2.6. Impact AssessmentImpact AssessmentLife Life Cycle Cycle Impact Impact Assessment Assessment (LCIA) (LCIA) is is the the third third phase phase in in a a life life cycle cy
243、cle assessment containing the following main issues:assessment containing the following main issues:Mandatory ElementsMandatory Elements Selection of impact categories and category indicators Selection of impact categories and category indicators Assignment of LCI results ( Assignment of LCI results
244、 (ClassificationClassification) ) CharacterizationCharacterizationOptional ElementsOptional Elements NormalizationNormalization Grouping Grouping WeightingWeighting Data Quality Analysis Data Quality Analysis7070Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodolo
245、gyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyAn An important important step step in in an an LCIA LCIA is is the the selection selection of of the the appropriate appropriate impact impact categories. categories. The The choice choice is is guided guided by by the the goal goal of of the the stud
246、y. study. It It requires requires some some expert expert judgment judgment to to make make such such a a list, list, and and to to understand understand which which impact impact categoriescategories should should be be defined defined to to cover all these issues.cover all these issues.An An impor
247、tant important help help in in the the process process of of selecting selecting impact impact categories categories is is the the definition definition of of so-so-called called endpoint. endpoint. Endpoints Endpoints are are to to be be understood understood as as issues issues of of environmental
248、 environmental concern, concern, like like human human health, health, extinction extinction of of species, species, availability availability of of resources resources for for future future generation. generation. Endpoints Endpoints can can be be selected selected by by the the practitioner, pract
249、itioner, as as long long as as the the reasons reasons for for including including or or excluding endpoints are clearly documented.excluding endpoints are clearly documented.Category Category endpoints endpoints are are variables variables which which are are of of direct direct social social conce
250、rn, concern, such such as as human human life life span, span, natural natural resources, resources, valuable valuable ecosystems ecosystems or or species, species, etc. etc. The The level level of of the the endpoints endpoints is is also also called called “damage “damage level”. level”. Category
251、Category midpoints midpoints are are variables variables in in the the environmental environmental mechanism mechanism of of an an impact impact category category between between the the environmental environmental interventions interventions and and the the category category endpoints, endpoints, l
252、ike like the the concentration concentration of of toxic toxic substances, substances, the deposition of acidifying substances, etc. the deposition of acidifying substances, etc. Selection of Impact CategoriesSelection of Impact Categories7171Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4
253、 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The level level of of the the endpoints endpoints is is also also called called “damage “damage level”. level”. Category Category midpoints midpoints are are variables variables in in the the environmental environment
254、al mechanism mechanism of of an an impact impact category category between between the the environmental environmental interventions interventions and and the the category category endpoints, endpoints, like like the the concentration concentration of of toxic toxic substances, substances, the the d
255、eposition deposition of of acidifying acidifying substances, substances, etc. etc. The The level level of of midpoints midpoints is is also also called called “problem “problem level” level” (Udo (Udo de de Haes Haes et et al. al. 1999a). 1999a). According According to to ISO, ISO, the the category
256、category indicator indicator can can be be defined defined at at any any level level of of the the environmental environmental mechanism mechanism (ISO (ISO 2001a).2001a).The The inventory inventory results results of of an an LCA LCA usually usually contains contains hundreds hundreds of of differe
257、nt different emissions emissions and and resource resource extraction extraction parameters. parameters. Once Once the the relevant relevant impact impact categories categories are are determined, determined, these LCI results must be assigned to these impact categories.these LCI results must be ass
258、igned to these impact categories.Once Once the the impact impact categories categories are are defined defined and and the the LCI LCI results results are are assigned assigned to to these these impact impact categories, categories, it it is is necessary necessary to to define define characterizatio
259、n characterization factors. factors. These These factors factors should should reflect reflect the the relative relative contribution contribution of of an an LCI LCI result result to to the the impact impact category category indicator result.indicator result.7272Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIEC
260、ENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyGeneral General overview overview of of the the structure structure of of an an impact impact assessment assessment method. method. The The LCI LCI result result are are characterized characterized t
261、o to produce produce a a number number of of impact impact categories categories indicators. indicators. According According to to ISO, ISO, one one must must document document the the environmental environmental relevance relevance of of each each indicator indicator by by describing describing the
262、 link to the endpoints. the link to the endpoints. EndpointsEndpointsEndpointsEndpointsMidpointsMidpointsMidpointsMidpointsInventoryInventoryInventoryInventoryOzone layerOzone layerOzone layerOzone layerAcidificationAcidificationAcidificationAcidificationClimateClimateClimateClimateLandLand- -useuse
263、LandLand- -useuseNutriphicationNutriphicationNutriphicationNutriphicationEcotoxicityEcotoxicityEcotoxicityEcotoxicityCarcinogenCarcinogenCarcinogenCarcinogenSmogSmogSmogSmogRadiationRadiationRadiationRadiationMineralsMineralsMineralsMineralsLCI resultsLCI resultsLCI resultsLCI resultsFossil fuelFoss
264、il fuelFossil fuelFossil fuelEnvironmental MechanismEnvironmental MechanismEnvironmental MechanismEnvironmental MechanismReduced resource baseReduced resource baseDieing forestDieing forestCancerCancerExtinction of speciesExtinction of speciesSeawarlevelSeawaterlevelRespiratory deceasesRespiratory d
265、eceases7373Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The impact impact category category “human “human toxicological toxicological impacts” impacts” is is one one of of the the most most difficult diffi
266、cult categories categories to to handle. handle. The The potential potential effect effect on on humans humans depends depends as as for for ecotoxicological ecotoxicological impacts impacts an an the the actual actual emission emission and and fate fate of of the the specific specific substances su
267、bstances emitted emitted to to the the environment.environment.The human toxicological effects can be: The human toxicological effects can be: Acute toxicological effects Acute toxicological effects Irritation Irritation Allergenic reactions Allergenic reactions GenotoxicityGenotoxicity Cecinogenici
268、tyCecinogenicity NeurotoxicityNeurotoxicity TeratogenicityTeratogenicity7474Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The choice choice of of the the impact impact assessment assessment method method de
269、pends depends largely largely on on the the addressed addressed audience.audience.7575Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyAssignment Assignment of of LCI LCI results results to to impact impact catego
270、ries categories should should consider consider the the following, following, unless unless otherwise required by the goal and scope:otherwise required by the goal and scope: Assignment if LCI results which are exclusive to one impact category; Assignment if LCI results which are exclusive to one im
271、pact category; Identification Identification of of LCI LCI results results which which relate relate to to more more than than one one impact impact category, category, including impact categories of human and acidification andincluding impact categories of human and acidification and Allocation All
272、ocation among among serial serial mechanism, mechanism, e.g. e.g. NONOX X may may be be assigned assigned to to ground ground level level ozone formation and acidification.ozone formation and acidification.Classification Classification is is a a qualitative qualitative step step based based on on sc
273、ientific scientific analysis analysis of of relevant relevant environmental environmental processes. processes. The The classification classification has has to to assign assign the the inventory inventory input input and and output output data data to to potential potential environmental environmen
274、tal impacts impacts i.e. i.e. impact impact categories. categories. Some Some outputs outputs contribute contribute to to different different impact impact categories categories and and therefore, therefore, they they have have to to be be mentioned mentioned twice.twice.Assignment of LCI results (C
275、lassification)Assignment of LCI results (Classification)7676Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The method method of of calculating calculating indicators indicators results results shall shall be
276、 be identified identified and and documented, documented, including the value-choices and assumptions used.including the value-choices and assumptions used.The The usefulness usefulness of of the the indicator indicator results results for for a a given given goal goal and and scope scope depends de
277、pends on on the the accuracy, accuracy, validity validity and and characteristic characteristic of of the the models models and and characterization characterization factors. factors. The The number number and and kind kind of of simplifying simplifying assumptions assumptions and and value-choices
278、value-choices used used in in the the characterization characterization model model for for the the category category indicator indicator will will also also vary vary between between impact impact categories. categories. A A trade trade off off often often exist exist between between characterizati
279、on characterization model model simplicity simplicity and and accuracy. accuracy. Variation Variation in in the the quality quality of of indicators indicators among among impact impact categories categories may may influence influence the the overall accuracy of the LCA study, for example:overall a
280、ccuracy of the LCA study, for example: The The complexity complexity of of the the environmental environmental mechanism mechanism between between the the system system boundary boundary and the category endpoint,and the category endpoint, CharacterizationCharacterization7777Module 14 Life Cycle Ass
281、essmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology The The spatial spatial and and temporal temporal characteristics, characteristics, for for example example the the persistence persistence of of a a substance in the environment, andsubs
282、tance in the environment, and The dose-response characteristics The dose-response characteristics Calculation of indicator results occur in two steps: Calculation of indicator results occur in two steps:a.a. Selection Selection and and use use a a characterization characterization factor factor to t
283、o convert convert the the assigned assigned LCI LCI results results to common units;to common units;b.b. Aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator results. Aggregation of the converted LCI results into the indicator results.7878Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview o
284、f 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThis This procedure procedure transform transform an an indicator indicator result result by by diving diving with with a a selected selected value. value. Some Some examples of reference values areexamples of referenc
285、e values are The The total total emissions emissions or or resource resource use use for for a a given given area area which which may may be be global, global, regional, national or localregional, national or local The total emissions or resource use for a given area on per capita basis The total e
286、missions or resource use for a given area on per capita basis A A baseline baseline scenario scenario such such as as the the indicator indicator result result under under consideration consideration divided divided by by the the calculated indicator result of a given alternative product system.calc
287、ulated indicator result of a given alternative product system.The The selection selection of of the the reference reference system system should should consider consider the the consistency consistency of of the the spatial spatial and temporal scales of the environmental mechanism and the reference
288、 value.and temporal scales of the environmental mechanism and the reference value.NormalizationNormalization7979Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyGrouping Grouping is is assigning assigning impact i
289、mpact categories categories into into one one or or more more sets, sets, sets sets are are predefined predefined in in the the goal goal and and scope, scope, and and it it may may involve involve sorting sorting and/or and/or ranking. ranking. Grouping Grouping is is an an optional optional elemen
290、t with two possible procedures:element with two possible procedures: To To sort sort the the impact impact categories categories on on a a nominal nominal basis basis e.g. e.g. by by characteristics characteristics such such as as emissions and resources or global, regional spatial scales;emissions
291、and resources or global, regional spatial scales; To rank the indicators in a given order or hierarchy, e.g. medium and low priority. To rank the indicators in a given order or hierarchy, e.g. medium and low priority.Ranking is based on value choices.Ranking is based on value choices.GroupingGroupin
