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1、BiomaterialsBy:VinitaMehrotraOutlinen nDefinitionDefinitionn nCharacteristicsofBiomaterialsCharacteristicsofBiomaterialsn nHistoryHistoryn nBiomaterialsScienceBiomaterialsSciencen nGenerationsofBiomaterialsGenerationsofBiomaterialsn nExamplesofBiomaterialsExamplesofBiomaterialsn nDetailonVascularGra
2、ftsDetailonVascularGraftsn nDetailonHipReplacementsDetailonHipReplacementsn nBiocompatibilityBiocompatibilityn nChallengesChallengesn nBiomaterialsAsAnEmergingIndustryBiomaterialsAsAnEmergingIndustryn nCompaniesCompaniesDefinitionn nAbiomaterialisanonviablematerialusedinamedicaldevice,intendedtointe
3、ractwithbiologicalsystems.n nDefinedbytheirapplicationNOTchemicalmake-up.CharacteristicsofBiomaterialsn nPhysicalRequirementsn nHardMaterials.HardMaterials.n nFlexibleMaterial.FlexibleMaterial.n nChemicalRequirementsn nMustnotreactwithanytissueintheMustnotreactwithanytissueinthebody.body.n nMustbeno
4、n-toxictothebody.Mustbenon-toxictothebody.n nLong-termreplacementmustnotbeLong-termreplacementmustnotbebiodegradable.biodegradable.Historyn nMorethan2000yearsago,Romans,Chinese,andAztecsusedgoldindentistry.n nTurnofcentury,syntheticimplantsbecomeavailable.n n1937Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA)introdu
5、cedindentistry.n n1958,RobsuggestsDacronFabricscanbeusedtofabricateanarterialprosthetic.History(Continued)n n1960CharnleyusesPMMA,ultrahigh-molecular-weightpolyethylend,andstainlessstealfortotalhipreplacement.n nLate1960early1970sbiomaterialfieldsolidified.n n1975SocietyforBiomaterialsformed.Biomate
6、rialsSciencen nGrowcellsinculture.n nApparatusforhandlingproteinsinthelaboratory.n nDevicestoregulatefertilityincattle.n nAquacultureofoysters.n nCell-silicon“Biochip”.MetalsSemiconductor MaterialsCeramicsPolymersSynthetic BIOMATERIALSOrthopedic screws/fixationDental ImplantsDental ImplantsHeart val
7、vesBone replacementsBiosensorsImplantable MicroelectrodesSkin/cartilageDrug Delivery DevicesOcular implantsBiomaterialScienceFirstGenerationBiomaterialsn nSpecifiedbyphysiciansusingcommonandborrowedmaterials.n nMostsuccesseswereaccidentalratherthanbydesign.SecondGenerationofBiomaterialsn nDevelopedt
8、hroughcollaborationsofphysiciansandengineers.n nEngineeredimplantsusingcommonandborrowedmaterials.n nBuiltonfirstgenerationexperiences.n nUsedadvancesinmaterialsscience(fromotherfields).Thirdgenerationimplantsn nBioengineeredimplantsusingbioengineeredmaterials.n nFewexamplesonthemarket.n nSomemodifi
9、edandnewpolymericdevices.n nManyunderdevelopment.ExamplesofBiomaterialApplicationsn nHeartValven nArtificialTissuen nDentalImplantsn nIntraocularLensesn nVascularGraftsn nHipReplacementsHeartValven nFabricatedfromcarbons,metals,elastomers,fabrics,andnaturalvalves.n nMustNOTReactWithChemicalsinBody.n
10、 nAttachedByPolyesterMesh.n nTissueGrowthFacilitatedByPolarOxygen-ContainingGroups.HeartValven nAlmostassoonasvalveimplantedcardiacfunctionisrestoredtonearnormal.n nBileaflettiltingdiskheartvalveusedmostwidely.n nMorethan45,000replacementvalvesimplantedeveryyearintheUnitedStates.BileafletHeartValves
11、ProblemswithHeartValvesn nDegenerationofTissue.n nMechanicalFailure.n nPostoperativeinfection.n nInductionofbloodclots.ArtificialTissuen nBiodegradableBiodegradablen nPolymerResultofPolymerResultofCondensationofCondensationofLacticAcidandLacticAcidandGlycolyicAcidGlycolyicAcidn nSmalltitaniumfixture
