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1、Aims & Goals & ObjectivesAim&Goal&Objective在字典中的释义*1.Aim: (noun) the purpose of doing sth; what sb. is trying to achieve.目的；目标。*2. Goal:(noun) something that you hope to achieve.目标，目的。Aim&Goal&Objective在字典中的释义Objectives are the primary building blocks of good curriculum design. They support the lear
2、ning outcome in that each is a small step in arriving at what the learner is supposed to know or be able to do. Objectives: Aim&Goal&Objective在字典中的释义* Define specific outcomes or competencies to be achieved in terms of skills, content mastery, attitudes, or values. * Form the basis upon which to sel
3、ect or design instruction materials, content, or techniques. * Provide the basis for determining or assessing when the instruction purpose has been accomplished .* Provide a framework within which a learner can organize his efforts to complete the learning tasks. Anobjectiveis a measurable, observab
4、le behavior of less than a days duration; Agoalis the outcome of a series of successfully completed objectives, possibly measured over a series of days; While anaimis an expression of a long-term purpose, usually over the course of one or more years. (-Wikipedia)Tips:AimsobjectivesBroad statementspe
5、cificGeneral intentionpreciseintangibletangibleabstractconcreteGeneral hard to measuremeasurableComparison:教学目标是aims?goals?objectives?学者观点学者观点:*施良方、崔允漷认为Goals和Aims指的是目的，Objectives才指目标。他们指出，Objective一词原意是流水线上生产出的产品，把这个词引入教育领域，体现出用预期达到的教育结果支配教育行动的思想。因此，教学目标是预期的、在具体情景下学生行为变化的结果，是用“学生学会了什么”的说法来表示的，通常是策略
6、性的，是可观察、可明确界说、可测量、可评价的，而且还有时间、情景等条件限制，是目的的具体化。*而“目的”一词含义往往与教育者的主观愿望等同，通常指某一社会或国家为实现教育目的，在教学领域给教师提出一种概括性的总体要求，因此它是一种应然状态的理想，一种方向、指针，而且还隐含着有可能无法实现的意思，时间跨度也比较长。陈坚林则认为Aims指的是笼统而远大的目标，是最终的大目标。Goals是要达到的远期目标，如在一定时期教会学生听、说、读、写四项英语语言技能等。objectives指的是中短期目标，比Aims更为直接和具体。还有学者把Goals和Aims称为大目标，把Objectives称为小目标。D
7、ubin, F. & Olshtain, E. 1986. Course Design. UK:C.U.P. 书中将教育目标称为aim,课程目标称为goal,大纲具体目标称为objective.学者观点：学者观点：Summary:*严格来讲，在教案中出现teaching aim应该翻译为教学最终目标，这不是一堂课或一个单元能解决的，而应该理解为一个学期或一本书的aims更加合理；*goal是aim的子步骤，翻译成单元整体教学目标更加合理;*objective受到时间限制，具有明确性，因此翻译成课堂教学目标更加合理。当然，这三个词语具有层级性，在不同的地方、不同的要求下可能应用情况不同。* 像T
8、eaching aims，teaching goals，teaching objectives之类的词，不管是显性的还是隐性的主体都是教师。英美国家的课程教案里很难找到类似teaching aims之类的术语，描述课堂目标时几乎都使用objectives。* 因此在描述目标时，合适的、贴近意思的词应该是objectives (learning objectives)。这也体现了以学生为主体。Objectives还可再分为behavioral objectives，skill ob-jectivities，content objectives，proficiency objectives，culture objectives等.Summary:References:1. Dubin, F. & Olshtain, E. 1986. Course Design. UK:C.U.P.2. 施良方，崔允漷.学理论：课堂教学的原理、策略与研究M.上海：华东师范大学出版社，1999:138-143.3. 陈坚林.现代英语教学组织与管理M.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000:78-80.