292、g8080Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyWeighting Weighting is is the the process process of of converting converting indicator indicator results results of of different different impact impact categ
293、ories categories by by using using numerical numerical factors factors based based on on values-choices. values-choices. It It may may include include aggregation aggregation of of the the weighted weighted indicator indicator results. results. Weighting Weighting is is an an optional optional eleme
294、nt element with with two two possible possible procedures:procedures: To To convert convert the the indicator indicator results results or or normalized normalized results results with with selected selected weighting weighting factors;factors; To To possibly possibly aggregate aggregate these these
295、 converted converted indicator indicator results results or or normalized normalized across across impact categories.impact categories.Weighting steps are based on value-choices and are not based on natural science.Weighting steps are based on value-choices and are not based on natural science.The T
296、he application application and and use use of of weighting weighting methods methods shall shall be be consistent consistent with with the the goal goal and and scope scope of of the the LCA LCA study study and and it it shall shall be be fully fully transparent. transparent. Different Different ind
297、ividuals, individuals, organizations organizations and and societies societies may may have have different different preferences, preferences, therefore therefore it it is is possible possible that that different different parties parties will will reach reach different different weighting weighting
298、 results results based based on on the the same same indicator results or normalized indicator results. indicator results or normalized indicator results. WeightingWeighting8181Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycl
299、e methodologyIn In an an LCA LCA study study it it may may be be desirable desirable to to use use several several different different weighting weighting methods methods and and to to conduct conduct sensitivity sensitivity analysis analysis to to assess assess the the consequences consequences on
300、on the the LCIA LCIA results results of of different value-choices and weighting methods.different value-choices and weighting methods.Elements of LCIA phase according to ISO 14042 8282Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduc
301、tion and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines
302、; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact AssessmentTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline8383Module 14 Life Cycle As
303、sessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.7. ISO guidelines; 2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact AssessmentImpact AssessmentBetter understanding the reliability of the collection of indicator results, the LCA profile. (International Or
304、ganization for Standardization 2000)Data quality analysisConvert and possibly aggregating indicator results across impact categories using numerical factors based on values-choice. (International Organization for Standardization 2000)WeightingSorting and possibly ranking of the impact categories. (I
305、nternational Organization for Standardization 2000)GroupingCalculation of the magnitude of category indicator relative to reference information. (International Organization for Standardization 2000)NormalizationLCIA Optional ElementsCalculation of category indicator results. (International Organizat
306、ion for Standardization 2000)CharacterizationAssignment of LCI results. (International Organization for Standardization 2000)ClassificationClass representing environmental issues of concern to which LCI results may be assigned. (International Organization for Standardization 2000)Impact CategoriesLC
307、IA Mandatory Elements8484Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Me
308、thodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact Ass
309、essment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : ExampleTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline8585Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life
310、cycle methodology2.8. 2.8. Impact Assessment : ExampleImpact Assessment : ExampleThe The next next table table shows shows the the inventory inventory parameters parameters considered considered in in this this study study and and the the impact impact categories selected for analysis.categories sel
311、ected for analysis. In In the the next next step step of of impact impact assessment assessment (characterization), (characterization), the the total total potential potential contribution contribution from from all all inputs inputs and and outputs outputs to to the the different different impact i
312、mpact categories categories is is calculated calculated using using characterization factors.characterization factors.Impact categories and corresponding parameters.Impact CategoryImpact CategoryParametersParametersGlobal Warming, 100 years (GW)Global Warming, 100 years (GW)Acidification (A)Acidific
313、ation (A)Eutrophication (E)Eutrophication (E)Non-renewable resource depletion Non-renewable resource depletion (NRRD)(NRRD)Photochemical oxidant formation Photochemical oxidant formation (POF)(POF)Non-renewable CO2, CH4, N2ONon-renewable CO2, CH4, N2OSOSO2 2, NO, NOx x, HCL, NH, HCL, NH3 3, HF, H, H
314、F, H2 2S SNONOx x air, NH air, NH3 3 air, N water, NO air, N water, NO3 3- - water, water, NHNH4 4+ + water, P water, PO water, P water, PO4 43-3- water COD water COD waterwaterCrude oil, Natural gas, CoalCrude oil, Natural gas, CoalCHCH4 4, Halogenated hydrocarbons, , Halogenated hydrocarbons, Arom
315、atic hydrocarbons.Aromatic hydrocarbons.8686Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle
316、methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assess
317、ment2.6. Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.9. Interpretation2.9. InterpretationTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline8787Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stag
318、es of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.9. 2.9. InterpretationInterpretationInterpretation Interpretation (ISO (ISO 14043).14043). Is Is a a systematic systematic procedure procedure to to identify, identify, qualify, qualify, check check and and evaluate evaluate
319、 information information from from the the conclusions conclusions of of the the inventory inventory analysis analysis and/or and/or impact impact assessment assessment of of a a system system and and present present them them in in order order to to meet meet the the requirements requirements of of
320、 the the application as described in the goal and scope of the study.application as described in the goal and scope of the study. Interpretation Interpretation is is performed performed in in interaction interaction with with the the three three other other phases phases of of the the life life cycl
321、e cycle assessment. assessment. If If the the results results of of the the inventory inventory analysis analysis or or the the impact impact assessment assessment is is found found not not to to fulfill fulfill the the requirements requirements defined defined in in the the goal goal and and scopin
322、g scoping phase, phase, the the inventory inventory analysis analysis must must be be improved improved by by e.g. e.g. revising revising the the system system boundaries, boundaries, further further data data collection etc. followed by an improved impact assessment. collection etc. followed by an
323、improved impact assessment. This This iterative iterative process process must must be be repeated repeated until until the the requirements requirements id id the the goal goal and and scoping scoping phase phase are are fulfilled fulfilled as as can can be be described described by by the the foll
324、owing following steps steps ( (Goedcoop Goedcoop and and Oele. Oele. 2002)2002): : 1.1. Identify Identify the the significant significant environmental environmental issues. issues. Evaluate Evaluate the the methodology methodology and and results results for for completeness, sensitivity and pleten
325、ess, sensitivity and consistency.8888Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2. 2. Check Check that that conclusions conclusions are are consistent consistent with with the the requirements requirements o
326、f of the the goal goal and and scope scope of the values and application oriented requirements.of the values and application oriented requirements.3.3. If so, report as final conclusions. If not, return to step 1 or 2. If so, report as final conclusions. If not, return to step 1 or 2.4.4. This proce
327、dure has to be repeated until 3 is fulfilled. This procedure has to be repeated until 3 is fulfilled.Interpretation Interpretation is is the the fourth fourth in in life life cycle cycle assessment assessment containing containing the the following following main main issues:issues: Identification o
328、f significant environmental issues. Identification of significant environmental issues. Evaluation which considers completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks Evaluation which considers completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks Conclusions, recommendations and reporting Conclusions, reco
329、mmendations and reporting8989Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The objective objective of of this this step step is is to to structure structure the the information information from from the the
330、 inventory inventory analysis analysis and and if if additionally additionally conducted conducted from from the the life life cycle cycle impact impact assessment assessment phase phase in in order order to to determine determine the the significant significant environmental environmental issues is
331、sues in in accordance accordance with with the the goal goal and and scope definition.scope definition.The identification step include structuring and presentation of relevant information:The identification step include structuring and presentation of relevant information: Results Results from from
332、the the different different phases phases i.e. i.e. presentation presentation of of e.g. e.g. data data from from inventory inventory analysis analysis in in tables, tables, figures figures or or diagrams diagrams etc. etc. or or presentation presentation of of results results of of the the impact i
333、mpact assessment .assessment . Methodological choices Methodological choices ValuationValuation methods used methods used Role and responsibility if different interested parties. Role and responsibility if different interested parties. Identification of significant environmental issuesIdentification
334、 of significant environmental issues9090Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyThe The objective objective of of this this step step is is to to establish establish confidence confidence in in the the re
335、sult result of of the the study, study, based based on on the the preceding preceding LCA LCA phases, phases, and and on on the the significant significant environmental environmental issues issues identified identified in in the the first first step step of of the the interpretation. interpretation
336、. The The results results should should be be presented presented in in such such a a form form as as to to give give the the commissioner commissioner or or any any interested interested party party a a clear clear and and understandable understandable view view of of the outcome of the study.the o
337、utcome of the study.The The interpretation interpretation made made at at this this stage stage shall shall be be reinforced reinforced by by the the facts facts and and calculations calculations bought forward in at least the three following elements:bought forward in at least the three following e
338、lements: Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Contribution Analysis Contribution Analysis Gravity Analysis Gravity AnalysisEvaluationEvaluation9191Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 st
339、ages of life cycle methodologyThe The objective objective of of this this step step is is to to establish establish confidence confidence in in the the result result of of the the study, study, based based on on the the preceding preceding LCA LCA phases, phases, and and on on the the significant si
340、gnificant environmental environmental issues issues identified identified in in the the first first step step of of the the interpretation. interpretation. The The results results should should be be presented presented in in such such a a form form as as to to give give the the commissioner commiss
341、ioner or or any any interested interested party party a a clear clear and and understandable understandable view view of of the outcome of the study.the outcome of the study.The The interpretation interpretation made made at at this this stage stage shall shall be be reinforced reinforced by by the
342、the facts facts and and calculations calculations bought forward in at least the three following elements:bought forward in at least the three following elements: Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Contribution Analysis Contribution Analysis Gravity A
343、nalysis Gravity AnalysisTypes of Uncertainties in LCA and Existent Frameworks for their Assessment Types of Uncertainties in LCA and Existent Frameworks for their Assessment 9292Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cyc
344、le methodology 1.1. Parameter UncertaintyParameter UncertaintyIt It includes includes the the uncertainty uncertainty on on the the inventory inventory data data and and the the data data used used for for the the calculation calculation of of impact impact assessment assessment factors factors (i.e
345、. (i.e. characterization, characterization, normalization normalization and and weighting). weighting). Sources Sources of of parameter parameter uncertainties uncertainties are are (Huijbregts (Huijbregts 1998a): 1998a): lack lack of of data, inaccuracy and unrepresentativity.data, inaccuracy and u
346、nrepresentativity.LCA LCA practitioners practitioners mostly mostly have have to to deal deal with with parameter parameter uncertainties uncertainties on on inventory inventory data data that that they they collect collect and and model model in in order order to to study study a a system. system.