12、thatservesasthereplacementfortherootportionofamissingnaturaltooth.n nImplantisplacedintheboneoftheupperorlowerjawandallowedtobondwiththebone.n nMostdentalimplantsare:puretitaniumscrew-shapedcylindersthatactasrootsforcrownsandbridges,orassupportsfordentures.DentalImplantsDentalImplantsn nCapableofbon
13、dingtobone,aphenomenonknownasosseointegration”.n nBio-inert,thereisnoreactionintissueandnorejectionorallergicreactions.DentalImplantsIntraocularLensesn nMadeofPMM,siliconeelastomer,andothermaterials.n nByage75morethan50%ofpopulationsuffersfromcataracts.n n1.4millionimplantationsintheUnitedStatesyear
14、ly.n nGoodvisionisgenerallyrestoredalmostimmediatelyafterlensisinserted.IntraocularLensesn nImplantationoftenperformedonoutpatientbasis.VascularGraftsn nMustBeFlexible.MustBeFlexible.n nDesignedWithOpenDesignedWithOpenPorousStructure.PorousStructure.n nOftenRecognizedByOftenRecognizedByBodyAsForeign
15、.BodyAsForeign.Hip-Replacementsn nMostCommonMedicalPracticeUsingBiomaterials.n nCorrosionResistanthigh-strengthMetalAlloys.n nVeryHighMolecularWeightPolymers.n nThermosetPlastics.n nSomehipreplacementsambulatoryfunctionrestoredwithindaysaftersurgery.n nOthersrequireanextensivehealingperiodforattachm
16、entbetweenboneandtheimplant.n nMostcasesgoodfunctionrestored.n nAfter10-15years,implantloosensrequiringanotheroperation.Hip-ReplacementsHip-ReplacementsVascularGraftsn nAchieveandmaintainhomeostasis.Achieveandmaintainhomeostasis.n nPorous.Porous.n nPermeable.Permeable.n nGoodstructureretention.Goods
17、tructureretention.n nAdequateburststrength.Adequateburststrength.n nHighfatigueresistance.Highfatigueresistance.n nLowthrombogenecity.Lowthrombogenecity.n nGoodhandlingproperties.Goodhandlingproperties.n nBiostable.Biostable.VascularGraftsn nBraids,weaves,andknits.Braids,weaves,andknits.n nPorosityP
18、orosityn nPermeabilityPermeabilityn nThicknessThicknessn nBurststrengthBurststrengthn nKinkresistanceKinkresistancen nSutureretentionSutureretentionn nWallthicknessWallthicknessn nTensilepropertiesTensilepropertiesn nRavelresistanceRavelresistanceVascularGraftsPermeabilityn nBraidsn n350to2500mlcm35
19、0to2500mlcm2 2/min/minn nKnitsn nLooselyWovenKnitsLooselyWovenKnitsn n1200to2000mlcm1200to2000mlcm2 2/min/minn nTightlyWovenKnitsTightlyWovenKnitsn n2000to5000mlcm2000to5000mlcm2 2/min/minn nWeavesn nBelow800mlcmBelow800mlcm2 2/min/minKnitGraftsFiltrationandFlown nviscosityoffluidviscosityoffluidn n
20、tthicknessoftthicknessofmembranemembranen nVvelocityoffluidVvelocityoffluidn nppressuredropppressuredropacrossmembraneacrossmembraneVoidContentKozeny-CarmenEquationn nK KooistheKozenyconstant.istheKozenyconstant.n nS Sooistheshapefactor.istheshapefactor.n nistheporosity.istheporosity.ShapeFactorBiom
21、aterials:AnExampleBiomechanicsofArtificialJointsNormalversusArthriticHipSir John Charnely: 1960s, fundamental principles of the artificial hipFrank Gunston: 1969, developed one of the first artificial knee joints.Hip replacements done in the world per year: between 500,000 and 1 million.Number of kn
22、ee replacements done in the world per year: between 250,000 and 500,000.Of all the factors leading to total hip replacement, osteoarthritis is the most common, accounting for 65% of all total hips. NormalversusArthriticHipNormal Hip: note the space between the femur and acetabulum, due to cartilageA
23、rthritic Hip: No space visible in joint, as cartilage is missingTwodesignissuesinattachingmaterialstobone1)1)thegeometricandmaterialdesignofthearticulatingsurfaces2)2)designoftheinterfacebetweentheartificialjointandthesurroundingbone.using a Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement to adhere the metal t
