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1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar: Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 6Modifiers：Conjunctions Grammar: ConjunctionsConjunctions Writing: Correcting: Antecedent ProblemsAntecedent Problems Rewriting: How to combine into compound sentencesHow to combine into compound sentencesConjunc
2、tions Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that join single words or groups of are words that join single words or groups of words. They can be subdivided into words. They can be subdivided into coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions, , correlative conjunctionscorrelative conjunctions and
3、 and subordinating conjunctionssubordinating conjunctions. .1. 1. Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions join words or groups of words that Coordinating conjunctions join words or groups of words that have equal grammatical importance in a sentence. Basically, h
4、ave equal grammatical importance in a sentence. Basically, there are only seven coordinating conjunctions: there are only seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so, and, but, or, so, nor, for nor, for andand yet yet. . Newspapers provide their readers with a lot of important facts.Newspapers
5、 provide their readers with a lot of important facts. Newspapers provide their readers with a lot of important Newspapers provide their readers with a lot of important statisticsstatistics. . Newspapers provide their readers with a lot of important Newspapers provide their readers with a lot of impo
6、rtant factsfacts andand statisticsstatistics. . He sent the journalist two more faxes.He sent the journalist two more faxes. He received no reply.He received no reply. He He sent the journalist two more faxessent the journalist two more faxes, , butbut received no replyreceived no reply. . Be carefu
7、l of the words Be careful of the words thenthen and and nownow; neither is a ; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so dont use them to join two clauses or coordinating conjunction, so dont use them to join two clauses or sentences.sentences. He sat down next to me, He sat down next to me, thenthe
8、n said slowly, “Kid, are you OK?” said slowly, “Kid, are you OK?” He sat down next to me He sat down next to me andand then then said slowly, “Kid, are you said slowly, “Kid, are you OK?”OK?” I waited for your permission patiently, I waited for your permission patiently, nownow it finally comes. it
9、finally comes. I waited for your permission patiently I waited for your permission patiently and and nownow it finally comes. it finally comes. In addition, as coordinating conjunctions join two In addition, as coordinating conjunctions join two groups of words, they are essentially placed in the gr
10、oups of words, they are essentially placed in the middle of a sentence, rarely as openers.middle of a sentence, rarely as openers. ForFor it is rainy, he is carrying an umbrella. it is rainy, he is carrying an umbrella.He is carrying an umbrella, He is carrying an umbrella, forfor it is rainy. it is
11、 rainy.2. Correlative conjunctions2. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions always work in pairs to join balanced Correlative conjunctions always work in pairs to join balanced words, phrases and clauses. words, phrases and clauses. both and either or neither nor both and either or neithe
12、r nor not only but (also) whether or if then not only but (also) whether or if then no sooner than hardly when scarcely when no sooner than hardly when scarcely when would rather than so as would rather than so as The directors wanted to win recognition for their work.The directors wanted to win rec
13、ognition for their work. The directors wanted to receive recognition for their work.The directors wanted to receive recognition for their work. The directors wanted The directors wanted bothboth to winto win andand to receiveto receive recognition for recognition for their work.their work. Heavy rai
14、n would wash away the soil.Heavy rain would wash away the soil. Heavy rain would cause serious floods as well.Heavy rain would cause serious floods as well. Heavy rain would Heavy rain would not onlynot only wash away the soilwash away the soil but alsobut also cause cause serious floodsserious floo
15、ds as well. as well.3. Subordinating conjunctions3. Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses, or thoughts, in Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses, or thoughts, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the such a way as to make one grammatically de
16、pendent on the other. The two parts are of different importance. The more other. The two parts are of different importance. The more important one is always a main clause. The other is a important one is always a main clause. The other is a subordinate clause. subordinate clause. Below is a list of
17、the most familiar subordinate conjunctions: Below is a list of the most familiar subordinate conjunctions: after although as as if as long as as thoughafter although as as if as long as as though because before if once since than thoughbecause before if once since than though that in order that prov
18、ided that so (that) till untilthat in order that provided that so (that) till until who when where while whether howwho when where while whether how whatever whenever whoeverwhatever whenever whoever Mr. Thompson is going to sell the house.Mr. Thompson is going to sell the house. The house is haunte
19、d.The house is haunted. Mr. Thompson is going to sell the house Mr. Thompson is going to sell the house becausebecause it is it is haunted.haunted. He managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano.He managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano. He could take photographs.He could take photographs