347、For For such such purposes purposes several several frameworks frameworks have have been been proposed proposed (Huijbregts (Huijbregts 2001b, 2001b, Maurice Maurice 2000, 2000, Huijbregts 1998b, Weidema 1996).Huijbregts 1998b, Weidema 1996). To To fill fill data data gaps gaps in in life life cycle
348、 cycle inventories, inventories, it it has has been been recommended recommended the the use use of of mass mass and and energy energy balances balances or or models models that that calculate calculate direct direct and and indirect indirect emissions emissions and and resources resources using usi
349、ng the the estimated estimated price price of of missing missing flows flows as as input. input. Missing Missing data data can can also also be be estimated estimated by by using using information information for for the the most most similar similar process process or or product product for for whi
350、ch which data data are are available available or or for for the the main main ingredients ingredients of of the the product. product. This This kind kind of of sources sources may may also also be be used used to to further further specify specify sum sum parameters parameters (e.g. (e.g. hydrocarb
351、on emissions) (Huijbregts et al 2001b).hydrocarbon emissions) (Huijbregts et al 2001b). 9393Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology Monte Monte Carlo Carlo simulation simulation is is usually usually rec
352、ommended recommended to to assess assess the the inaccuracy inaccuracy and and representativity representativity of of the the inventory inventory data data (Huijbregts (Huijbregts et et al al 2001b, 2001b, Maurice Maurice et et al al 2000, 2000, Huijbregts Huijbregts 1998b). 1998b). However, Howeve
353、r, in in practice practice it it is is be be very very difficult difficult to to obtain obtain the the uncertainty uncertainty distributions distributions for for the the large large amount amount of of parameters parameters included included in in the the inventory analysis. inventory analysis. The
354、refore, Therefore, a a prior prior identification identification of of key key parameter parameter is is proposed proposed by by means means of of a a broad broad sensitivity sensitivity analysis analysis using using standard standard uncertainty uncertainty estimates estimates (Sakai (Sakai et et a
355、l al 2002, 2002, Heijungs Heijungs 2001, 2001, Heijungs Heijungs 1996). 1996). However, However, a a disadvantage disadvantage of of using using a a standard standard sensitivity sensitivity range range is is that that parameters parameters with with a a minor minor contribution contribution to to L
356、CA LCA outcomes outcomes but but with with a a large large unknown unknown uncertainty uncertainty range range are are eliminated eliminated from from the the analysis analysis (Huijbregts (Huijbregts 1998b). 1998b). An An alternative alternative approach approach is is to to identify identify the t
357、he key key input input parameters parameters based based on on the the contribution contribution of of input input data data to to the the results results and and a a qualitative qualitative assessment assessment of of the the data data uncertainty uncertainty (Maurice (Maurice et et al al 2000). 20
358、00). Contributions Contributions can can be be calculated calculated from from current current LCA LCA software software and and uncertainty uncertainty can can qualitatively qualitatively be be assessed assessed using using data data quality quality indicators indicators (i.e. (i.e. ordinal ordinal
359、 scale scale with with numbers ranging from 1 to 5) (Weidema 1998). numbers ranging from 1 to 5) (Weidema 1998). 9494Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology After After the the key key input input parame
360、ters parameters have have been been identified, identified, a a quantitative quantitative uncertainty uncertainty analysis analysis can can still still remain remain complicated complicated because because of of lack lack of of knowledge knowledge about about actual actual uncertainty uncertainty of
361、 of input input data. data. One One alternative alternative can can be be the the use use of of expert expert judgement judgement to to estimate estimate uncertainty uncertainty ranges ranges (Huijbregts (Huijbregts 2001) 2001) or or different different proposed proposed guidelines guidelines for fo
362、r parameters parameters extensively extensively measured measured and and data data based based on on little little information information (Maurice (Maurice 2000, Finnveden 1998, Hanssen et al 1996).2000, Finnveden 1998, Hanssen et al 1996).The The assessment assessment of of the the uncertainty un
363、certainty of of characterization characterization factor factor on on the the LCA LCA study study outcomes outcomes has has been been illustrated illustrated for for the the comparison comparison of of insulation insulation thickness thickness in in buildings buildings (Huijbregts (Huijbregts 2001a)
364、, 2001a), but but there there is is no no evidence evidence of of its its inclusion inclusion in in real real studies because uncertainty of characterisation factors is generally unknown. studies because uncertainty of characterisation factors is generally unknown. Model Model developers developers
365、generally generally do do not not provide provide quantitative quantitative information information about about parameter parameter uncertainty, uncertainty, except except for for some some references references about about midpoint midpoint modeling modeling of of toxicity toxicity potentials poten
366、tials (Hertwich (Hertwich et et al al 2000, 2000, Huijbregts Huijbregts et et al al 2000, 2000, Hertwich Hertwich et et al al 1999). 1999). Because Because normalization normalization and and weighting weighting are are optional optional steps steps and and the the methodological methodological choi
367、ces choices involved involved in in their their application application are are supposed supposed to to have have a a stronger stronger effect effect on on the the study study results, results, parameter parameter uncertainty uncertainty of of the the normalization normalization and and weighting we
368、ighting factors factors are not covered on the literature.are not covered on the literature.9595Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology Uncertainty due to ChoicesUncertainty due to ChoicesSeveral Several
369、 choices choices are are made made when when performing performing LCA LCA studies studies (e.g. (e.g. system system boundaries, boundaries, allocation allocation rules, rules, characterization characterization models, models, weighting weighting factors, factors, etc.). etc.). The The use use of of
370、 guidelines guidelines such such as as SETAC SETAC Best Best Available Available Practices Practices ( (UdoUdo de de HaesHaes et et al al 2002) 2002) and and ISO ISO standards standards (ISO (ISO 1997, 1997, ISO ISO 1999, 1999, ISO ISO 2001a, 2001a, ISO ISO 2001b) 2001b) as as well well as as the th
371、e peer-peer-review review processes processes are are useful useful practices practices to to reduce reduce uncertainty uncertainty due due to to choices choices ( (HuijbregtsHuijbregts 1998a). 1998a). Uncertainties Uncertainties due due to to choices choices can can be be quantitatively quantitativ
372、ely assessed assessed as as it it has has been been illustrated illustrated for for the the comparison comparison of of two two types types of of roof roof gutter, gutter, where where the the combined combined effect effect of of parameter parameter uncertainty uncertainty and and uncertainty uncert
373、ainty due due to to choices choices in in inventory inventory data data and characterization factors were calculated (and characterization factors were calculated (HuijbregtsHuijbregts 1998b). 1998b).Model UncertaintyModel Uncertainty There There are are model model uncertainties uncertainties in in
374、 LCA LCA studies studies due due to to the the lack lack of of temporal temporal and and spatial spatial variability variability as as well well as as the the linearity linearity in in the the assessment, assessment, model model uncertainties uncertainties on on the the simplified simplified environ
375、mental environmental models models used used to to calculate calculate characterization characterization factors, factors, etc. etc. At At present, present, model model uncertainty uncertainty assessment assessment has has not not been been made made operational operational in in LCA case studies (L
376、CA case studies (HuijbregtsHuijbregts 1998b). 1998b).9696Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology All All these these factors factors can can have have very very significant significant impacts impacts on
377、 on the the result. result. The The only only way way to to deal deal with with them them is is in in the the uncertainty uncertainty analysis. analysis. Uncertainty Uncertainty caused caused by by incompleteness refers to the unavoidable data gaps. Important issues are:incompleteness refers to the
378、unavoidable data gaps. Important issues are: System System Boundaries, Boundaries, as as we we have have discussed discussed above above it it is is not not easy easy to to apply apply consistent boundaries and cut of criteria.consistent boundaries and cut of criteria. Incomplete Incomplete data dat
379、a sheets sheets and and insufficiently insufficiently specified specified data. data. In In many many cases, cases, data data is is gathered gathered from from interviews interviews and and through through questionnaires, questionnaires, and and often often data data will will be be partially partia
380、lly available. available. A A particular particular problem problem is is that that often often data data is is gathered gathered in in sum sum parameters.parameters. Mismatch Mismatch between between inventory inventory and and impact impact assessment. assessment. In In many many cases, cases, inv
381、entory inventory data data that that is is collected collected does does not not have have a a characterization characterization factor, factor, and and therefore therefore this this finding is ignored in the rest of the LCA.finding is ignored in the rest of the LCA.9797Module 14 Life Cycle Assessme
382、ntPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology 2.2.Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity AnalysisThe The ISO ISO 14043 14043 prescribes prescribes that that sensitivity sensitivity analysis analysis should should focus focus on on the the most m
383、ost significant significant issues, issues, to to determine determine the the influence influence on on variations variations in in techniques, techniques, methods and data.methods and data.Tornado Tornado diagramsdiagrams illustrate illustrate the the changes changes in in output output parameter p
384、arameter values values for for equal equal levels levels of of change change in in input input parameters. parameters. The The model model is is run run with with low low and and high high values values for for each each parameter parameter while while all all other other parameters parameters are a
385、re held held constant. constant. The The result result are are presented presented in in lying lying bar bar graphs, graphs, the the top top bar bar representing representing the the output output range range of of the the most most sensitive sensitive parameter, parameter, and and the the bottom bo
386、ttom bar bar representing representing the the least least sensitive sensitive parameter, parameter, giving a graph shaped like an upside down triangle, hence the simile to a tornado.giving a graph shaped like an upside down triangle, hence the simile to a tornado.One-way One-way sensitivity sensiti
387、vity analysisanalysis determines determines the the amount amount an an individual individual input input parameter parameter value value needs needs to to change, change, all all other other parameters parameters held held constants, constants, in in order order for for output parameter values to c
388、hange by a certain percentage.output parameter values to change by a certain percentage.9898Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyScenario Scenario analysis.analysis. Scenarios Scenarios in in LCA LCA s
389、tudies studies are are descriptions descriptions of of possible possible future future situations, situations, based based on on specific specific assumptions assumptions about about the the future, future, and and are are characterized characterized by by choice choice of of system system boundarie
390、s, boundaries, allocation allocation methods, methods, technology, technology, time, time, space, space, characterization methods, and weighting methods.characterization methods, and weighting methods.In In Ratio Ratio sensitivity sensitivity analysisanalysis, , which which is is applicable applicab
391、le only only in in comparative comparative studies, studies, a a ratio ratio is is calculated calculated to to determine determine the the percentage percentage an an input input parameter parameter value value need need to to change change in in order order to to reverse reverse rankings rankings b
392、etween between two two alternatives. alternatives. The The sensitivity sensitivity is is expressed expressed as as the the ratio ratio of of the the difference difference between between alternatives alternatives over over individual individual process component.process component.The The Critical Cr
