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1、Renaissance and Reformationn nI. General Introductionn nII. Renaissance in Italyn nIII. Reformation and Counter-Reformationn nIV. Renaissance in Other Countriesn nV. Science and Technology during the Renaissancen nVI. Summing-upI. Introduction: Renaissance literally translates as rebirth and it stre
2、tches from the 14th to the 17th centuries. In the middle ages the Church reigned supreme due to a lack of strong national government and it is in the renaissance that we see the end of feudal society and social changes that pave the way for the rise of the middle classes in the industrial revolution
3、. Countries grow strong and so do not need to rely on locals to keep control and so we get centralized government. In the renaissance humanist thinkers attempted to get rid of the conservative ideas and new ideas developed which also helped pave the way for the industrial revolution. The renaissance
4、 began in Florence and Venice with outpourings of art and literature but soon spread to other countries affecting different things. In Italy fine art was the biggest product of the renaissance but in France it was literature and in England philosophy and literature.The Renaissance in Italy:1)Why did
5、 the renaissance begin in Italy? 2) The rise of humanism3) Renaissance artists4) The decline of the Italian renaissance II. Renaissance in Italyn nHistorical Backgroundn nThe Rise of HumanismNew Literature Renaissance ArtDecline of the Italian Renaisssance 1)Why did the renaissance begin in Italy?i)
6、 Urbanisation due to tradebig cities are created such as Venice and Milan which thrive on trade because at the heart of the Mediterranean Italy was in the perfect route for trade from all over Europe to go to Africa and vice versa. ii) This in turn led to new ideas through being in close contact wit
7、h different cultures particularly the Arabs who had preserved much of the work of ancient Greeceiii) As a result there is a revival of interest in classical learning and new humanist ideas. Humanism = Man is at the centre of the world and not Godman more significant than God hence loss of power by c
8、hurch! The Rise of Humanismn ni) Due to the increase in wealth caused by increased trade there was a new moneyed class with a new philosophy. Intellectuals who used to help train priests and spread Christianity focused their energy on providing these people with a philosophy. n nii) Shakespeare accu
9、rately sums up humanist philosophy when he says in Hamlet:n n“What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god!” the replacing of Gods significance with that of man. ii
10、i) Related to this is a belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and the beauty of the human bodyexactly counter to the idea of asceticism and poverty which was the religious philosophy of the Middle Ages. iv) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature of Italy and other Eu
11、ropean countries during the renaissance. There is no longer brooding about death and what comes after it but rather a new modern man who works for the present and future progression of man kind. 3) Renaissance Artists n ni) Donatello (1386 1466): A sculptor who was one of the first to visit Rome and
12、 study classical ruins. Famous work includes the nude sculpture of David (The Hebrew king slew Goliath) which was in perfect proportions (anatomical knowledge in art). David n nDavid David n nii)Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519): known as a painter but his out put was actually relatively small and inclu
13、ded The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa. He was also an inventor who even designed potential flying machines Self Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci Mona Lisan nThe idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da Vinccis Mona Lisa- model wife of a banker - the ambiguity of the smile.Last Supper Last Supper
14、 adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.n niii).Michelangelo: David, Sistine Chapel(from the First book of the Bible， the Genesis ), Dying Slave( (垂死的奴隶垂死的奴隶), ), Moses( (摩西摩西) )西斯廷教堂天顶画西斯廷教堂天顶画局部壁画局部壁画 36541314米米 米开朗期罗米开朗期罗 （意大利）（意大利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）年）Dying SlaveDavid n nRaph
15、ael was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary) ( (圣母玛利亚圣母玛利亚) ) He painted his Madonnas in different postures ( (姿势姿势) )， against different backgrounds. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens ( (雅典学派雅典学派) )。 Plato and Aristotle engaged ( (使用使用) ) in argument.Madonna o
16、f the Chair（油画）（意大利）拉斐尔（1514 - 1516年）The Alba Madonnan nTitian oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World The Venus of Urbino ( (断臂的维纳斯断臂的维纳斯), ),Man with the Glove ( (带手套的人带手套的人) )Man with Man with the Glovethe GloveIII. Reformation and Counter-Reformationn nReforma
