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1、Intercultural Intercultural Intercultural Intercultural Communication Communication Communication Communication 跨文化交际实用教程跨文化交际实用教程A Practical A Practical CoursebookCoursebook Culture is a Bridge.Culture is a Bridge.RequirementsPresentation20%Attendance30%Finalexam50%Unit1AnIntroduction4I.WhytakeInte
2、rculturalCommunication?Discussion2012-2-161.Warm-upCasePlease discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it. ACase:ShowingConcernIn China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre oldCatherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. 52012-2-16CommentWhatthe
3、interpretersaidisquitecourteousinChina.Itmeans,“Ifyouaretired,wecantakealittlerest,sinceyouaregettingoninyears.”Theinterpretergavetheimpressionthathethoughttheelderlyladywouldcollapseanyminuteifshedoesntrestimmediately.62012-2-16CommentIntheWest,thereisavalueplacedinbeingyoungthatmanypeopleconscious
4、ly,orsubconsciously,arenotwillingtoacceptthattheyaregrowingold.72012-2-16The western way of showing concern is generally different from the Chinese way. InChina:XiaoLi(aninterpreter):Youmustbeverytired.YoureoldCatherine(anelderlyAmericanlady):Oh,ImNOTold,andImNOTtired.The Chinese way of showing conc
5、ern is usually The Chinese way of showing concern is usually expressed by statement. expressed by statement. IntheWest:A:Howareyoudoingnow?Wouldyouliketorest?B:No,notabit.The western way of showing concern is mainly The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.displayed with
6、question.82012-2-16CommentThiscaseclearlyshowsthattranslationisaninterculturalcommunication,whichrequiresthetranslator/interpretertopossessbothEnglishculturalknowledgeandlanguagecompetence.92012-2-16Case2FirstOfferA Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilinwith our admirable guide Heping Liu in ve
7、ry hot weather. Sightseeing is a thirsty business. We did not trust the water and enjoy excellent beer. We politely offered some to Heping but he refused. We said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched. Only when I saw that Heping in fact liked beer, did it occur to me to ask him whet
8、her maybe in Chinese culture it was not polite to accept on the first offer.Indeed, it is not. Chinese customs show that Heping was being modest, polite, and well-behaved and every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer, impressing charges with modesty. But Heping did notunders
9、tand North American rules, which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons; he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be a allergic. Whateverthereasonbehindtherule,youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol.AndwhileIcertainlydidnotfigureHepingfor
10、Mormon,aMuslimorareformedalcoholic,sounconsciousandsostrongareourcommunicativecompetencerulesthatweequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertoHeping,whoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansaremostuncouth.Questionsfordiscussion?Inyourdailylife,doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer?Ifyes,inwhatsituation?Case3SameLangua
11、ge,DifferentBehavior(AnAmericantraveledtoEnglandandwasstayingwithafriend.Duringhisstay,theAmericandecidedtotalktotheEnglishmanaboutsomethingsthatwerebotheringhim.)American:Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere,butImnotsurewhy.Ispeakthesamelanguage,sothereshouldntbeanyproblem.Backhome,Iusuallyget
12、alongwithpeople.YouknowthatImveryfriendly.Englishman:Yes,thatstrue,butyourefriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly.American:ImnotsureIunderstand.Englishman:Well,forexample,atthemeetingtheothernight,youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames.Wedothathere,butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone.American:Thatsh
13、owwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable.Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames.Englishman:itsdifferenthere.Forexample,whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname.AlsotheressomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledontoftendo.American:Whatsthat?Englishman:Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit,e
14、speciallywhenyoucomplimentthem.American:IguessIveneverthoughtaboutthatbefore.IsupposethatiswhatIdoathome.Comment:thisisanimportantlessonfortheAmericanthatthoughtheyspeakthesamelanguageproblemsmaystillexistwhencommunicatingwithEnglishpeople.Hedoesntstoptothinkthathemayhavetodothingdifferently.Luckily
15、,hehassomeonewhocanhelphimunderstandandquicklylearnsthatinEnglandheneedstobeabletodomorethanjustspeakEnglish.182.DifferentattitudestowardsthesameobjectWhenonecoinwaslostEnglishman: Not surprised, shrugged his shoulders, going away, without being troubled by nothing.Americanman: Called a policeman, g