24、o the boneusing a porous metal surface to create a bone ingrowth interfaceTwoattachmentmethodsthe acetabulum and the proximal femur have been replaced. The femoral side is completely metal. The acetabular side is composed of the polyethylene bearing surface OverviewoffemoralreplacementThe two materi
25、als are bonded and equal force is applied to bothLoadtransferinCompositematerialsComparison:ModuluiofElasticityModulus of elasticity of different implant materials and bone (in GPa) ImplantbondingA bonded interface is characteristic of a cemented prosthesis (left)non-bonded interface is characterist
26、ic of a non-cemented press fit prosthesis (right)DegradationProblemsExample of fractured artificial cartilage from a failed hip replacementBiocompatibilityn nTheabilityofamaterialtoelicitanappropriatebiologicalresponseinaspecificapplicationbyNOTproducingatoxic,injurious,orimmunologicalresponseinlivi
27、ngtissue.n nStronglydeterminedbyprimarychemicalStronglydeterminedbyprimarychemicalstructure.structure.HostReactionstoBiomaterialsn nThrombosisn nHemolysisn nInflammationn nInfectionandSterilizationn nCarcinogenesisn nHypersensitivityn nSystemicEffectsWhat are some of the Challenges?n nTomorecloselyr
28、eplicatecomplextissueTomorecloselyreplicatecomplextissuearchitectureandarrangementarchitectureandarrangementin vitro.in vitro.n nTobetterunderstandextracellularandTobetterunderstandextracellularandintracellularmodulatorsofcellfunction.intracellularmodulatorsofcellfunction.n nTodevelopnovelmaterialsa
29、ndprocessingTodevelopnovelmaterialsandprocessingtechniquesthatarecompatiblewithbiologicaltechniquesthatarecompatiblewithbiologicalinterfaces.interfaces.n nTofindbetterstrategiesforimmuneTofindbetterstrategiesforimmuneacceptance.acceptance. Biomaterials-AnEmergingIndustryn nNextgenerationofmedicalimp
30、lantsandtherapeuticmodalities.n nInterfaceofbiotechnologyandtraditionalengineering.n nSignificantindustrialgrowthinthenext15years-potentialofamulti-billiondollarindustry.Biomaterials CompaniesBaxter International develops technologies related to the blood and circulatory system. Biocompatibles Ltd.
31、develops commercial applications for technology in the field of biocompatibility. Carmeda makes a biologically active surface that interacts with and supports the bodys own control mechanisms Collagen Aesthetics Inc. bovine and human placental sourced collagens, recombinant collagens, and PEG-polyme
32、rs Endura-Tec Systems Corp. bio-mechanical endurance testing ofstents, grafts, and cardiovascular materials Howmedica develops and manufactures products in orthopaedics. MATECH Biomedical Technologies, development of biomaterials by chemical polymerization methods. Medtronic, Inc. is a medical techn
33、ology company specializing in implantable and invasive therapies. Molecular Geodesics Inc., biomimetic materials for biomedical, industrial, and military applications Polymer Technology Group is involved in the synthesis, characterization, and manufacture of new polymer products. SurModics, offers P
34、hotoLink(R) surface modification technology that can be used to immobilize biomolecules W.L. Gore Medical Products Division, PTFE microstructures configured to exclude or accept tissue ingrowth. Zimmer, design, manufacture and distribution of orthopaedic implants and related equipment and suppliesq$
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