393、itical error error factor factor (CEF)(CEF) is is a a measure measure of of the the sensitivity sensitivity of of a a priority priority between between two two alternatives alternatives to to an an input input parameter parameter value value x x. . It It is is calculated calculated as as the the rat
394、io ratio of of the the critical critical error error x x, , i.e. i.e. variation variation in in x x required required to to bring bring about about a a change change in in priority, over the value of x, i.e. CEF=priority, over the value of x, i.e. CEF= x x/ /x x. .9999Module 14 Life Cycle Assessment
395、PIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology 3.3.Contribution AnalysisContribution AnalysisAn An important important tool tool in in understanding understanding the the contribution contribution of of your your results results is is the th
396、e use use of of the the contribution contribution analysis. analysis. With With such such analysis, analysis, you you determine determine which which processes processes are are playing playing a a significant significant role role in in your your results. results. With With the the information info
397、rmation you you can can focus focus your your attention attention on on these these processes, processes, and and analyze analyze if if these these processes processes are are sufficiently sufficiently representative, representative, complete complete and and if if there there are are important impo
398、rtant assumptions assumptions within within these these processes.processes. 4.4.Gravity AnalysisGravity Analysis Contribution Contribution analysis analysis shows shows which which processes processes create create high high environmental environmental load. However this does not reveal the cause o
399、f the load.load. However this does not reveal the cause of the load.In In gravity gravity analysis analysis we we can can look look at at the the interrelations interrelations between between the the processes processes and and show show which which processes processes are are in in fact fact respon
400、sible responsible for for the the load, load, while while these these processes processes in themselves may have low emissions.in themselves may have low emissions. .100100Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle met
401、hodologyThe The final final step step of of the the interpretation interpretation is is more more or or less less similar similar to to the the traditional traditional concluding concluding and and recommending recommending part part of of a a scientific scientific and and technical technical assess
402、ment, assessment, investigation investigation or or alike.alike.The The aim aim of of this this third third step step of of the the interpretation interpretation is is to to reach reach conclusions conclusions and and recommendations for the report of the LCA study or life cycle inventory study.reco
403、mmendations for the report of the LCA study or life cycle inventory study.This This step step is is important important to to improve improve the the reporting reporting and and the the transparency transparency of of the the study. study. Both are essential for the readers of the LCA report.Both ar
404、e essential for the readers of the LCA report.Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations101101Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of
405、4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Invento
406、ry Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.9. Interpretation2.9. Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Inter
407、pretation2.10. ISO guideline; InterpretationTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline102102Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.10. ISO guideline; 2.10. ISO guideline; InterpretationInterpretationThe objective
408、of this third element of the life cycle interpretation is to draw conclusions and make recommendations for the intended audience of the LCA or LCI study. (International Organization for standardization 2000)Conclusion and recommendationsProcess of verifying that the information obtained from a sensi
409、tivity analysis is relevant for reaching the conclusion and giving recommendations. (International Organization for standardization 2000)Sensitivity analysisProcess of verifying that the assumptions , methods and data are consistently applied throughout the study and in accordance with the goal and
410、scope definition. (International Organization for standardization 2000)Consistency studyProcess of verifying whether information for the preceding phases on an LCA or an LCI study id sufficient for reaching conclusions in accordance with the goal and scope definition. (International Organization for
411、 standardization 2000)Completeness studyTo structure the results from the LCI or LCIA phases in order to determine the significant issues, in accordance with the goal and scope definition and interactively with the evaluation element. (International Organization for standardization 2000)Significant
412、points identification103103Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1.
413、Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact A
414、ssessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.9. Interpretation2.9. Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.11. Interpretation: Example2.11. Interpre
415、tation: ExampleTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline104104Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.11. 2.11. Interpretation : ExampleInterpretation : Example It It is is possible possible to to make make a a fi
416、rst first interpretation interpretation at at the the inventory inventory analysis analysis level based on individual parameters.level based on individual parameters.The The next next figures figures show show the the energy energy consumptions, consumptions, the the air air emissions emissions and
417、and the the water water emissions emissions at at the the different different stages stages of of the the paper paper life life cycle, cycle, for for the the actual actual scenario scenario and and for for the the natural natural gas gas scenario. scenario. It It important important to to note note
418、that that only only the the CO2 CO2 originated originated during during the the combustion combustion of of non-renewable non-renewable fuels fuels (non-renewable (non-renewable CO2) CO2) was was considered, considered, since since one one of of the the assumptions assumptions of of this this study
419、study is is that that the the CO2 CO2 released released from from renewable renewable sources sources (renewable (renewable CO2) CO2) is is balanced balanced by CO2 absorption in the forest.by CO2 absorption in the forest.105105Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life
420、 cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology106106Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology107107Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodolo
421、gyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology108108Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyBased on the inventory analysis and impact assessment results:Based on the inventory analysis and impact asses
422、sment results:The The printing printing and and writing writing paper paper production production is is the the most most important important contributor contributor to to non-renewable CO2 emissions due to on-site energy production.non-renewable CO2 emissions due to on-site energy production.Althou
423、gh Although the the eucalyptus eucalyptus pulp pulp production production is is the the largest largest consumer consumer of of energy energy throughout throughout the the paper paper life life cycle, cycle, its its contribution contribution to to air air emissions emissions is is not not predominan
424、t. predominant. The The final final disposal disposal stage stage assumes assumes a a predominant predominant role role in in global global warming warming and and photochemical photochemical oxidants oxidants formation formation impact impact categories, categories, as as a a result result of of th
425、e the CH4 CH4 emissions in landfilling.emissions in landfilling.Transport Transport is is the the main main source source of of NOx NOx emissions, emissions, resulting resulting in in an an important important contribution contribution to to the the eutrophication eutrophication and and acidificatio
426、n acidification impact impact categories. categories. The The contribution contribution of of the the remaining remaining stages stages of of the the paper paper life life cycle cycle to to the the impact impact categories is not relevant.categories is not relevant.109109Module 14 Life Cycle Assessm
427、entPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal
428、 and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO
429、 guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.9. Interpretation2.9. Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.11. Interpretation: Example2.11. Interpretation: Example2.12. Benefits and limits of LCA Methodo
430、logy2.12. Benefits and limits of LCA MethodologyTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline110110Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.12. 2.12. Benefits and limits of LCA MethodologyBenefits and limits of LCA Met
431、hodologyLCA LCA is is the the only only tool tool that that can can be be used used for for product product comparisons comparisons over over the the whole whole life life cycle cycle (Finnveden (Finnveden 2000). 2000). The The main main benefits benefits from from using using this this methodology
432、methodology have have been highlighted by ISO and SETAC as (Owens 1999): been highlighted by ISO and SETAC as (Owens 1999): Quantifying material and energy efficiency for a system. Quantifying material and energy efficiency for a system. Identifying improvement opportunities and trade-offs. Identify
433、ing improvement opportunities and trade-offs. Illuminating hidden or unrecognized issues. Illuminating hidden or unrecognized issues. Promoting Promoting a a wider wider communication communication about about how how to to compare compare and and improve improve highly highly complex and difficult
434、to analyze industrial plex and difficult to analyze industrial systems. However, However, LCIA LCIA addresses addresses only only the the environmental environmental issues issues that that are are identified identified in in the the goal goal and and scope, scope, therefore, therefore, is is not no
435、t a a complete complete assessment assessment of of all all environmental environmental issues. issues. Furthermore, Furthermore, LCIA LCIA is is fundamentally fundamentally an an analysis analysis of of inputs inputs from from and and outputs outputs to to the the environment environment rather rat
436、her than than an an analysis analysis of of the the actual actual environmental environmental consequences consequences or or effects effects from from a a system. system. Impact Impact Assessment Assessment modeling modeling in in LCA LCA involve involve in in some some cases cases highly highly si
437、mplified simplified assumptions assumptions about about complex complex environmental environmental processes processes (e.g. (e.g. eco-toxicity) eco-toxicity) and and there there are are also also difficulties difficulties in in dealing dealing with with spatial, spatial, temporal and dose-response
438、 issues (Owens 1999).temporal and dose-response issues (Owens 1999).111111Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyTherefore, Therefore, even even for for comparisons comparisons it it has has been been su
439、ggested suggested complementing complementing LCA LCA results results with with absolute absolute approaches approaches of of other other techniques, techniques, (e.g. (e.g. risk risk assessmentassessment). ). The The system-wide, system-wide, relative relative LCA LCA approach approach can can be b
440、e seen seen to to identify identify and and analyse analyse possible possible system system issues issues and and trade-offs, trade-offs, where where absolute absolute tools tools would would analyse analyse in in detail the issues raised by LCA (Owens 1999).detail the issues raised by LCA (Owens 19
441、99).Others Others limitations limitations of of the the methodology methodology include include the the uncertainty uncertainty of of the the results results due due to to data data gaps, gaps, data data uncertainties, uncertainties, methodological methodological choices choices and and values. valu
442、es. However, However, these these are are relevant relevant also also for for other other environmental environmental tools tools (Finnveden (Finnveden 2000).2000).112112Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and defini
443、tion of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.2.1. Methodology2.1. Methodology2.2. Goal and Scope2.2. Goal and Scope2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.3. Goal and Scope : Example2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Ana
444、lysis2.4. ISO guidelines; Inventory Analysis2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.5. Inventory Analysis: Example2.6. Impact Assessment2.6. Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.7. ISO guidelines; Impact Assessment2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.8. Impact Assessment : Example2.9. Int
445、erpretation2.9. Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.10. ISO guideline; Interpretation2.11. Interpretation: Example2.11. Interpretation: Example2.12. Benefits and limits of LCA Methodology2.12. Benefits and limits of LCA Methodology2.13. Interaction (Value) of LCA with other PI tools2.