17、tion n nPre-Luther Religious Reformersn nMartin Luther and his Doctrinesn nJohn Calvin and Calvinismn nReformation in Englandn nCounter-Reformationn nProtestantism and the Rise of CapitalismReformationn nThe Reformation was a 16th century religious The Reformation was a 16th century religious moveme
18、nt as well as movement as well as ( (同时同时) ) a socio-political a socio-political ( (社会政社会政治治) ) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg
19、 Wittenberg ( (机智机智) ) his 95 thesis his 95 thesis 。 This movement This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing
20、 it with the absolute Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists authority of the Bible. The reformists ( (改革者改革者) ) engaged engaged ( (使用使用) ) themselves in translating the Bible themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. into their
21、 mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经Pre-Luther Religious Reformersn nJohn Wycliffe, chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382.n nJan Hus Czech Religious leaderMartin Luther and his Doctrine
22、sn nMartin Luther was the German leader of the protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.n nMartin Luther, with his translation of the New Testament and later, the whole Bile into the vernacular made the Bible accessible to every man, to the aver
23、age church goer.John Calvin and Calvinismn nJohn Calvin John Calvin 基基督教教义督教教义 one of the most influential theological one of the most influential theological works.works.n n Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presby
24、terian government (Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会长老会) )。 Only those specially elected by God can be saved (Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上上帝的选民帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the ) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (risi
25、ng bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴有助于资本主义的兴起起) )。Reformation in Englandn nThe national religion established after reformation in England was called The Church of England or The Anglican Church.n nIt was under the reign (统治) of Henry that reformation was successful in England.n nThe English Bible
26、was adopted (采纳) in England after Reformation.Counter-Reformationn nCounter-Reformation: By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation: By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman
27、Catholic Church did not stay idle (Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙坐以待毙) )。 They They mustered (mustered (召集召集) their forces) their forces， the dedicated (the dedicated (专用的专用的) ) Catholic groupsCatholic groups， to examine the Church institutions and to examine the Church institutions a
28、nd introduce reforms and improvements (introduce reforms and improvements (改良改良) )， to bring back to bring back its vitality (its vitality (活力活力). This recovery of power is often called by ). This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.historians the Counter-Reformat
29、ion.n nCouncil of TrentCouncil of Trent The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bile.sole right to interpret the Bile.n nIgnatius and the Jesuits Ignatius and the Jesuits Ignatius and hi
30、s followers called themselves the JesuitsIgnatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits， members of the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits went through members of the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits went through strict (strict (严格的严格的) spiritual training () spiritual training (精神训练精神训练) and organ
31、ized ) and organized ( (有组织的有组织的) their own colleges to train selected youth who ) their own colleges to train selected youth who would be centre of their influence in the next generationwould be centre of their influence in the next generation. .Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalismn nReformatio
32、n movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism which began as a religious movement against the orthodox church of Rome had profound impact on religious life in Europe.n nEurope was to take a new course of development, ascientific revolution was to be under way an
33、d, capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.IV. Renaissance in Other Countriesn nRenaissance in Francen nRenaissance in Spain n nRenaissance in the Northn nRenaissance in EnglandRenaissance in Francen nRabelais 拉伯雷拉伯雷 巨人传巨人传 French writer n nRonsard Pleiade 七星诗社代表人七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近
34、代抒法国第一个近代抒情诗人情诗人n nMontaigne 蒙田蒙田 散文集散文集 French WriterRenaissance in SpainRenaissance in Spain n nLiterature Literature Miguel de CervantesMiguel de Cervantes It is It is recognized as the father of the modern European recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had great impact on