16、ave him his telephone number, left with a chewing gum in his mouth.2012-2-1619Germanman: Made a mark within 100 miters on the ground, looking for the lost coin with a magnifying glass. Japaneseman: felt sorry for his own carelessness, still blamed him at home, swearing not to make such a silly mista
17、ke again.2012-2-1620AgriculturalCulture: worship land, love land, depend upon land, staying at point with movingNomadicCulture: worship nature, love nature, depend upon nature, moving from one place to another, not fixed at one point.BusinessCulture: ready to move farther and farther, making more pr
18、ofits for showing the value of life.3.Peopleareculturallydifferent2012-2-1621Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage1. 17 speak Chinese2. 9 speak English3. 8 speak Dard4. 6 speak Spanish5. 6 speak Russian6. 4 speak Arabic. 7. 50 speak Bengali Bangladesh, Japanese or French.2012-2-16224.Peoplearereligi
19、ouslydifferentChristianity.About 21.4 billion Christians in the world. Bible. For philanthropy and equal for everybody. Islam. Meaning being obedient; Muslims are those who are obedient. Quran. Buddhism. Are you a Buddhist? Buddhists are taught to live for kindness rather than evils.2012-2-1623Ifonl
20、y100peopleleftintheglobalvillage1.33 Christians2.18 Moslems3.14 Hindus4.16 no religion5.6 Buddhists6.13 different religions2012-2-16245.PeopleareideologicallydifferentChinesepeopleandAsians are a bit modest, live for harmony, trying to avoid face to face conflict. Being collectivist. Westerners are
21、being individualist, being equal and different. It is none of my business.2012-2-16256.PeopleareraciallydifferentWe are Hopo sapiens.Generally, the people in the world are classified into four major races, though not universally accepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown
22、2012-2-1626Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage1.61Asians2.12Europeans3.8NorthAmericans4.5SouthAmericans5.13Africans6.1Australasian2012-2-1627Peoplearedifferentthroughouttheworld,culturally,religiously,ideologicallyandracially,actuallydifferentinalmosteveryaspect,thereforewearesupposedtoknowaboutth
23、eirdifferencesasmuchaspossible,justforasmoothcommunicationamongtheHomosapiens,thepeopleintheglobalvillage.YouwillmakeitbycomingtoInterculturalCommunication.WhytakeInterculturalCommunication?2012-2-1628The PurposeThe general purpose of this course is to understand the ways in which culture interrelat
24、es with and effects communication processes. Intercultural learning involves affective and behavioral processes, as well as cognitive ones. Throughout this course, you will have the opportunity to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes that will increase your intercultural communication competence.201
25、2-2-1629The Objectives 1) To explore cultural self-awareness, other culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two. 2) To understand how communication processes differ among cultures. 3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interact
26、ions and learn ways to creatively address them. 4) To acquire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence. 5) To have an understanding of the meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.2012-2-1630 The Reasons1)Developm
27、entofScience&Technology2)GlobalizationofEconomy3)WidespreadImmigration4)DevelopmentofMulticulturalism5)InternationalCommunication6)InterracialCommunication7)InterethnicCommunicationorminoritycommunication 2012-2-16II.WhatIsCulture?312012-2-161.DefineculturesyourselfPlease write down whatever comes t
28、o your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.322012-2-16332.DefinitionFinal 1) Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. 2) Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the member
29、s of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. 2012-2-1634 3) Culture is an Integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of
30、biological inheritance.4) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through indiv
31、idual and group striving. 2012-2-16355) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2012-2-16363.ElementsofCulture2012-2-164.Cultu
32、reThreeIngredients:artifactsconcepts(beliefs,values,worldviews)behaviore.g.Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact,thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept,theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior.2012-2-1637385.Whatisculturelike?2012-2-1639 CultureLikeanIceberga.Objectiveculture:history,literature,andcust
33、oms.(visible,smallpart)b.Subjectiveculture:feelingsandattitudesaboutthings.(invisible,largepart)2012-2-1640culture2012-2-1641TheCulturalIceberg2012-2-16TheIcebergofCulture2012-2-164243ObjectiveCulture&SubjectiveCulture 1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships
34、 to animals 2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to proble