446、13. Interaction (Value) of LCA with other PI toolsTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline113113Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology2.13. Interaction (Value) of LCA with other PI tools2.13. Interaction (Value)
447、of LCA with other PI toolsProcessProcessSimulationSimulationProcessProcessDataDataProcessProcessModelsModelsValidationValidationOn-line DataOn-line DataCollection/AnalysisCollection/AnalysisData Driven Data Driven Process ModelingProcess ModelingCapital Capital EffectivenessEffectivenessAnalysisAnal
448、ysisHeat & Mass Heat & Mass ExchangeExchange Networks NetworksBusiness ModelingBusiness ModelingSupply ChainSupply ChainIntegrated ProcessIntegrated ProcessDesign & ControlDesign & Control114114Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 st
449、ages of life cycle methodologyProcessProcessSimulationSimulationProcessProcessDataDataProcessProcessModelsModelsValidationValidationOn-line DataOn-line DataCollection/AnalysisCollection/AnalysisData Driven Data Driven Process ModelingProcess ModelingCapital Capital EffectivenessEffectivenessAnalysis
450、AnalysisHeat & Mass Heat & Mass ExchangeExchange Networks NetworksBusiness ModelingBusiness ModelingSupply ChainSupply ChainIntegrated ProcessIntegrated ProcessDesign & ControlDesign & ControlProcess simulation data can be used into a LCA model in order to assess environmental impacts.115115Module 1
451、4 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyProcessProcessSimulationSimulationProcessProcessDataDataProcessProcessModelsModelsValidationValidationOn-line DataOn-line DataCollection/AnalysisCollection/AnalysisData Dri
452、ven Data Driven Process ModelingProcess ModelingCapital Capital EffectivenessEffectivenessAnalysisAnalysisHeat & Mass Heat & Mass ExchangeExchange Networks NetworksBusiness ModelingBusiness ModelingSupply ChainSupply ChainIntegrated ProcessIntegrated ProcessDesign & ControlDesign & ControlLCA result
453、s can be used as a complement to capital effectiveness analysis in order to show the impact of a project on the environment.116116Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyProcessProcessSimulationSimulation
454、ProcessProcessDataDataProcessProcessModelsModelsValidationValidationOn-line DataOn-line DataCollection/AnalysisCollection/AnalysisData Driven Data Driven Process ModelingProcess ModelingCapital Capital EffectivenessEffectivenessAnalysisAnalysisHeat & Mass Heat & Mass ExchangeExchange Networks Networ
455、ksBusiness ModelingBusiness ModelingSupply ChainSupply ChainIntegrated ProcessIntegrated ProcessDesign & ControlDesign & ControlHeat and mass integration will identify the optimal pollution prevention strategies from a process perspective. The utilization of LCA will demonstrate if the improvements
456、are beneficial from a product perspective. It can also be used to communicate these improvements to the public.117117Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyOverview of 4 stages of life cycle methodologyProcessProcessSimulationSimulationProcessProces
457、sDataDataProcessProcessModelsModelsValidationValidationOn-line DataOn-line DataCollection/AnalysisCollection/AnalysisData Driven Data Driven Process ModelingProcess ModelingCapital Capital EffectivenessEffectivenessAnalysisAnalysisHeat & Mass Heat & Mass ExchangeExchange Networks NetworksBusiness Mo
458、delingBusiness ModelingSupply ChainSupply ChainIntegrated ProcessIntegrated ProcessDesign & ControlDesign & ControlBusiness modeling look simultaneously at the process, economic and environmental dimension. LCA can be used as a framework to modelize the environmental dimension. Both LCA and Supply C
459、hain Management are going beyonfd the firm boundaries, so there are a lot of opportunities to use them together.118118Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview
460、 of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.3.1. Pulp & Paper Industry3.1. Pulp & Paper IndustryTier I: OutlineTier I: Outli
461、ne119119Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.3.1. Pulp & Paper Industry3.1. Pulp & Paper IndustryLCA LCA is is a a potentially potentially a a powerful powerful to
462、ol tool for for evaluating evaluating the the environmental environmental performance performance of of pulp pulp and and paper paper products. products. This This work work show show the the range range applications applications of of LCA LCA in in the the pulp pulp and and paper paper industry ind
463、ustry and and the the methodologies methodologies used used by by analysis analysis of of the the literature. literature. The The authors authors highlight highlight certain certain of of the the limitations limitations of of LCA, LCA, and and identify identify its its potential potential as as a a
464、tool tool for for demonstrating continuous improvement at mills.demonstrating continuous improvement at mills.120120Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview o
465、f 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.3.1. Pulp & Paper Industry3.1. Pulp & Paper Industry3.2. Survey of applications3.2
466、. Survey of applicationsTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline121121Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.3.2. Survey of applications3.2. Survey of applications33 33 studie
467、s studies have have been been investigated investigated in in order order to to draw draw a a picture picture of of LCA LCA applications applications in in the the pulp and paper industries. These applications were divided in the followings fields:pulp and paper industries. These applications were d
468、ivided in the followings fields: Product comparisons Product comparisons Process analysis and benchmarking Process analysis and benchmarking Comparison of improvement options for a given product or process Comparison of improvement options for a given product or process Evaluation of new products Ev
469、aluation of new products Strategic evaluation Strategic evaluationThe The next next figure figure shows shows the the repartition repartition of of the the studies studies between between those those fields. fields. The The sum sum is is higher of 34 because some of the studies cover more than one f
470、ield of application.higher of 34 because some of the studies cover more than one field of application.It It also also shows shows that, that, even even if if product product comparisons comparisons were were the the primary primary purpose purpose of of LCA, LCA, this this methodology methodology is
471、 is more more and and more more used used for for environmental environmental process process analysis analysis and and comparison of process options. comparison of process options. Since Since pulp pulp and and paper paper is is an an old old industry industry that that reaches reaches “steady “ste
472、ady state” state” regime, regime, it it is is not not a a lot involved with Greenfield design. lot involved with Greenfield design. For For this this reason, reason, LCA LCA has has not not been been integrated integrated in in the the design design phase phase of of this this industry. industry. LC
473、A LCA begins begins to to be be utilized utilized to to performed performed strategic strategic evaluation evaluation like like environmental environmental assessment assessment en EMS. All these applications will be discussed later.en EMS. All these applications will be discussed later.122122Module
474、 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.Breakdown of Studies by Field of ApplicationBreakdown of Studies by Field of Application123123Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENA
475、MP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.It It also also possible possible to to classify classify these these studies studies by by the the type type of of publications, publications, such such as: as: ca
476、se case studies, studies, methodological methodological approaches, approaches, methodology methodology illustrated illustrated by by a a case case study, study, review review of of previous previous work work and and industrial industrial experience experience with with LCA. LCA. Papers Papers or o
477、r conference conference proceedings proceedings presenting presenting an an individual individual companys companys experiences experiences with with the the utilization utilization of of LCA LCA are are classified classified in this last category. The classifications are show in the next figure.in
478、this last category. The classifications are show in the next figure.Some countries are more advanced than others concerning the Some countries are more advanced than others concerning the development development of of LCA LCA methodology methodology and and its its application. application. In In fa
479、ct, fact, even even of of some some studies studies were were applied applied to to some some specific specific countries, countries, it it is is the the countries countries from from where where the the study study was was performed performed that that is is considered here.considered here.124124Mo
480、dule 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.Japan Japan studies studies had had not not been been considered considered here here but but they they would would represent re
481、present a a high high percentage percentage if if they they were. were. In In fact, fact, Japan Japan is is far far more more advanced advanced in in terms terms of of general general LCA LCA development development and and utilization utilization in in comparison comparison to to other other countr
482、ies countries European European ones. ones. Japans Japans Ministry Ministry of of Economy, Economy, Trade Trade and and Industry Industry (METI) (METI) has has launched launched in in 1998 1998 a a national national project, project, “Development “Development of of Assessment Assessment Technology T
483、echnology of of Life Life Cycle Cycle Environment Environment Impacts Impacts of of Products”. Products”. The The objective objective of of the the LCA LCA Project Project is is to to develop develop a a highly highly reliable reliable LCA LCA could could be be due due to to the the fact fact that t
484、hat greater greater concern concern has has arisen arisen from from demographic demographic and and natural natural resources issues, than say in North America. resources issues, than say in North America. Country of Origin of LCA studiesCountry of Origin of LCA studies125125Module 14 Life Cycle Ass
485、essmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.It It is is also also possible possible to to classify classify LCA LCA studies studies by by the the type type of of organizations organizations they
486、 they come come from. from. The The classification classification is is show show in in the the next next figure. figure. The The figure figure shows shows that that most most of of the the studies studies come come from from the the university university sector, sector, This This could could be be
487、explained explained by by the the fact fact LCA LCA is is still still a a methodology under development. methodology under development. Groups performing LCA studiesGroups performing LCA studies126126Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey
488、 of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.The The next next figure figure illustrates illustrates who who did did what. what. We We can can see see that that consulting consulting companies companies have have mostly mostly implied implied in in product product compar
489、ison. comparison. The The interest interest of of industrial industrial side side is is more more related related to to the the processes processes and and the the strategic strategic evaluation evaluation because because they they have have to to meet meet regulations regulations and and want want
490、to to have have a a better better concurrent concurrent position position on on the the market. market. Government Government touches touches to to all all preceding categories.preceding categories.Work BreakdownWork Breakdown127127Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3.Survey of life cycle app
491、lications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.paper industry.The The next next figure figure shows shows that that the the application application of of each each study, study, and and its its conclusions, conclusions, are are generally well defined.gener
492、ally well defined.LegendLegendYes:Yes: Activity is defined in Activity is defined in the publication the publicationNot done:Not done: It is clear that the It is clear that the activity has not been done activity has not been doneNo info:No info: There is no info about There is no info about the act
493、ivity in the publication the activity in the publication 128128Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. LCA General application in the Pulp and Paper IndustryLCA Ge
494、neral application in the Pulp and Paper IndustryLCALCA Products Comparison Products Comparison Analysis Analysis of of the the origins origins of of environmental environmental impacts impacts related related to to a a particular particular productproduct Comparison Comparison of of improvement impr
495、ovement variants variants of of a a given given product product or or process, process, or or alternative process technologiesalternative process technologies Evaluation Evaluation of of new new products products and and product product management management (Product (Product Stewardship) Stewardshi
496、p) Strategic policy development Strategic policy development 129129Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Comparison of Products with the Same FunctionComparison
497、of Products with the Same FunctionLCA LCA is is used used for for the the comparison comparison of of paper paper products products with with alternatives. alternatives. This This section section intended intended to to highlight highlight problems problems encountered encountered when when using us
498、ing LCA LCA to to compare compare different different products products with with the the same same function. function. Examples Examples of of product product comparison comparison are are presented presented in in the the next tables.next tables.Product Comparison : Paper vs. Polyethylene (PE) Bag
