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1、Human anatomy 山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室扈燕来扈燕来办公室：办公室：1105Basic Concepts of Anatomy Definition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyGross anatomy: systematic anatomy regional anatomy人体解剖教学特点人体解剖教学特点人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和观察标本和人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和观察标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，模
2、型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为分为“掌握内容掌握内容”和和“了解内容了解内容”两级。两级。掌握内容掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。人体的分部和系统十大局部：头部（颅、面部）、颈部（颈、项部）、背部、胸部、腹部、
3、盆会阴部（后四部分称为躯干部）九大系统：运动系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统、感觉器、脉管系统、神经系统、内分泌系统。 Descriptive anatomical termsThe anatomical position: ( (解剖学姿势解剖学姿势) ) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms手掌手掌are turned forward, with the thumbs拇指拇指laterally.The terms of the direction ( (方位术语方位术语) )su
4、perior 上上, inferior 下下anterior (ventral) 前前 ( 腹侧腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后后 ( 背侧背侧 )medial 内侧内侧, lateral 外侧外侧internal 内内, external 外外superficial 浅浅, profound 深深proximal 近侧近侧, distal 远侧远侧ulnar 尺侧尺侧, radial 桡侧桡侧tibial 胫侧胫侧，fibular 腓侧腓侧 Anatomical axes and planes （轴与轴与面）面）Axis 轴：轴：Vertical axis 垂直轴垂直轴Sa
5、gittal axis 矢状轴矢状轴Coronal axis 冠状轴冠状轴Plane面面:Sagittal plane 矢状面矢状面Coronal plane 冠状面冠状面Horizontal plane 水平面水平面 或transverse plane 横切横切面面The Locomotor System 运动系统运动系统运动系统由运动系统由bone 骨骨、joints关关节节和和muscles 骨骼肌骨骼肌组成，占组成，占成人体重成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官骨骼肌是动力器官功能功能: support 支持支持Protection 保
6、护保护Locomotion 运动运动 Introduction of the osteology 骨骨学总论学总论Bones in adult are 206 in number.Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape The position can be:skull 颅骨bones of trunk 躯干骨appendicular skeleton 四肢骨Types of shape include: long bone 长骨长骨short bone 短骨短骨flat
7、 bone 扁骨扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨不规则骨 Long bones (found in limbs): Diaphysis or shaft 骨干骨干, which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow骨髓Two endsepiphysis 骺骺 articular surface 关节面关节面, metaphysis干骺端干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺骺线线Short bones: cuboid
8、al立方形的in shape, e.g. carpal bonesFlat bones: thin, Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendonGeneral structures of bone骨的构骨的构造造1.Bone substance 骨质骨质compact bone 骨密质骨密质spongy bone 骨松质骨松质 呈海绵状，由骨小梁构成In the calvaria 颅盖
9、, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploe 板障板障 2.Periosteum 骨膜骨膜: Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. 成骨细胞3.Bone marrow 骨髓骨髓Red marrow 红骨髓红骨髓: 造血Yellow
10、 marrow黄骨髓黄骨髓: fatty Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质有机质有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。无机质无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性 有机质有机质无机质无机质Children 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1 4Bones of trunk 躯干骨躯干骨Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in chi
11、ldren , arranged as follows:Cervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5Sacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾尾骨骨General features of vertebraeVertebral body 椎体椎体Vertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf.
12、 Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板process (7): spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 横突横突sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突Vertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔Regional variations of vertebraeCharacteristics of Cervical verte
13、brae1.Vertebrae Body: small , ellipse2.Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular3.Spinous processes: short and bifid in C2 to C64.Transverse processes: transverse foramen横突孔横突孔5.Articular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeaeAtlas寰椎寰椎 (C1) Body, articular processes and spinous process absent, cons
14、ists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses.齿突凹dental fovea上关节面下关节面Groove for vertebral artery 椎椎动脉沟动脉沟Axis枢椎枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlasCarotid tubercle:颈动颈动脉结节脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6Ver
15、tebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae Characteristics of Thoracic vertebrae1.Vertebral Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fove
16、a 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹2.Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder 3.Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward 4.Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 5.Articular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae 1.Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape 2.Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular 3.Spinous p
17、rocesses: projects horizontally 4.Transverse processes: long 5.Articular processes: sagittal Characteristics of lumbar vertebraeSacrum Anterior surface: promontory岬岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs),
18、sacral hiatus骶管骶管裂孔裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角骶角Lateral part: auricular surface耳状面耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆Cornua palpationSacral hiatusSternum Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄胸骨柄: jugular notch 颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹, clavicular notch 锁切迹锁切迹Body of sternum 胸骨体胸骨体 Xiphoid process剑突剑突 Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角: the junction of manubri
19、um and body, which connects 2nd costal cartilage肋软骨肋软骨laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorlyRibs肋肋: 12 pairGeneral featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋真肋Ribs 812 ca
20、lled false ribs 假肋假肋Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋浮肋Composition:costal boneandcostal cartilages. Characteristics of “typical” rib (39肋肋) Posterior end: costal head 肋头肋头, costal neck肋颈肋颈, costal tubercle肋结节肋结节 Shaft: costal angle肋角肋角, costal groove 肋沟肋沟Anterior endAtypical ribFirst rib: tubercle f
21、or scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节前斜角肌结节, sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨锁骨下动、静脉沟下动、静脉沟11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles躯干骨的重要骨性标志1. jugular notch颈静脉切迹:平对第2胸椎体的下缘.2. sternal angle胸骨角3.spine of Vertebra prominens第7颈椎棘突:是确定椎骨棘突序数的标志.4. costal arch肋弓:由810肋软骨依次连于上位肋软骨形成左右肋弓.5.
22、xiphoid process剑突6. sacral hiatus骶管裂孔:在骶骨背面正中的下端,左右骶角之间,为骶管向下的开口7. sacral horn骶角 8. coccyx尾骨Teaching outline1.Master the anatomical position and the terminology in human anatomy, the axex and planes.2.Master the shape and classification of bones, structures and functions of bone.3.Master the composi
23、tion of the skeleton of the trunk.4.Master the general shape of the vertebrae ,the main characteristics of vertebrae in each region.5.Master the shape and portion of the sternum, master the clinical purpose of the sternal angle.6.Master the general shape and classification of the ribs.7.Master the surface landmarks of the skeleton of the trunk.1.骨的结构？各部有何特点？骨的结构？各部有何特点？2.骨按形态可分几类？各有何特点？骨按形态可分几类？各有何特点？ 3.典型椎骨结构有哪些？典型椎骨结构有哪些？4.各部椎骨有何特点？各部椎骨有何特点？5.C1，C2，S的形态？的形态？6.胸骨的形态？胸骨的形态？ 骺软骨骺软骨-骺线骺线