35、m-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc.(4)nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions客观、主
36、观文化 1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress 2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions2012-2-1644CulturalIceberg1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交
37、频率、面部表情）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情1 1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系2 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、 对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策3 3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、 因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的
38、称谓4 4）朋友的意义、时间观念、对）朋友的意义、时间观念、对“个人个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、 肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式2012-2-16456.CharacteristicsofCulture1)Cultureisshared.2)Cultureislearned.3)Cultureisbasedonsymbols.符号符号4)Cultureisintegrated.集成集成5)Cultureissubjectivetochange. 6)Cultureisethnocentric种族优越感种
39、族优越感.7)Cultureisadaptive自适应自适应.2012-2-16461)Cultureisshared.Themembersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,andthissetofideasiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.2012-2-1647Actually,cultureisnotinnate（先先天天）sensibility,butalearnedcharacteristic.Childre
40、nbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureat home with their immediatefamily and how they interacteachother,howtheydress,andtherituals（仪仪式式）theyperform.When the children are growinginthecommunity（社社区区）,theirculturaleducationisadvanced（ 先先 进进 ） by watching socialinteractions,takingpartincultural activities a
41、nd rituals inthe community, forming theirown relationships and takingtheirplaceintheculture.2)Cultureislearned.2012-2-1648In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideas of
42、the culture（文化理想） to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.3)Cultureissymbolic.2012-2-1649Forthesakeof（为求为求）keepingtheculture,functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.Forexample,thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforide
43、astransmittedfromonepersontoanother.Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabric（布，品质）（布，品质）oftheculture,confusionanddysfunction（功能障碍功能障碍）wouldreign（统治统治）andtheculturewouldfail.4)Cultureisintegrated.2012-2-1650It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static（静态）. They are co
44、nstantly（经常） changing and evolving（演变） under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Cultures change through three most common mechanisms（机制）: innovation, diffusion and acculturation (calamity).创新，传播和涵化（灾难）5)Cultureisdynamic（动态（动态）2012-2-1651Ethnocentrism is the belief that you
45、r own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication（语言和非语言沟通）, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint（无效，或古朴）.6)Cultureisethnocentr
46、ic.2012-2-16III.CommunicationCanyougivesomeexamplestoexplainthewordcommunication?Whatiscommunication?522012-2-161.DefinitionofCommunicationGenerallyspeaking,communicationcanbedefinedasadynamic,symbolic,transactionalandcontextualprocess（事务性和上下文事务性和上下文的过程的过程）inwhichpeoplecreatesharedmeaningsormessages
47、.532012-2-162.EightIngredientsofCommunicationbehavioralsourceEncoding（编码编码）messagechannelresponderDecoding（解码解码）responseFeedback（反馈反馈）2012-2-1654IV.WhatisInterculturalCommunication?2012-2-1655跨文化跨文化561.InterculturalCommunicationDefinedInterculturalCommunicationmeanstheexchangeorcommunicationbetweenp
48、eoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.2012-2-162.ModelofInterculturalCommunication572012-2-163.CommentThemoresimilaritiestwoculturesshare,thelessinfluenceculturewillhaveoncommunication.Therefore,thelessmessageswillbechangedduringcommunication.Thelesstheculturesarealike,thegreatertheinfluenceofcul
49、tureoncommunicationwillbe,andthemorelikelythemessageswillbechanged.Misunderstandingininterculturalcommunicationoftenariseshere.582012-2-164.ModelofInterculturalCommunication59SupposeCultureA:ChinesecultureCultureB:JapanesecultureCultureC:Americanculture2012-2-16IfpeoplefromChineseculturegotoJapan,du
50、etothesimilaritiesbetweenChineseandJapanesecultures,theycancommunicatewithJapanesepeoplewithoutcausingmuchmisunderstanding.Or,peopleoftheJapaneseculturecouldunderstandmostofwhattheysaywithouttheirmessagesbeingalteredtoomuch.However,whenChinesepeoplecommunicatewithAmericanpeople,problemsoftenoccurbec
51、auseChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferfromeachothergreatly.602012-2-165.BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationLanguagedifferencesNonverbalcommunicationStereotypesCulturalbiasonjudgmentsHighlevelofstress612012-2-1662V.TheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCultures2012-2-16631. The attitudes by forei
52、gners towards Chinese PeopleSavingFaceHardworkingFormal2012-2-1664TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleInsensitivetotime TendingtomisunderstandBeatingaboutthebus2012-2-1665TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleObeybutnotFollowBeingdoubtfulBeingcontent2012-2-1666Theattitudesbyforeignerst