499、sReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsFranklin Franklin Associates Associates (1990) (1990) USAUSAComparison of paper and PE Comparison of paper and PE check out bags in United States check out bags in United States using a resource and profile using a resource and
500、 profile analysis (REPA) or LCI.analysis (REPA) or LCI.PE is worse concerning:PE is worse concerning: Non-renewable energy; abiotic resource Non-renewable energy; abiotic resource depletion; GW; photoquemical oxidant; acidification; air and water depletion; GW; photoquemical oxidant; acidification;
501、air and water emissions; pollution of aquatic system.emissions; pollution of aquatic system.Paper is worse concerning:Paper is worse concerning: Eutrophication.Eutrophication.Eurosac Eurosac (1993) (1993) FranceFranceComparison of industrial paper Comparison of industrial paper and PE sacks.and PE s
502、acks.Paper is worse concerning:Paper is worse concerning: Climate change: ozone depletion; Climate change: ozone depletion; ecotoxicity: land use; mineral depletion.ecotoxicity: land use; mineral depletion.Plastic is worse concerning:Plastic is worse concerning: Fossil fuel depletion at high use Fos
503、sil fuel depletion at high use ratios.ratios.Three companies were respectively responsible for the inventory, the impact assessment and the critical analysis.At the time this study were performed, there was no well-accepted methodology.130130Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of lif
504、e cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Product Comparison : Towels vs. Air DriersReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsEnvironment al Environment al resources resources Management (2001)
505、 Management (2001) UKUKComparison of paper Comparison of paper towel and air dryers in towel and air dryers in United Kingdom (UK)United Kingdom (UK)Environmental footprint for air driers is smaller than the paper Environmental footprint for air driers is smaller than the paper towels. Use of dries
506、results in lower GW, acidification ecotoxicity, towels. Use of dries results in lower GW, acidification ecotoxicity, human toxicity, nutrification, ozone depletion and photoquemical human toxicity, nutrification, ozone depletion and photoquemical smog burdens.smog burdens.Product Comparison : Dispos
507、able vs. Cloth DiaperProduct Comparison : Disposable vs. Cloth DiaperReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsSauer et al. Sauer et al. (1994) (1994) USAUSAAssessment of the energy usage, water Assessment of the energy usage, water requirement, solid waste, atmospheric
508、 requirement, solid waste, atmospheric emission and water emissions generated by emission and water emissions generated by disposable and cloth diapers.disposable and cloth diapers.Cloth diapers use more energy and water than Cloth diapers use more energy and water than disposable. Disposable diaper
509、s generated more solid disposable. Disposable diapers generated more solid wastes. Air and water emissions are considered wastes. Air and water emissions are considered equivalent for both product.equivalent for both product.MiljMiljkonsult and konsult and Svensson (1993) Svensson (1993) SwedenSwede
510、n Comparison of disposable and cloth diapers.Comparison of disposable and cloth diapers.With good laundry practices, cloth diapers contribute With good laundry practices, cloth diapers contribute less to GW and acid rain and use less energy. less to GW and acid rain and use less energy. Phosphorus a
511、nd other discharges are higher for cloth Phosphorus and other discharges are higher for cloth diapers, and cotton cultivation may no be sustainable. diapers, and cotton cultivation may no be sustainable. Disposable diaper consumes a lot of fossil fuel.Disposable diaper consumes a lot of fossil fuel.
512、The authors emphasise that the results from this study were applicable only for the case defined by assumptions.The authors stresses that REPA (LCI) should not be used to find a winner or a looser but to identify possible improvements.Cloth and disposable diapers are difficult to compare due to the
513、incompleteness of the information and the inability to weight environmental effects against each other.131131Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Product Compar
514、ison : Paper vs. Polystyrene Egg PackagingReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsZabanioyou Zabanioyou and Kassisi and Kassisi (2003) Greece(2003) GreeceComparison of Comparison of paper and paper and polystyrene for polystyrene for egg packaging.egg packaging.The ap
515、plication of the LCA procedure to polystyrene and recycled paper The application of the LCA procedure to polystyrene and recycled paper egg packaging does not provide a clear-cut answer for defining the egg packaging does not provide a clear-cut answer for defining the friendlier product, but it see
516、ms that the polystyrene carton has a higher friendlier product, but it seems that the polystyrene carton has a higher environmental impact.environmental impact.The authors recognize the importance of the accuracy of the input data.Product Product comparison comparison is is undoubtedly undoubtedly t
517、he the application application that that is is the the most most sensitive sensitive to to LCAs LCAs limitations. limitations. The The results results to to two two different different studies studies on on the the same same products products could could seem seem to to have have contradictory contr
518、adictory results. results. The The result result from from an an LCA LCA cannot cannot be be generalized, generalized, and and are are very very specific specific to to the the defined defined goal goal and and scope. scope. For For this this reason, reason, some some authors authors recommend recom
519、mend that that LCA LCA should should not not been been used used perform perform product product comparison comparison but but only only to to improve the processes.improve the processes.132132Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of li
520、fe cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Process Analysis and BenchmarkingProcess Analysis and BenchmarkingProcess Process analysis analysis and and benchmarking benchmarking consist consist in in the the determination determination of of the the contribution contributio
521、n of of each each stage stage to to different different impact impact categories, categories, to to the the utilization utilization of of LCA LCA as as an an environmental environmental benchmark benchmark method, method, and and to to the the optimization optimization of of resources resources and
522、and energy. energy. Examples Examples of of these these are presented in the next tables. are presented in the next tables. Process Analysis and Benchmarking : Overall Process EvaluationReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsWiegard Wiegard (2001) (2001) AustraliaAus
523、traliaIllustration of how LCA could be used to find Illustration of how LCA could be used to find opportunities for environmental improvement, opportunities for environmental improvement, more specifically for reducing GHG emissions.more specifically for reducing GHG emissions.Performing LCA on the
524、virgin and recycled paper Performing LCA on the virgin and recycled paper gave the Visy company a true picture of its mills gave the Visy company a true picture of its mills in terms of GHG emissions.in terms of GHG emissions.As a result of this study, LCA became part of their environmental program.
525、133133Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Process Analysis and Benchmarking : Resources and Energy OptimizationProcess Analysis and Benchmarking : Resources an
526、d Energy OptimizationReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsSundin et al. Sundin et al. (2002) (2002) UKUKLife-Cycle material and energy analysis for the pulp and Life-Cycle material and energy analysis for the pulp and paper cycle in the United Kingdom for the perio
527、d paper cycle in the United Kingdom for the period between 1987 and 1996, and modelisation of future between 1987 and 1996, and modelisation of future trends in material and energy flows until 2010.trends in material and energy flows until 2010.Environmental benefits of reducing Environmental benefi
528、ts of reducing consumption of paper and improving consumption of paper and improving technology is greater than increasing technology is greater than increasing recycling.recycling.Process Analysis and Benchmarking : Evaluation of Emissions along the Paper CycleProcess Analysis and Benchmarking : Ev
529、aluation of Emissions along the Paper CycleReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsPajula, Pajula, Kutinlahti, and Kutinlahti, and Wessman Wessman (2001)(2001)Evaluation of the contribution of Evaluation of the contribution of transportation to the overall transportat
530、ion to the overall environmental impact of the environmental impact of the paper chain.paper chain.Fossil COFossil CO2 2, SO, SO2 2 and NOx are the emissions that are the most and NOx are the emissions that are the most influenced by transport. The vehicle used has more impact influenced by transpor
531、t. The vehicle used has more impact than the distance (except for long-sea trip). Paper production than the distance (except for long-sea trip). Paper production is the major contributor to COis the major contributor to CO2 2 and SOx. and SOx.Modeling techniques and scenario-type sensitivity analysi
532、s are helpful to answer questions with a high level of complexity and uncertainty.The result can change if clean energy is used in the process.134134Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper
533、industry. paper industry. Many Many examples examples show show that that LCA LCA is is a a useful useful tool tool for for investigating investigating environmental environmental strengths strengths and and weaknesses weaknesses along along the the life life cycle cycle of of a a process process or
534、 or product product and and identifying identifying stages stages of of production production which which cause cause the the most most impacts. impacts. LCA LCA is is useful useful for for identifying identifying and and assessing assessing the the environmental impacts of a product and to improve
535、the management control of the plant.environmental impacts of a product and to improve the management control of the plant.Process Analysis and Benchmarking : Asset EvaluationReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsVasara and Vasara and Jallinoja (1997) Jallinoja (1997
536、) FinlandFinlandEvaluation of different scenarios over Evaluation of different scenarios over time concerning the life cycle of a time concerning the life cycle of a paper machine.paper machine.Life cycle of equipment must be considered over its Life cycle of equipment must be considered over its en
537、tire lifetime and that its environmental impacts entire lifetime and that its environmental impacts could change in time.could change in time.Incorporation of time dimension in LCA increases its utility as decision-making tool.135135Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle a
538、pplications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Comparison of Improvement Options for Given Product or ProcessComparison of Improvement Options for Given Product or ProcessOnce Once processes processes are are benchmarked, benchmarked, LC
539、A LCA can can be be use use for for the the evaluation evaluation of of improvement improvement variants. variants. The The comparison comparison of of these these with with the the benchmark benchmark and and with with each each other other shows shows the the best best opportunities opportunities
540、for for improvement. improvement. The The example example below below shows shows that that LCA LCA can can give give a a clear clear answer to a defined problem, but under certain conditions. answer to a defined problem, but under certain conditions. Comparison of Waste Management ScenariosReferenc
541、esReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsPickin, Yuen and Pickin, Yuen and Hennings (2002) Hennings (2002) AustraliaAustraliaInvestigation of various waste Investigation of various waste management options in order to reduce management options in order to reduce GHG emissions
542、from paper.GHG emissions from paper.Options other than landfill reduce GHG Options other than landfill reduce GHG emissions. Waste-to-energy recovery is the emissions. Waste-to-energy recovery is the most effective.most effective.Because of the uncertainty in the data, results were only indicative.1
543、36136Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Comparison of Waste Management ScenariosComparison of Waste Management ScenariosReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectiv
544、esMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsGrant et al. Grant et al. (2001) Australia(2001) AustraliaDetermination or the Determination or the Environmental benefits of Environmental benefits of recycling.recycling.Recycling avoid virgin material use and impacts Recycling avoid virgin material use and impact
545、s related to landfills.related to landfills.Comparison of Improvement options for a given product or process : Bleaching ProcessesComparison of Improvement options for a given product or process : Bleaching ProcessesReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsSheringer, H
546、alder Sheringer, Halder and Hungerband Hungerb ler ler (2000) Switzerland (2000) Switzerland Comparison of environmental Comparison of environmental performance of fluorescent performance of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) with whitening agents (FWAs) with peroxide bleaching of mechanical peroxi
547、de bleaching of mechanical pulp using LCApulp using LCAFWA production uses less energy and causes FWA production uses less energy and causes lower air and COD emissions but higher AOX lower air and COD emissions but higher AOX emissions.emissions.Results from LCA should not be used alone for decisio
