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1、Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society DifferentperspectivesPoliticalsystemTherelationshipbetweenpoliticsandeconomicsPoliticaleconomyinthe21stcenturyCurrentdifferencesofperspectivesIntroduction: Different perspectivescommitmenttodifference澳大利亚人承认相互差异Different perspectivesDebateDifferent partiesre
2、sultsThe formation of the Australian political systemThe formation of the Australian political systemWashminster form of polity: a mixture of US Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system. A“Washminster”formofpolityWashminsterWashingtonWestminsterThe comparison and contrast
3、between UK and AustaliaQueenPrime ministerUK ParliamentTwo houses Cabinet Governor-generalPrime ministerAustralian parliament Two houses Cabinet Governor-general in AustraliaQuentin Alice Louise Bryce ThegovernmentThree-tiersystem1.theAustralianparliamentatfederallevel2.sixstategovernments3.about900
4、localgovernmentbodies澳大利亚议会权力中心：TheprimeminsterandhiscabinetPolitical System1. Constitutional Monarchy VS Republicanism2. Parliamentary system VS Presidential System3. Unitary State VS Federal StateConstitutional Monarchy VS RepublicanismConstitutional monarchy: 君主立宪制 The monarch has the supreme pow
5、er in the country.Republicanism: 民主共和制 The supreme power is invested in the people.Parliamentary System VS Presidential SystemParliamentary System:议会制 The executive branch of government is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch.Presidential System: 总统制 The executive br
6、anch is elected separately from the legislative. Unitary State VS Federal State Unitary State: 单一制国家 The local government is subordinate to the central government.Federal State: 联邦制国家 The self-governing status of the component states is constitutionally entrenched保证 and may not be altered by a unila
7、teral decision of the central government. Political SystemU.K.U.K.U.S.A.U.S.A. Australia AustraliaThere is no There is no written written constitution.constitution.There is a There is a written written constitution.constitution.?Constitutional Constitutional MonarchyMonarchyRepublicanismRepublicanis
8、m ?Parliamentary Parliamentary systemsystemPresidential Presidential SystemSystem?Unitary StateUnitary StateFederal StateFederal State?Political System in AustraliaAustralia is a constitutional monarchy. parliamentary democracy. federal state.The Australia Constitutionn nThe Australia Constitution c
9、ame into effect when the six colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.The constitution can only be changed by referendum. Only the majority of the voters and the majority of states approved, the constitution can formally be altered by the High Court of Australia.The Legislati
10、ve BranchThe Australian Federal Parliament consists of 1.The Queen (Governor-General) 2.The Senate 3.The House of Representatives.The Senate/the Upper Housen nAn elected housen nEqual members of senators from each staten nSenators from the states: six-year termn nSenators from the territories: three
11、-year termThe House of Representativesthe Lower Housen nAn elected housen nSeats are divided according to population.n nElections are held every three yearsTheparliamentTwohousestheHouseofRepresentative,ortheLowerHousetheSenate,ortheUpperHouseIfthereisdisagreementbetweentheHouseofRepresentativeandth
12、eSenate,thentheGovernor-Generalcancalla“doubledissolution”双解散:bothHouseofParliamentarestooddownandthereisanearlygeneralelection.The Major Political Partiesn nThe Australian Labor Party (oldest)n nThe Liberal Partyn nNational Party国家党n nEachEachpartypartysetssetsoutoutaapartypartyprogrammeprogrammeaa