53、owardsChinesePeopleNeverkissedparentsShanzhaieverywhere2012-2-16672.TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersKissandhuganytimeandanywhereGoingDutch2012-2-1668TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersBeingpunctualMindyourownbusinessToofrank2012-2-1669CC:Manisanintegralpartofnature,complywiththewishesofnatu
54、re.( (天人合一，顺天应物天人合一，顺天应物) )WC:Manisseparatefromnature,trytoconquerthenature. ( (天人相分，征服自然天人相分，征服自然) )ManandNation2012-2-1670CC:Familyethnicsfirst(家族伦理本位家族伦理本位)WC:Individualsfirst（个人本位）（个人本位）ConceptionofFamily2012-2-1671CC:BelieveinharmonyandtheDoctrineoftheMean.贵和尚中。贵和尚中。WC:Trustinthespiritofreasons
55、.理性精神。理性精神。 ManandMan2012-2-1672ThewayoflifeIndividualvsGroup2012-2-1673ThewayofmakingcommentsDirectvsIndirect2012-2-1674PunctualityOntimevsLate2012-2-1675PersonalRelationshipSimplevsComplex2012-2-1676Standinginaqueue LinevsFan2012-2-1677WalkinginastreetonweekendsAfewvsacrowd2012-2-1678Timeforashowe
56、rInthemorningvsintheevening2012-2-1679DailylifeofoldpeopleWithadogvswithachild2012-2-1680VoiceoftalkinginpublicLowvshigh2012-2-1681IdeaofoneselfIndividual-centeredvsgroup-centered2012-2-1682LeadershipEqualvspower2012-2-1683 Western: small, intimate family, retirement home, the old are separated, chi
57、ldren leave early; being independent and look after themselves. Parents never interfere with their children affairs when they are old enough. Family2012-2-1684OldseparatedYoungindependent2012-2-1685Washingtonlefthisofficeandremainedonhisfarmtillhisdeath,refusingtogobackfrequentlytoWhiteHouseforadvic
58、e.Thecountyneedsthecivilofficersratherthanthemilitaryofficerwhenitisinpeace.WashingtonandhisCountry2012-2-1686 Eastern: extended (relatives included), aged stay with family, the old are respected, children stay until married; children can never be completely independent and are children with their p
59、arents around. 2012-2-1687AphotoofafarmfamilyA photo of Ba Jins Family2012-2-1688western: performance oriented, little rote memory, ability to solve problems; practical competence of running a business is more important. Education2012-2-1689Eastern:experienceoriented,muchmemorization,themoreexperien
60、cedyouare,themorepopularyouwillbe;youwillberegardedwell-educatedifyoucanrecitesomeancientpoems.2012-2-1690In1979,oneChineseeducationaldelegationwenttotheUnitedStatesandoneUSeducationaldelegationcametoChinaandbothofthemmadeareportaftertheirvisits.TwoEducationalReports2012-2-1691TheChinesereportsaidTh
61、eAmericanstudentsweremuchself-confidentandindependent.Theirteachersencouragedthemtodosoinsteadofcorrectingthem.Thepupilsknewlimitedvocabularyandsolvedmathematicsproblemswiththeirfingers,buttheyallhadastrongdesireforgreatinventions.Inclass,studentswerefreetowalkfromseattoseat,talkingwithoutbeingcontr
62、olled.2012-2-1692TheUSstudentsinclass2012-2-1693TheAmericanreportsaidThestudentssatonseatswiththeirhandsontheback.Theteachersjusttalkedandtalkedforseveralperiodshavingnotimeforwater.Thestudentshadmuchassignmentcalledhomework.Thosewhohadthehighestscorewouldbeprizedas“ThreeGoodStudents”withcertificate
63、s.2012-2-1694TheChinesestudentsinclass2012-2-1695Western:,timeorientedrelationships(work,freetime),makeanappointmentbeforeyougotoseeanyone,noappointment,nobusiness.Lawsuperiortofriendshipandkinsfolk.AttitudesandIdeasEastern:personorientedrelationships(hospitality),friendshipiseverything,superiortola
64、w2012-2-1696ColorsNo two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as reprinting the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached. 2012-2-1697Aweddingceremony2012-2-1698AWeddingCeremony
65、Afuneral2012-2-1699 Redpaperbagcontainingmoneyasagift2012-2-16100Theredcarpet:layouttheredcarpet2012-2-16101Aredcardfortheirmarriage;orforhishealth2012-2-16102ItiseasytodiscoverthepositionorrankinaconversationortalkinChina,astheyseldomusethenamesonly,usuallywithatitle.Onthecontrary,thewesternershave
66、thehabitofusingnamesforteachers,withinafamily,inanoffice.2012-2-16103Two difficulties we may have when we translate meaning of concepts from one language to another. Different languages organize the experience in their own way. Languages2012-2-16104Heismybrother.2012-2-16105HewhoteachesHewhoteachesm
67、eonedayismeonedayismyfatherformyfatherforlife.life.2012-2-16106Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.-I have a dream2012-2-16107Adaytogetheras
68、husbandandwifemeanstheendlessdevotiontherestofyourlife.Adayawayfromadearoneislikethreeyears.2012-2-16108Travelingonthesameboatresultsfromadestinyof100yearsandamarriagecomesfromadestinyof1000years.2012-2-16109GodmademarriageMarriageismadeinGodsimage2012-2-16VI.CaseStudyFirstOfferSameLanguage,Differen