548、n-making. Technical, operational and economic reliability should be taken into consideration.LCA methodology alone is not enough to compare these two process alternatives. The outcomes of combined LCA, risk assessment and exposure-based assessment provide a better picture.137137Module 14 Life Cycle
549、AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Recycling Recycling problems problems are are quite quite complex complex to to analyze analyze using using LCA. LCA. For For this this reason,
550、reason, several several authors tried to develop LCA methodologies that are specific to recycling characteristics.authors tried to develop LCA methodologies that are specific to recycling characteristics.LCA LCA is is not not sufficient sufficient to to answer answer complex complex question questio
551、n related related to to process process alternatives, alternatives, because because some some impacts impacts are are not not well well addressed. addressed. The The author author recommends recommends to to combine combine LCA LCA with with risk risk assessment and exposure-based assessment. assess
552、ment and exposure-based assessment. Comparison of Improvement options for a given product or process : Energy AlternativesReferencesReferencesObjectivesObjectivesMain ConclusionsMain ConclusionsLopes et al. Lopes et al. (2003) (2003) PortugalPortugalAssessment of the replacement of heavy fuel Assess
553、ment of the replacement of heavy fuel oil (HFO) by natural gas and cogeneration in oil (HFO) by natural gas and cogeneration in the manufacturing process of paper made the manufacturing process of paper made from from Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globulus pulp. pulp.Substituting HFO by natural gas
554、in the pulp Substituting HFO by natural gas in the pulp and paper production process is a good and paper production process is a good environmental solution when combined environmental solution when combined with cogeneration.with cogeneration.LCA is the most appropriate tool to evaluate the global
555、impact of process modifications.138138Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. LCA LCA only only guides guides decision-makers decision-makers in in the the assessm
556、ent assessment and and selection selection of of technologies technologies based based on on environmental environmental performance. performance. The The methodologies methodologies used used and and their their advantages advantages are are presented presented in the next table.in the next table.M
557、ethodologyAdvantageRanking of scenarios in term of environmental impact categories.Enables the decision-maker too chose the best option based on this environmental priorities.Normalization to national or global impact categories totals.Gives the relative significance of this system to the overall lo
558、ads.Environmental-economic valuation model.Integrates economic considerations in the decision.Sensitivity analysis.Enables to test the impact of assumptions, condition and data that have the ability to affect the results and conclusions of the study. Data quality analysis.Enables the identification
559、and management of data gaps, inconsistencies and errors.Consistency analysis.Ensures the consistency with defined boundary conditions throughout the study.139139Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pul
560、p and paper industry. paper industry. Evaluation of New ProductsEvaluation of New ProductsThe The environmental environmental aspect aspect should should be be considered considered in in each each stage stage of of the the life life cycle cycle of of a a product product beginning beginning with wit
561、h its its design. design. This This practice practice allows allows a a better better selection selection of of materials materials and and processes. processes. Pulp Pulp and and Paper Paper industry industry is is not not using using LCA LCA a a lot lot of of the the assessment assessment of of ne
562、w new products. products. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, it it could could be be predicted predicted that that it it will will be be more more used used for for this this purpose purpose in in the the future future due due to to the the notion notion of of product product stewardship. stewardship. The
563、The notion notion means means that that the the manufacturer manufacturer is is liable liable for for its its product product during during the the course course of of its its entire entire life life cycle, cycle, from from the the design stage through raw material extraction and on the final dispos
564、ition of the product. design stage through raw material extraction and on the final disposition of the product. 140140Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. Strat
565、egic EvaluationStrategic EvaluationLCA LCA applications applications can can go go farther farther than than the the comparison comparison of of products, products, process process benchmarking, benchmarking, choice choice of of improvement improvement alternatives, alternatives, or or green green d
566、esign. design. It It can can provide provide an an organization organization with with helpful helpful information information for for strategic strategic choices choices and and marketing. marketing. A A few few examples examples of of how how LCA LCA has has been used to accomplish this objective
567、are presented in the next table.been used to accomplish this objective are presented in the next table.Like Like mentioned mentioned before, before, LCA LCA has has only only just just begun begun to to be be used used for for strategic strategic evaluations evaluations other other than than process
568、 process analysis analysis and and comparison comparison of of improvement improvement variants. variants. Up Up today, today, the the main main applications in this field were the structuring of supply chains and marketing. applications in this field were the structuring of supply chains and market
569、ing. 141141Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. ReferenceReferenceApplicationApplicationBradley Bradley (1999) (1999) CanadaCanadaCanfor sees benefits of using
570、LCA within the supply chain. There is an enhancement of the partners Canfor sees benefits of using LCA within the supply chain. There is an enhancement of the partners knowledge about the potential environmental impact of the paper chain. This experience makes knowledge about the potential environme
571、ntal impact of the paper chain. This experience makes opportunities for improvement more obvious. Because both economic and environmental opportunities for improvement more obvious. Because both economic and environmental performance can be optimized, there are clear benefits from having suppliers a
572、nd customers performance can be optimized, there are clear benefits from having suppliers and customers working closely and studying the process chain.working closely and studying the process chain.ReferenceReferenceApplicationApplicationCt (1996)Ct (1996)USAUSAInternational paper uses LCA in order
573、to satisfy their customers concerns about the environment.International paper uses LCA in order to satisfy their customers concerns about the environment.ReferenceReferenceApplicationApplicationZobel at al. Zobel at al. (2002) Sweden(2002) SwedenProposition of a transparent and stringent methodology
574、 to identify and assess environmental Proposition of a transparent and stringent methodology to identify and assess environmental aspect in EMS based on LCAaspect in EMS based on LCAStrategic Evaluation : Structuring of Supply ChainsStrategic Evaluation : Structuring of Supply ChainsStrategic Evalua
575、tion : Strategic Policy Development and MarketingStrategic Evaluation : Strategic Policy Development and MarketingStrategic Evaluation : LCA and EMSStrategic Evaluation : LCA and EMS142142Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP3.3. Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and Survey of life cy
576、cle applications in the pulp and paper industry. paper industry. The The LCA LCA methodologies methodologies presented presented in in the the publications publications were were almost almost always always incomplete. incomplete. The The major major criticisms criticisms concern concern adherence a
577、dherence to to life life cycle cycle assessment assessment stages stages related related to to the the quality quality of of the the studies studies i.e. i.e. data data quality quality sensitivity, sensitivity, completeness completeness and and coherence coherence studies. studies. Product Product c
578、omparison comparison is is the the most most sensitive sensitive application application to to LCA LCA limitations limitations because because dealing dealing with with two two products products with with the the difference difference in in system system of of product product compared compared has h
579、as a a consequence consequence that that there there is is more more subjective subjective choice choice to to do do this this application application compared compared to to the the others. others. The The most most obvious obvious application application of of LCA LCA is is process process analysi
580、s, analysis, as as it it was was created created for for this. this. However, However, the the comparison comparison of process alternatives will have more value if supported by techno-economic analysis.of process alternatives will have more value if supported by techno-economic analysis.143143Modul
581、e 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications
582、 in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical a
583、pplications in the operation of a facility.Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline144144Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4.Life Cycle ThinkingLife Cycle Thinking Life Life Cycle Cycle thinking thinking implies implies that that everyone everyone in in the the whole whole chain chain of of a a produc
584、ts products life life cyclecycle, , from cradle to grave, has a responsibility and a role to play, taking from cradle to grave, has a responsibility and a role to play, taking into account all the relevant external into account all the relevant external effects. The impacts of all life cycle effects
585、. The impacts of all life cycle stages need to be considered stages need to be considered comprehensively when taking comprehensively when taking informed decisions on production informed decisions on production and consumption patterns, policies and consumption patterns, policies and managements st
586、rategies.and managements strategies. 145145Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4.Life Cycle ThinkingLife Cycle Thinking In In the the UK, UK, Professor Professor Roland Roland Clift Clift argued argued that that “it “it is is key key that that life-cycle life-cycle thinking thinking be be fost
587、ered fostered throughout throughout organizations, organizations, and and be be adopted adopted as as part part and and parcel parcel of of the the organizations organizations philosophy, philosophy, mission mission and and day-to-day day-to-day operations. operations. This This makes makes it it es
588、sential essential that life-cycle thinking also be applied corporate educational processes”.that life-cycle thinking also be applied corporate educational processes”.Life Life cycle cycle thinking thinking is is a a mostly mostly quantitative quantitative discussion discussion to to identify identif
589、y stages stages of of the the life life cycle cycle and/or and/or the the potential potential environmental environmental impacts impacts of of greatest greatest significance significance e.g. e.g. for for use use and and design design brief brief or or in in an an introductory introductory discussi
590、on discussion of of policy policy measures. measures. The The greatest greatest benefit benefit is is that it helps focus consideration of the full life cycle of the product or system.that it helps focus consideration of the full life cycle of the product or system.Applied Applied to to product prod
591、uct design, design, manufacturing manufacturing processes processes and and as as a a decision-making decision-making tool tool for for environmental environmental policies, policies, life life cycle cycle thinking thinking is is an an essential essential element element for for the the implementati
592、on of sustainable development.implementation of sustainable development.Moving toward Moving toward sustainabilitysustainability146146Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (L
593、CA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a to
594、ol for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation of a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline147147Module 14 Life C
595、ycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4.Life Cycle ThinkingLife Cycle Thinking 4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)It It is is defined defined as as a a development development that that meets meets the the needs needs of of the the present present without without compromising the
596、ability of future generations to meet their own needs. compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Schematic representation of the Schematic representation of the notion of sustainable notion of sustainable development.development.148148Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIEC
597、ENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industr
598、y.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation o
599、f a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline149149Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4. Life Cycle Thinking Life Cycle Thinking 4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial
600、Ecology (IE)The The journal journal of of Industrial Industrial Ecology, Ecology, defines defines IE IE as: as: a a rapidly rapidly growing growing field field that that systematically systematically examines examines local, local, regional, regional, and and global global uses uses and and flows fl