35、 world literature.novel and has had great impact on world literature.n nArtArt El GrecoEl Greco , one of the outstanding artists of the , one of the outstanding artists of the counter-reformation, was a Spanish painter.counter-reformation, was a Spanish painter. TheBurialofCount伯爵的葬礼伯爵的葬礼伯爵的葬礼伯爵的葬礼(
36、 (典型的典型的典型的典型的反宗教改革反宗教改革反宗教改革反宗教改革) )Renaissance in the Northn nRenaissance in the NetherlandsRenaissance in the Netherlands Erasmus Erasmus was a great Dutch scholar and humanist.was a great Dutch scholar and humanist.n nRenaissance in FlandersRenaissance in Flanders Pieter Bruegel was a Flemish pa
37、inter of landscape was a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.and scenes of rural life.n nRenaissance in GermanyRenaissance in Germany Albrecht Albrecht DurerDurer阿尔布雷特阿尔布雷特阿尔布雷特阿尔布雷特 丢勒丢勒丢勒丢勒 , the leader of , the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. The Four Horsemen the Renaissa
38、nce in Germany. Death and the Devil Hans HolbeinHans Holbein, the last great German master of the , the last great German master of the 16th century.16th century.Renaissance in Englandn n到达英国晚的原因：到达英国晚的原因：到达英国晚的原因：到达英国晚的原因：The war of Roses and Its The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant positi
39、on in world trade.weak and unimportant position in world trade.n nIt was to produce some towering figures (It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物顶级人物顶级人物顶级人物) in the English. William Shakespeare) in the English. William Shakespeare， Edmund Edmund SpenserSpenser， Sir Thomas More.Sir Thomas Mor
40、e. The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (and religious stability (稳定稳定稳定稳定) on the one hand and ) on the one hand and economic prosperity (economic prosperity (繁荣繁荣繁荣繁荣) on the other. ) on the other. n nEngland
41、began to embark (England began to embark (从事从事从事从事) on the road to ) on the road to colonization (colonization (殖民扩张殖民扩张殖民扩张殖民扩张) and foreign control that ) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday (was to take it onto its heyday (鼎盛鼎盛鼎盛鼎盛) of capitalist ) of capitalist development. d
42、evelopment. n nThomas More , a great humanist Thomas More , a great humanist n nWilliam Shakespeare, crowned literature of William Shakespeare, crowned literature of England England 悲剧悲剧悲剧悲剧 Hamlet ( Hamlet (哈姆雷特哈姆雷特哈姆雷特哈姆雷特) )， Othello (Othello (奥赛罗奥赛罗奥赛罗奥赛罗) )， King Lear (King Lear (李尔王李尔王李尔王李尔王)
43、)， Macbeth (Macbeth (麦克白麦克白麦克白麦克白) ) 喜剧喜剧喜剧喜剧 As You Like It( As You Like It(皆大欢喜皆大欢喜皆大欢喜皆大欢喜) , Twelfth ) , Twelfth Night (Night (第十二夜第十二夜第十二夜第十二夜), ), A midsummer Nights Dream( A midsummer Nights Dream(仲夏夜之梦仲夏夜之梦仲夏夜之梦仲夏夜之梦), ), The Merchant of Venice( The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人威尼斯商人威尼斯商人威尼斯商人) )
44、 悲剧上的特点：悲剧上的特点：悲剧上的特点：悲剧上的特点： astonishing variety in presentment (astonishing variety in presentment (表现上的表现上的表现上的表现上的多样性多样性多样性多样性) ) dramatic movement (dramatic movement (戏剧上的时刻戏剧上的时刻戏剧上的时刻戏剧上的时刻) ) in characterization ( in characterization (人物的个性化人物的个性化人物的个性化人物的个性化) )“All the world s a stage, And
45、all the men and women merely players.” WilliamShakespeare1564-1616V. Science and Technology during the Renaissancen nGeographical DiscoveriesGeographical Discoveriesn nAstronomy Astronomy n nAnatomyAnatomy Leonardo Leonardo dada Vinci Vinci Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius , , a Flemish anatomist, t
46、he founder of modern a Flemish anatomist, the founder of modern medicine. medicine. marked the beginning of a new era in marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy the study of anatomy n nPrintingPrinting Aldus ManutiusAldus Manutius, , the foremost printer in Italy.the foremost print
47、er in Italy.n nPolitical Science and HistoriographyPolitical Science and HistoriographyGeographical Discoveriesn nChristopher Columbus, a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.n nBartholomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator , the Cape of Good Hopen nVasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator
48、, the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope n nAmerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in whose honor America was named. Astronomyn nNicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who put forward revolutionary ideas in astronomy at that time. He believed that the earth and other planets orbit about th
49、e sun and that earth is not at the centre of the universe. father of modern astronomy Centric (日心说) De Revolutionibus Orbium (天体运行论)Political Science and Historiographyn nDanteDante The equality (The equality (平等平等) of the divine () of the divine (神神) power and the ) power and the secular (secular (
50、世俗世俗) power. (Satan) power. (Satan)n nNiccoloNiccolo Machiavelli Machiavelli尼科洛尼科洛 马基雅维里（马基雅维里（NiccoloNiccolo MachiavelliMachiavelli， 1469146915271527），文艺复兴时期），文艺复兴时期意大利著名的政治思想家、政治活动家和历史学意大利著名的政治思想家、政治活动家和历史学家家 Father of political science. Father of political science. Prince Prince 诸侯论诸侯论 Discourses