20、. He could measure temperaturesHe could measure temperatures He managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano He managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano so thatso that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.he could take photographs and measure temperatures. A painter had been wo
21、rking on the tower.A painter had been working on the tower. He hung a pot of paint on one of the hands.He hung a pot of paint on one of the hands. He slowed the clock down.He slowed the clock down. A painter A painter whowho had been working on the tower hung a pot of had been working on the tower h
22、ung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed the clock down. paint on one of the hands and slowed the clock down. 4. Conjunctive adverbs4. Conjunctive adverbs Conjunctive adverbs are used to clarify the relationship Conjunctive adverbs are used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equ
23、al grammatical importance in a between clauses of equal grammatical importance in a sentence. Unlike standard adverbs that modify only a single sentence. Unlike standard adverbs that modify only a single word or phrase, conjunctive adverbs modify the entire clause word or phrase, conjunctive adverbs
24、 modify the entire clause and join main clauses together.and join main clauses together. The possible meanings of conjunctive adverbs number six. The possible meanings of conjunctive adverbs number six.1.1.Time:Time: afterwards, then, finally, eventually, laterafterwards, then, finally, eventually,
25、later2.2.Addition:Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides, in additionalso, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition3.3.Cause:Cause: as a result, accordingly, consequently, hence, as a result, accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thustherefore, thus4.4.Manner:Manner: in short, like
26、wise, equally, similarlyin short, likewise, equally, similarly5.5.Contrast:Contrast: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, on the however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, on the contrary, on the other hand, insteadcontrary, on the other hand, instead6.6.Example:Example: for instance, for exam
27、ple, namely, that isfor instance, for example, namely, that is After breakfast, I sent the children to school.After breakfast, I sent the children to school. Then I went to the shops.Then I went to the shops. After breakfast, I sent the children to school After breakfast, I sent the children to scho
28、ol; then,; then, I went I went to the shops.to the shops. People sent a great many goods to the exhibition.People sent a great many goods to the exhibition. They came from various parts of the world. They came from various parts of the world. In addition, there was a great deal of machinery.In addit
29、ion, there was a great deal of machinery. They are on display.They are on display. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the worldvarious parts of the world; in addition,; in addition, there was a great there was a gr
30、eat deal of machinery on display.deal of machinery on display. Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire.Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. As a result, it would be almost impossible to prove his guilty.As a result, it would be almost impossible to prove his guilty. Most of the evi
31、dence was destroyed in the fire Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire; as a ; as a result,result, it would be almost impossible to prove his guilty.it would be almost impossible to prove his guilty.Antecedent Problems A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is a word used in
32、place of a noun. “he”, “she”, “it”, “we”, “they” and “us”, “who”, “whom”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “we”, “they” and “us”, “who”, “whom”, “that”, “which” are all pronouns. An antecedent is a “that”, “which” are all pronouns. An antecedent is a word, phrase, or clause to which a following word, phrase, or c
33、lause to which a following pronoun refers. Example:pronoun refers. Example: FrankFrank has always been fat, but things got so bad has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that recently that hehe decided to go on a diet. decided to go on a diet. 1. Mismatched Antecedent 1. Mismatched Antec
34、edent A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in three ways: person A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in three ways: person (first, second or third), number (singular or plural) and gender (first, second or third), number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine).(masculine or
35、feminine). If a person is missing for seven years, If a person is missing for seven years, youyou are presumed dead. are presumed dead. If a person is missing for seven years, If a person is missing for seven years, he or shehe or she is presumed is presumed dead. dead. If anybody comes, let If anyb
36、ody comes, let himhim wait. wait. If anybody comes, let If anybody comes, let him or herhim or her wait. wait. (No gender agreement: the language appears to favor one sex (No gender agreement: the language appears to favor one sex over the other.) over the other.) 2. Unclear antecedent2. Unclear ant
37、ecedent A pronouns antecedent must be clear. A pronouns antecedent must be clear. I love to go to that place because I love to go to that place because theythey have a nice view of the have a nice view of the lake. lake. I love to go to that place because I love to go to that place because it it has
38、 a nice view of the lake. has a nice view of the lake. I dont like Politics. I dont like Politics. TheyThey are always arguing among themselves. are always arguing among themselves. I dont like Politics. I dont like Politics. PoliticiansPoliticians are always arguing among are always arguing among t
39、hemselves. themselves. She ought to speak Chinese well. She lived She ought to speak Chinese well. She lived therethere for two years. for two years. She ought to speak Chinese well. She lived in She ought to speak Chinese well. She lived in ChinaChina for two years. for two years. 3. Ambiguous Ante