601、ows of of materials materials and and energy energy in in products, products, processes, processes, industrial industrial sectors, sectors, and and economies. economies. It It focuses focuses on on the the potential potential role role of of industry industry in in reducing reducing environmental en
602、vironmental burdens burdens throughout throughout the the product product life life cycle cycle from from the the extraction extraction of of raw raw materials materials to to the the production production of of goods, goods, to to the the use use of of those goods and to the management of the resul
603、ting wastes.those goods and to the management of the resulting wastes.150150Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Ove
604、rview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LC
605、A as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation of a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.3. Design for the Environment (4.3. Design for the E
606、nvironment (DfEDfE) )Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline151151Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4. Life Cycle Thinking Life Cycle Thinking 4.3. Design for the Environment (DfE)4.3. Design for the Environment (DfE)Design Design for for the the environment environment approach approach is is ground
607、ed grounded in in comparing comparing performance, performance, costs, costs, and and the the risks risks associated associated with with alternatives. alternatives. It It uses uses cleaner cleaner technologies, technologies, substitute substitute assessments assessments (CTSAs) (CTSAs) and and life
608、 life cycle cycle tools tools to to evaluate evaluate the the performance, performance, cost, cost, and and environmental environmental and and human human health health impacts impacts of of competing competing technologies. technologies. A A goal goal of of DfE DfE is is to to encourage encourage
609、pollution pollution prevention, prevention, front-end, front-end, innovations innovations through through redesign redesign rather rather than than relying relying in in end-of-pipe end-of-pipe controls controls to to reducing reducing potential potential risks risks to to human human health and the
610、 environment.health and the environment.152152Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycl
611、e methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical appl
612、ications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation of a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.3. Design for Environment (4.3. Design for Environment (DfEDfE) )4.4. Pollution Pr
613、evention (PP)4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline153153Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4. Life Cycle Thinking Life Cycle Thinking 4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)Design Design for for the the environment environment approach approach is i
614、s grounded grounded in in comparing comparing performance, performance, costs, costs, and and the the risks risks associated associated with with alternatives. alternatives. It It uses uses cleaner cleaner technologies, technologies, substitute substitute assessments assessments (CTSAs) (CTSAs) and
615、and life life cycle cycle tools tools to to evaluate evaluate the the performance, performance, cost, cost, and and environmental environmental and and human human health health impacts impacts of of competing competing technologies. technologies. A A goal goal of of DfE DfE is is to to encourage en
616、courage pollution pollution prevention, prevention, front-end, front-end, innovations innovations through through redesign redesign rather rather than than relying relying in in end-of-pipe end-of-pipe controls controls to to reducing reducing potential potential risks risks to to human human health
617、 health and and the the environment.environment.154154Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of l
618、ife cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practi
619、cal applications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation of a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.3. Design for Environment (4.3. Design for Environment (DfEDfE) )4.4. Poll
620、ution Prevention (PP)4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline155155Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4. Life Cycle Thinking Life Cycle Thinking 4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)The The continuo
621、us continuous application application of of an an integrated integrated preventive preventive environmental environmental strategy strategy applied applied to to processes, processes, products, products, and and services services to to increase increase overall overall efficiency efficiency and and
622、reduce reduce risks risks to to humans humans and and the the environment. environment. For For production production processes, processes, cleaner cleaner production production includes includes conserving conserving raw raw materials materials and and energy, energy, eliminating eliminating toxic
623、toxic raw raw materials, materials, and and reducing reducing the the quantity quantity and and toxicity toxicity of of all all emissions emissions and and wasteswastes. . For For products products is is involves involves reducing reducing the the negative negative impacts impacts along along the th
624、e life life cycle cycle of of a a product, product, from from raw raw materials materials extraction extraction to to its its ultimate ultimate disposal. disposal. For For services services the the strategy strategy focuses focuses on on incorporating incorporating environmental environmental concer
625、ns concerns into into designing and delivering services. designing and delivering services. 156156Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life
626、 cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle think
627、ing” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical applications in the operation of a facility.4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.1. Sustainable Development (SD)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.2. Industrial Ecology (IE)4.3. Design for Environment (4.3
628、. Design for Environment (DfEDfE) )4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)4.4. Pollution Prevention (PP)4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)4.5. Cleaner Production (CP)4.6. Life Cycle Management4.6. Life Cycle ManagementTier I: OutlineTier I: Outline157157Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP4.4. Life Cycle Think
629、ing Life Cycle Thinking 4.6. Life Cycle Management4.6. Life Cycle ManagementThe The basic basic idea idea in in life life cycle cycle management management is is to to establish establish a a thorough thorough knowledge knowledge of of the the environmental environmental burdens burdens of of the th
630、e products products manufactured manufactured by by the the company company and and use use this this for for improvement improvement actions. actions. The The process process includes includes employees employees at at most most levels levels of of the the company company and and starts starts with
631、 with an an identification identification of of all all processes processes at at the the production production site site and and an an analysis analysis of of the the related related in-and in-and outputs. outputs. The The result result from from the the process process can can be be used used to t
632、o establish establish an an LCA, LCA, but but it it is is more more important important that that the the results results are are used used to to minimize minimize the the environmental environmental burdens. burdens. This This one one by by using using a a set set of of tools tools tailored tailore
633、d to to meet meet the the needs needs of of a a given given company, company, e.g. e.g. design design for for the the environment, environment, pollution pollution prevention prevention strategies, strategies, waste waste audits, audits, green green procurement etc.procurement etc.158158Module 14 Li
634、fe Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP1.1.Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Introduction and definition of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).2.2.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.Overview of 4 stages of life cycle methodology.3.3.Survey of life cycle applications in the
635、 pulp and paper industry.Survey of life cycle applications in the pulp and paper industry.4.4.Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for Proposal of “life cycle thinking” concept: using LCA as a tool for practical applications in the operation of a facility.practical applicat
636、ions in the operation of a facility.5.5.Multiple choice questions.Multiple choice questions.Tier I: OutlineTier I: Outline159159Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 1:Question 1:What parts imply the cradle-to-grave concept?What parts
637、 imply the cradle-to-grave concept?a)a)Extraction and transport of raw materialsExtraction and transport of raw materialsb)b)ProductionProductionc)c)ConsumptionConsumptiond)d)Re-use or disposalRe-use or disposale)e)All of the above.All of the above.160160Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.M
638、ultiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 2:Question 2:Which parts according SETAC conform an LCA study ?Which parts according SETAC conform an LCA study ?a)a)Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), th
639、e Interpretation of the study.(LCIA), the Interpretation of the study.b)b)Defining the goal and scope of the study, Life Cycle Defining the goal and scope of the study, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), the Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), the Inte
640、rpretation of the study.Interpretation of the study.c)c)Defining the goal and scope of the study, Life Cycle Defining the goal and scope of the study, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA).Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA).161161Module 14 Life Cycle Asses
641、smentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 3:Question 3:Principal factors that should be considered and stated clearly in the Scope Principal factors that should be considered and stated clearly in the Scope of Study include:of Study include:a)a)The The function(sf
642、unction(s) of the system to be analyzed) of the system to be analyzedb)b) The system boundaries The system boundariesc)c) Data requirements Data requirementsd)d) Any assumptions made Any assumptions madee)e) Study limitations Study limitationsf) f) All of the above All of the above162162Module 14 Li
643、fe Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 4:Question 4:What is the most sensitive to LCAs limitations ?What is the most sensitive to LCAs limitations ?a)a)MoneyMoneyb)b)InformationInformationc)c)SocietySocietyd)d)Product ComparisonProduct Comparisone
644、)e)Goal and ScopeGoal and Scope163163Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 5:Question 5:It consist in the determination of the contribution of each stage to different It consist in the determination of the contribution of each stage t
645、o different impact categories?impact categories?a)a)Process analysis and benchmarking Process analysis and benchmarking b)b)Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessmentc)c)Inventory AnalysisInventory Analysisd)d)SustainabilitySustainability164164Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple cho
646、ice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 6:Question 6:What implies Life Cycle thinking ?What implies Life Cycle thinking ?a)a)Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product or service Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product or service system, from the extraction of natural resources
647、to the system, from the extraction of natural resources to the final disposalfinal disposalb)b)That everyone in the whole chain of a products life cycle, That everyone in the whole chain of a products life cycle, from cradle to grave, has a responsibility and a role to from cradle to grave, has a re
648、sponsibility and a role to play, taking into account all the relevant external effectsplay, taking into account all the relevant external effectsc)c)Defining a functional unit can be quite difficult, as the Defining a functional unit can be quite difficult, as the performance of products is not alwa
649、ys easy to describeperformance of products is not always easy to describe165165Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 7:Question 7:It is defined as a development that meets the needs of the present without It is defined as a developmen
650、t that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs:compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs:a)a)Cleaner ProductionCleaner Productionb)b)Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Developmentc)c)Industrial Ecology
651、Industrial Ecologyd)d)Inventory AnalysisInventory Analysis166166Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 8:Question 8:The goal and scope definition is a guide that helps you to ensure the consistency The goal and scope definition is a gu
652、ide that helps you to ensure the consistency of the LCA you perform.of the LCA you perform.a)a)TrueTrueb)b)FalseFalse167167Module 14 Life Cycle AssessmentPIECENAMP5.5.Multiple choice questionsMultiple choice questions Question 9:Question 9:Most of the study about LCA studies come from the university
653、 sector because :Most of the study about LCA studies come from the university sector because :a)a)They like itThey like itb)b)It is easyIt is easyc)c)LCA methodology is still under developmentLCA methodology is still under developmentd)d)It is difficult It is difficult 168168Module 14 Life Cycle Ass
654、essmentPIECENAMPEnd of Tier IEnd of Tier IAssuming that you have done all the reading, this is the end of Assuming that you have done all the reading, this is the end of Tier 1Tier 1. . No doubt much of this information seems confusing, but things will No doubt much of this information seems confusing, but things will become more clear when well look at examples in Tier 2.become more clear when well look at examples in Tier 2.169169Module 14 Life Cycle Assessment