51、 Discourses 演讲篇演讲篇Summing-upSumming-upn nThe Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Churchs dispensation. In this release lay the way of development of the modern world. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal
52、 blow. It shattered Medieval Churchs stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.Reviewn nWhy do we say Renaissance first came to ItalyWhy do we say Renaissance first came to Italy？(what propositions(what propositions先决条件先决条件 were there in Italy for renaissance to were there in Ita
53、ly for renaissance to flourishflourish？What prioritiesWhat priorities优势优势 were there in Italy for renaissance to flourishwere there in Italy for renaissance to flourish？) )答：答：答：答：1 1、 Because of its geographical position (Because of its geographical position (有利的地理位置有利的地理位置有利的地理位置有利的地理位置) )， foreig
54、n trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to (with other cultures and gave rise to (有推动力有推动力有推动力有推动力) urban () urban (城市的城市的城市的城市的) ) economy and helped Italy to accumula
55、ted wealth (economy and helped Italy to accumulated wealth (积累财富积累财富积累财富积累财富) )。2 2、 Beginning from the 11th centuryBeginning from the 11th century， cities began to rise in central cities began to rise in central and north Italy. But there existed (and north Italy. But there existed (存在存在存在存在) rival
56、ry () rivalry (竞争竞争竞争竞争) among the ) among the cities and they were constantly (cities and they were constantly (不变的不变的不变的不变的) at war with each other.) at war with each other.3 3、 City-states (City-states (城邦城邦城邦城邦) have been established in Italy in beginning ) have been established in Italy in begi
57、nning from the 11th century.from the 11th century.4 4、 For two centuries beginning from the late 15th centuryFor two centuries beginning from the late 15th century， Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generat
58、ion of poetspoets， scholarsscholars， artists and sculptors (artists and sculptors (雕塑家雕塑家雕塑家雕塑家) )。 There was in There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.humanist ideas.n nWhat ar
59、e the characteristics of Renaissance artWhat are the characteristics of Renaissance art？(How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts(How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts？) )答：答：答：答：1 1、Art broke away from the domination of the church.Art broke away from the d
60、omination of the church. 2 2、Themes of paintings changed to appreciation(Themes of paintings changed to appreciation(鉴赏鉴赏鉴赏鉴赏) of ) of all aspects of nature and man.all aspects of nature and man. 3 3、 The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek t
61、emples and put many of the principles (temples and put many of the principles (原则信念原则信念原则信念原则信念) of ) of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors (supported by individual collectors (私人收藏品私人收藏品私
62、人收藏品私人收藏品) )。 4 4、Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective (anatomy and perspective (透视透视透视透视) )。n nWhy did Renaissance decline in Italy in the endWhy did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end？答：答：答：答：
63、1 1、 The feuds (The feuds (不合不合不合不合) of families) of families， the conflicts of classes and the the conflicts of classes and the rivalry (rivalry (竞争竞争竞争竞争) between the city-states kept the economic structure of ) between the city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local
64、order.(Italy in the traditional local order.(停滞不前停滞不前停滞不前停滞不前) ) 2 2、In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (优势优势优势优势) because of the ) because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding (discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding (环绕环绕环
65、绕环绕) of the Cape of ) of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488Good Hope in 1488， the opening of an all-water route (the opening of an all-water route (全线贯通全线贯通全线贯通全线贯通) to ) to India which provided (India which provided (供应供应供应供应) a cheaper means of transport.) a cheaper means of transport.n nHow did capita
66、lism rise and develop in EuropeHow did capitalism rise and develop in Europe？答：答：答：答：1 1、Protestantism was prepared for capitalist development.Protestantism was prepared for capitalist development.2 2、ImaginationImagination， creation and free thinking (creation and free thinking (思维思维思维思维) )。3 3、Cal
67、vinism. Calvinism. 4 4、Navigation (Navigation (航海航海航海航海) and the discoveries of new lands.) and the discoveries of new lands.5 5、Renaissance. 6Renaissance. 6、Reformation.Reformation.n nWhat is the great significance of the reformationWhat is the great significance of the reformation？(What positive i
68、nfluence does the reformation exert on world culture(What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture？) )答：答：答：答：1 1、 The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to b
