《躯干骨及其连结运动系统》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《躯干骨及其连结运动系统（47页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、椎骨：椎骨：2424块块骶骨：骶骨：1 1块块尾骨：尾骨：1 1块块胸骨：胸骨：1 1块块肋：肋：1212对对躯干骨躯干骨一、椎骨一、椎骨 颈颈椎：椎：7 7块块 胸椎：胸椎：1212块块腰椎：腰椎：5 5块块骶骨骶骨1 1块块（骶椎（骶椎5 5）尾骨尾骨1 1（尾椎尾椎3 34 4）1 1椎骨的一般形椎骨的一般形态态 椎体椎体Vertebral body 椎弓：突起椎弓：突起Vertebral arch 棘突棘突Spinous process 横突横突Transverse process 关关节节突突Articular process 椎孔椎孔椎管椎管 椎椎间间孔孔 Vertebral fo
2、ramen/canal, Intervertebral foramen椎体椎体椎弓根椎弓根上关节突上关节突椎孔椎孔横突横突椎弓板椎弓板棘突棘突棘突棘突横突横突椎体椎体上关节突上关节突下关节突下关节突Vertebrae2 2各部椎骨的主要特征各部椎骨的主要特征 上关节突上关节突横突横突棘突棘突棘突棘突横突横突上肋凹上肋凹下肋凹下肋凹上关节突上关节突横突肋凹横突肋凹下关节突下关节突 （1 1）胸椎）胸椎T Thoracic vertebrae 肋凹肋凹costal foveae (facets) 椎体肋凹椎体肋凹与肋与肋头头相关相关节节。 横突肋凹横突肋凹与肋与肋结节结节相关相关节节。棘突棘突较长
3、较长，向后下方，向后下方倾倾斜，呈斜，呈叠瓦状排列。叠瓦状排列。横突孔横突孔椎体椎体上关节突上关节突椎弓椎弓椎孔椎孔棘突棘突（2 2）颈椎）颈椎Cervical vertebraeCervical vertebrae 颈颈椎有横突孔椎有横突孔Transverse foramen 椎体椎体较较小小第第2 26 6颈颈椎棘突短而分叉椎棘突短而分叉前结节前结节横突孔横突孔上关节凹上关节凹后弓后弓前弓前弓后结节后结节椎孔椎孔第第1 1颈颈椎椎寰椎寰椎Atlas 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟前弓前弓后弓后弓侧块侧块齿齿突凹突凹椎椎动动脉沟脉沟 齿突凹齿突凹棘突棘突齿突齿突上关节面上关节面横突孔横突孔椎弓椎弓椎孔椎孔
4、第第2 2颈颈椎椎枢椎枢椎AxisAxis齿齿突突DensDens第第7 7颈颈椎椎隆椎隆椎 下关节突下关节突椎体椎体椎弓根椎弓根上关节突上关节突横突横突椎体钩椎体钩棘突棘突Cervical Vertebrae上关节突上关节突 椎体椎体 横突横突 椎弓根椎弓根 椎弓板椎弓板 棘突棘突 椎孔椎孔 椎体椎体 棘突棘突 下关节突下关节突 上关节突上关节突 横突横突 （3 3）腰椎）腰椎Lumbar vertebraeLumbar vertebrae椎椎体大体大棘突短，呈棘突短，呈宽宽板状，水板状，水平方向后伸。平方向后伸。棘突棘突间间隙隙较宽较宽，可作腰，可作腰椎穿刺椎穿刺术术。无横突孔、无肋凹无横
5、突孔、无肋凹骶前孔骶前孔岬岬横线横线尾骨尾骨骶后孔骶后孔尾骨尾骨骶骶管管骶角骶角耳状面耳状面骶管裂孔骶管裂孔上关节突上关节突(4)(4)骶骨骶骨Sacrum 岬岬 骶前孔骶前孔骶后孔骶后孔骶管骶管骶角骶角 骶管裂孔骶管裂孔 （5 5）尾骨）尾骨Coccyx 由由3 34 4块块退化的尾椎退化的尾椎长长合而成。合而成。上接骶骨，下端游离上接骶骨，下端游离为为尾骨尖。尾骨尖。 Sacral cornu胸骨柄胸骨柄胸骨体胸骨体 剑剑突突 二二 胸骨胸骨Sternum 胸骨角：胸骨角：是胸骨柄与胸骨是胸骨柄与胸骨体体连连接接处处形成的微向前突形成的微向前突的横行隆起，其两的横行隆起，其两侧侧平平对对第
6、二肋，是第二肋，是计计数肋骨序数数肋骨序数的重要的重要标标志。它志。它还还平平对对第第4胸椎体下胸椎体下缘缘。胸骨柄胸骨柄颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹胸骨角胸骨角第二肋切迹第二肋切迹胸骨角胸骨角胸骨体胸骨体剑突剑突锁切迹锁切迹The manubrium posteriorly-angled joints with the body and forms the sternal angle, which is a major surface landmark used by clinicians in performing physical examinations of the thorax. Ster
7、num consists of the manubriummanubrium, , bodybody and and xiphoid processxiphoid process. . 三三 肋肋rib数目：共数目：共12对对17对对 真肋真肋 810对对 假肋假肋 1112对对 浮肋浮肋构成构成: 肋骨肋骨+肋肋软软骨骨第一肋：第一肋：上面有斜角上面有斜角肌肌结节结节和和锁锁骨下骨下动动、静脉沟静脉沟。肋骨的形态特点肋骨的形态特点肋头、肋颈和肋结节肋头、肋颈和肋结节内、外侧面和肋沟内、外侧面和肋沟Anteriorly, the costal cartilages of ribs I to V
8、II articulate with the sternum.The costal cartilages of ribs VIII to X articulate with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages above them. Ribs XI and XII are called floating ribs because they do not articulate with other ribs, costal cartilages, or with sternum. Their costal cartilages are sm
9、all, only covering their tips. 躯干骨的连结躯干骨的连结脊脊 柱柱胸胸 廓廓椎间盘椎间盘棘上韧带棘上韧带棘间韧带棘间韧带前纵韧带前纵韧带椎弓根椎弓根后纵韧带后纵韧带棘突棘突椎间孔椎间孔1.1.椎骨椎骨间间的的连结连结2.2.脊柱的整体脊柱的整体观观（一）脊柱（一）脊柱vertebral columnThe articulation of the The articulation of the bones of the trunkbones of the trunkVertebral columnVertebral column1.1.椎骨椎骨间间的的连结连结 (1