13、setsetofofprinciplesprinciples andand policiespolicies thatthat alignalign withwith thosethoseprinciples.principles.n nCitizensCitizensultimatelyultimatelycontrolcontrolthethegovernmentgovernmentthroughtheelectoralsystemthroughtheelectoralsystemThesystemsadvantagesThedifferencebetweenthetwopartyprog
14、rammesmeansthatcitizenscanchoose,ateachelection,whichsetofpoliciestheywouldprefertobeenactedoverthefollowingthreeyearsofgovernment.JuliaGillardThesystemsadvantagesThesystemsecurestransparencyandthusaccountability.Citizenscanexerttheirpowerbetweenelectionsthroughtheirmembershipofmajorinterestgroups.T
15、hesystemsadvantagesPluralismprovidesforareadymadealternativegovernmentasthemajorOppositionpartycomprisesnotonlyback-benchers后座议员，即普通议员，butalso“shadowministers”anda“shadowcabinet”,whoaresufficientlyinformedaboutcurrentaspectsoftheirshadowportfolios部长职fortheoppositiontobecompetenttotakeovershouldanygo
16、vernmentcollapseklps.ThesystemofcompulsoryHowever,thereisnolawsayingthatcitizenscannotspoiltheirvotesocastingavoteperse,p:sei,-si:本身isnotcompulsory.ateachelectionallcitizensofvotingage(over18years)mustattendtheirlocalelectoralstation.TherelationshipbetweentheeconomicandpoliticalspherePincipleofLiber
17、alSystemTheeconomyThecontrolofthegovernmentThedecreasingofthecontrolgovernmentmarketfreeintervention“Freemarket”systempeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeoplepeopleIron, nickle.Agriculture(foundation)economyHHHHHLong wool boom(1820s-1830s)Gold rush(1850s)Government controlDuringthelastdecadesof19t
18、hcenturytothepostworldwarperioddomesticInfranstructures（基础设施）inpeopleslife.education、railway、sewerageworks(污水处理厂)、communicationsHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHinternationalTariffprotection(关税)HarvesterJudgement(arbitrationsystem)WhiteAustraliaPolicy(labourmigrationprogrammes)NOTariffUnemploymentlevelsroseconsi
19、derablyThedismentalingofthegovernmentsinvolvementintheeconomyTariffrates?loweringTheforeignexchangemarketswerederegulated解除管制reducingtheABCsdependenceupongovernmentfundingABC(AustralianBroadcastingCorporation)The Australian Political Economy in the 21st CenturyIsthelossofthe“socialcapital”anecessary
20、cost?“social capital”:Thepublicspendingoneducation,healthandthepublicbroadcaster.DifferentopinionsTheCoalitionLabourPartyEconomicrationalism;ShouldmakeanbalancedbudgetEconomicmanagerialism;focusmoreonthebalancebetweensocialandeconomicaspectsofAustralianlifeLabourGovernmenttimeMajorfactorsaffectedAus
21、tralianpolitics:Thegovernmentwasreturnedonitspromisestorevoke撤回someofthetransfersofpowerawayfromtheworkers.EconomiesaroundtheworldexperiencedtheG.F.C.（theglobalfinancialcrisis)Governmentaroundtheworldhavehadtoconsidertheconsequencesofclimatechange.AcontinuedmilitaryanddiplomaticcommitmenttotheUSAbut
22、alsoanextensionofcommitmenttootherpoliticaleconomies,especiallythoseintheAsian-PacificRegion.Mademajorgovernmentinvestmentsineducation,health,communicationandtheenvironment.TocounteracttheeffectsofboththeG.F.C.andofenvironmentalpollution.Thegovernmenthasincreaseditsroleinthemarketespeciallythelaborm
23、arket.IndebtMaketheminingcorporationspayhighertaxesontheirprofits.controversiesThe“socialcapital”costThetaxesAustralianpoliticsisbasedonmanagingconflictbyrecognisingthevalueofdifferenceanddebate.Current differences of perspectivesto balance three contradictory political economic programs: 1.to run a
24、 profitable economy with little interference by the state 2. to invest in human capital 3. to prevent inequalities of a free market becoming too socially divisive CitizenwelfareEnvironmentproblem(the3rdpoliticalperspective)conclusionDifferences-basedcountrydifferentperspectivesPoliticalsystemcabinet,parliament,partiesandvoteTherelationshipbetweenpoliticsandeconomyinvolvementsofgovernmentchangeswiththetimePoliticaleconomydifferentopinionsCurrentchangesandproblems