40、cedent 3. Ambiguous Antecedent Sometimes there may be more than one word the pronoun Sometimes there may be more than one word the pronoun could refer to. In a case like that, it may be better not to use could refer to. In a case like that, it may be better not to use the pronoun. the pronoun. The t
41、ree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but only in The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but only in recent years recent years it it has gained an evil reputation. has gained an evil reputation. The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but only The tree was pla
42、nted near the church fifty years ago, but only in recent years in recent years the treethe tree has gained an evil reputation. has gained an evil reputation.The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but only The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but only in recent years i
43、n recent years the churchthe church has gained an evil reputation. has gained an evil reputation.4. Faraway Antecedent 4. Faraway Antecedent The pronoun must be close enough to the word it is The pronoun must be close enough to the word it is replacing so that your reader knows whom or what you are
44、replacing so that your reader knows whom or what you are talking about.talking about. In 1964, an explorer went to Mountain Kivu in the Congo to In 1964, an explorer went to Mountain Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano. He managed to climb at observe a new volcano. He managed to climb at itsi
45、ts top so top so that he could take photographs.that he could take photographs. In 1964, an explorer went to Mountain Kivu in the Congo In 1964, an explorer went to Mountain Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano. He managed to climb at the top to observe a new volcano. He managed to climb at th
46、e top of of the mountainthe mountain so that he could take photographs. so that he could take photographs.Exercises: Exercises: Correct the following antecedent problems.Correct the following antecedent problems.1.1.Every citizen has their rights and obligations.Every citizen has their rights and ob
47、ligations.2.2.Each and every one of the flowers has their own colors and Each and every one of the flowers has their own colors and smells.smells.3.3.It is imperative that every one of us remold our world outlooks.It is imperative that every one of us remold our world outlooks.4.4.Playing a musical
48、instrument is a valuable experience for a child. Playing a musical instrument is a valuable experience for a child. They teach them many important things.They teach them many important things.5.5.If anyone you know lived during World War II, ask them if they If anyone you know lived during World War
49、 II, ask them if they remember the Lend-Lease Act.remember the Lend-Lease Act.6.6.It is said that if anyone touches the tree, you will have bad luck.It is said that if anyone touches the tree, you will have bad luck.7.7.If the person want unsafe cars, they will get it. If the person want unsafe cars
50、, they will get it. 8.8.There is no doubt that each of us has our own opinions.There is no doubt that each of us has our own opinions.9.9.Seemingly, neither of them remembered his instruction.Seemingly, neither of them remembered his instruction.10.10.Either of the boys may take their bags in the fr
51、ont of the table.Either of the boys may take their bags in the front of the table.Correcting:1. their his or her 2. their its 3. our his or 1. their his or her 2. their its 3. our his or her 4. They ither 4. They it5. ask them if they remember ask him or her if he 5. ask them if they remember ask hi
52、m or her if he or she remembersor she remembers6. you he or she 7. they he or she 8. our 6. you he or she 7. they he or she 8. our his or her his or her 9. his his or her 10. their his 9. his his or her 10. their his The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining The exerc
53、ise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.ones. If there are some mistakes, correct
54、them.Passage 1Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 78, (Adapted from Lesson 78, New Concept English II New Concept English II byby L.GL.G. .AlexanderAlexander I read an article. It was named “Cigarette Smoking and Your I read an article. It was named “Cigarette Smoking and Your Health”. I lit a cigarette.
55、I wanted to make my nerves easy. I Health”. I lit a cigarette. I wanted to make my nerves easy. I smoked. I felt pleasant. I believed this would be my last smoked. I felt pleasant. I believed this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all. During this cigarette. For a whole
56、 week I did not smoke at all. During this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had a bad temper. I had a large time, my wife suffered terribly. I had a bad temper. I had a large stomach. My friends gave me cigarettes and cigars. They kept stomach. My friends gave me cigarettes and cigars. They kept on
57、 doing so. Every time I took out a packet of sweets from my on doing so. Every time I took out a packet of sweets from my pocket. They laughed at me. pocket. They laughed at me. In this way, seven days later, I went to a party. Everybody In this way, seven days later, I went to a party. Everybody ar
58、ound me was smoking. I felt very uncomfortable. My old around me was smoking. I felt very uncomfortable. My old friend Brain asked me to receive a cigarette. I could bear no friend Brain asked me to receive a cigarette. I could bear no more. I took one. I lit it. I smoked satisfactorily. I felt I di
59、d more. I took one. I lit it. I smoked satisfactorily. I felt I did something wrong. Things came back to normal again. My wife something wrong. Things came back to normal again. My wife was happy. To give up smoking is the easiest thing. Brain said was happy. To give up smoking is the easiest thing. Brain said so. He himself has given up smoking many times.so. He himself has given up smoking many times.