10、)(1)椎体椎体间间的的连结连结 1)1)椎椎间盘间盘Intervertebral disc 纤维环纤维环 髓核髓核椎间盘椎间盘髓核髓核纤维环纤维环椎弓根椎弓根椎间孔椎间孔髓核髓核纤维环纤维环Intervertebral discs椎间盘突出椎间盘椎间盘前纵韧带前纵韧带后纵韧带后纵韧带前纵韧带前纵韧带后纵韧带后纵韧带2)2)韧带韧带前前纵韧带纵韧带防止脊柱防止脊柱过过度后伸和椎度后伸和椎间盘间盘向前脱出向前脱出后后纵韧带纵韧带限制脊柱限制脊柱过过度前屈度前屈棘上韧带棘上韧带棘间韧带棘间韧带椎弓根椎弓根棘突棘突关节突关节关节突关节韧带韧带关关节节(2)(2)椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结 椎弓根椎弓根
11、黄韧带黄韧带黄韧带黄韧带Ligamenta FlavaLigamenta Flava 黄黄韧带韧带Ligmentum of flava 围围成椎管，限脊柱成椎管，限脊柱过过屈屈棘棘间韧带间韧带 棘上棘上韧带韧带：颈部称项韧颈部称项韧带带横突横突间韧带间韧带 关关节节突关突关节节黄韧带黄韧带项韧带项韧带横突横突关节突关节关节突关节The joint of articular processThe joint of articular processInterspinous ligamentInterspinous ligamentIntertransverse ligamentIntertran
12、sverse ligamentAnterior longit. lig.Interspinous ligamentInterspinous ligamentPosterior longit. lig.Supraspinous ligamentSupraspinous ligament(3)(3)寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节节1)1)寰枕关寰枕关节节Atlantooccipital joint 2)2)寰枢关寰枢关节节：Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢外寰枢外侧侧关关节节 寰枢正中关寰枢正中关节节 寰枢关寰枢关节韧带节韧带：齿齿突尖突尖韧带韧带 翼状翼状韧带韧带寰椎横寰椎
13、横韧带韧带覆膜覆膜 2.2.脊柱整体观及其功能脊柱整体观及其功能(1)(1)脊柱的整体脊柱的整体观观 1)脊柱前面观 2)脊柱后面观 3) 3)脊柱脊柱侧侧面面观观：有：有4 4个个生理性弯曲（生理性弯曲（颈颈曲、胸曲、胸曲、腰曲和骶曲）。曲、腰曲和骶曲）。(2)(2)脊柱的功能脊柱的功能1)1)支持、保护功能 2)2)运动功能：可作屈、伸、可作屈、伸、侧侧屈、旋屈、旋转转和和环转环转运运动动。 Vertebral column as a wholeVertebral column as a whole Four curvesThe movements of the vertebral col
14、umnFlexion & extension; Lateral flexions; Rotation; Circumduction（二）（二） 胸廓胸廓 Thoracic cage 胸椎胸椎12 12 、肋、肋1212对对、胸骨、胸骨1 11.1.肋椎关肋椎关节节Costovertebral joint (1)(1)肋肋头头关关节节(2)(2)肋横突关肋横突关节节 肋头关节肋头关节肋横突关节肋横突关节肋骨肋骨Synchondrosisby hyaline2.2.胸肋关胸肋关节节 胸廓上口胸廓上口Inlet 3.3.胸廓的整体胸廓的整体观观及其运及其运动动胸廓上口胸廓上口较较小小 胸骨柄上胸骨柄
15、上缘缘 第第1 1对对肋肋 第第1 1胸椎椎体胸椎椎体Superior thoracic aperture (Inlet)It consists of the body of vertebra TI posteriorly, the medial margin of rib I on each side, and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly. The posterior margin of the superior thoracic aperture is superior to the anterior margin. Co
16、nsequently, the plane of the superior thoracic aperture is at an oblique angle, facing somewhat anteriorly. 胸廓下口胸廓下口宽宽而不整而不整 第第1212胸椎胸椎 第第1212及第及第1111对对肋前端肋前端 左、右肋弓左、右肋弓 剑剑突突 胸廓下口胸廓下口Outlet 胸肋关节胸肋关节The inferior thoracic aperture (Outlet)The body of T. vertebra XII posteriorly; The body of T. vertebr
17、a XII posteriorly; The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI posterolaterally; The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI posterolaterally; The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X, which unite The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X, which unite to form the costal arches bi-anterolaterall
18、y; to form the costal arches bi-anterolaterally; The xiphoid process anteriorly. The xiphoid process anteriorly. The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is The posterior margin of the inferior thoracic aperture is inferior to the anterior margin. inferior to the anterior margin. Next time: 实习课实习课 Contents: 上肢骨及其连上肢骨及其连结结Thank U