69、tBehavior2012-2-16110Case2FirstOfferACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather.Sightseeingisathirstybusiness.Wedidnottrustthewater,andenjoyedexcellentbeer.WepolitelyofferedsometoHepingbutherefused.Wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer,whilepoorHepingwatched.Onanother
70、day,Hepingquicklyacceptedourofferofbeer.Questions for discussionInyourdailylife,doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer?Ifyes,inwhatsituation?1112012-2-16Case3SameLanguage,DifferentBehavior (An American traveled to England and was staying with a friend. During his stay, the American decided to talk to the Englis
71、hman about some things that were bothering him.)American:Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere,butImnotsurewhy.Ispeakthesamelanguage,sothereshouldntbeanyproblem.Backhome,Iusuallygetalongwithpeople.YouknowthatImveryfriendly.Englishman:Yes,thatstrue,butyourefriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly
72、.American:ImnotsureIunderstand.Englishman:Well,forexample,atthemeetingtheothernight,youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames.Wedothathere,butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone.1122012-2-16American:Thatshowwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable.Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames.Englishman:Itsdi
73、fferenthere.Forexample,whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname.AlsotheressomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledontoftendo.American:Whatsthat?Englishman:Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit,especiallywhenyoucomplimentthem.American:IguessIveneverthoughtaboutthatbefore.IsupposethatiswhatIdoathom
74、e.1132012-2-16SummaryWhytakeInterculturalCommunication?CultureCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationTheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCulturesCasestudy1142012-2-16Exercises 1.Matchingthetermswiththeirdefinitions A.cultureB.communicationC.ethnocentrismD.interculturalcommunicationE.businesscommuni
75、cation1.()Thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,issuperior.2.()Thetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegeneratio
76、nsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.1152012-2-161163.()Aprocessbywhichinformationisexchangedbetweenindividualsthroughacommonsystemofsymbols,signs,orbehavior,ortheexchangeofthoughts,messages,orinformation,asbyspeech,signals,writing,orbehavior.4.()Thecommunicationiswithinbusinessandadministration,aimingat
77、acommonobjectiveandprofitsforboththeindividualsandorganizations.5.()Thecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultureswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.2012-2-16Exercises 2.ComprehensionCheckDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)._1.Asaph
78、enomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears._2.InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope._3.Cultureisastaticentitywhilecommunicationisadynamicprocess._4.Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknow
79、inordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture._5.Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoapersonsculturalcognition.1172012-2-16118_6.Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateonesindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization._7.Culturalmistakesaremoreseriou
80、sthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals._8.Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture._9.Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsigni
81、ficancemaynotbethesame._10.Onesactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.2012-2-16Exercises 3.CulturalPuzzlesReadthefollowingsituationsandchoosetheappropriateanswer(s).Theremaybemorethanonepossibleanswerforeachculturalpuzzle.1.Whatwouldyoudoifsomeonetoldyoutousehisorherfirstname,butyoufeltuncomf
82、ortabledoingthis?a.Youcouldcontinuetousethepersonslastnamewithoutexplainingwhy.b.Youcouldtrytousethepersonsfirstnameeventhoughyoufeeluncomfortabledoingthis.c.Youcouldasktheperson,“IsitOKifIuseyourlastname?”1192012-2-161202.Situation:An American woman received a letter from a recently married Japanes
83、e friend. The Japanese woman wrote in her letter, “My husband is not very handsome. Your husband is much more handsome than mine.” The American woman was very surprised at what her friend wrote. 1)WhydoyouthinktheAmericanwassurprised?a)TheAmericanwomansawapictureofherfriendshusbandandthoughtthathewa
84、sveryhandsome.b)TheAmericanwomandidntthinkherownhusbandwashandsome.c)IntheU.S.,itisdisrespectfultosaythatoneshusbandisnothandsome. 2)WhydoyouthinktheJapanesewomanwrote,“Myhusbandisnotveryhandsome”?a)TheJapanesewomanwastryingtotellherAmericanfriendthatshedidnotlikeherhusbandverymuch.b)ItisuncommoninJapantocomplimentoneshusband.c)TheJapanesewomandidntthinkherhusbandwashandsome,butshelikedhispersonality.2012-2-16Assignments1.CaseStudyToBeDirectorNot2.VideoWatchingGuaSha刮痧刮痧1212012-2-16