69、e morally responsible for.which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2 2、EconomicallyEconomically， peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.good amount of their gains to the Pope.3 3、In educ
70、ational and cultural mattersIn educational and cultural matters， the monopoly of the church the monopoly of the church was broken.was broken.4 4、 In religionIn religion， Protestantism brought into being different forms of Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to the absolu
71、te rule of the Roman Catholic Church.Christianity to the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5 5、In languageIn language， the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the dominant position of Latin had to give way to ( (为为为为让步让步让步让步) the national languages as a result of various translati
72、ons of ) the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.the Bible into the vernacular.6 6、In spiritIn spirit， absolute obedience (absolute obedience (盲从盲从盲从盲从) became out-) became out-modedmoded ( (不复存不复存不复存不复存在在在在) and the spirit of quest () and the spir
73、it of quest (探索探索探索探索) )， debate debate ， was ushered in by the was ushered in by the reformists.(reformists.(凡事都要问为什么的精神凡事都要问为什么的精神凡事都要问为什么的精神凡事都要问为什么的精神) )n nWhy do we say renaissance came to England very lateWhy do we say renaissance came to England very late， but in but in England renaissance re
74、ached its climaxEngland renaissance reached its climax？答：答：答：答：1 1、The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade.trade. 2 2、It was to produce some towering figures (It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物顶级
75、人物顶级人物顶级人物) in the English. ) in the English. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare， Edmund SpenserEdmund Spenser， Sir Thomas More.Sir Thomas More. 3 3、 The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (stabi
76、lity (稳定稳定稳定稳定) on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other. ) on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other. England began to embark (England began to embark (从事从事从事从事) on the road to colonization () on the road to colonization (殖民扩殖民扩殖民扩殖民扩张张张张) and foreign control that was to take
77、 it onto its heyday () and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday (鼎盛鼎盛鼎盛鼎盛) of ) of capitalist development.capitalist development.n nWhat contribution did the Renaissance make to the world cultureWhat contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture？答：答：答：答：1 1、 The Renaissan
78、ce created a culture which freed man to discover The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Churchs and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Churchs dispensation.dispensation.2 2、The Reformation dealt
79、 the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. (The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. (给给给给以以以以致命打击致命打击致命打击致命打击) )n nWhat are the Geographical Discoveries in the RenaissanceWhat are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance？答：答：答：答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical dis
80、coveriesThe Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries： by by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled 。1 1、ColumbusColumbus：Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage (Columbus discover
81、ed the land of America. On his fourth voyage (航航航航行行行行) he explored () he explored (探测探测探测探测) the coast () the coast (海岸海岸海岸海岸) of Central America() of Central America(中美洲中美洲中美洲中美洲) )。2 2、DiasDias：Dias was a Portuguese navigator (Dias was a Portuguese navigator (领航员领航员领航员领航员) who discovered the Cape
82、 ) who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.of Good Hope in 1487.3 3、DaDa Gama Gama：Gama was a Portuguese navigatorGama was a Portuguese navigator， who discovered the route to who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and India round the Cape of Good
83、 Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.1498. 4 4、AmerigAmerig ( (亚美利哥亚美利哥亚美利哥亚美利哥) )AmerigoAmerigo was the Italian navigator on whose was the Italian navigator on whose honourhonour America was America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon (named. His discovered and explor
84、ed the mouth of the Amazon (亚马逊亚马逊亚马逊亚马逊河河河河) and accepted South America as a new continent.) and accepted South America as a new continent.Sonnet no. 18William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Thouartmorel
85、ovelyandmoretemperate.RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiond
86、immed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed.Bychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed.Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,NorlosepossessionofthatfairthouNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowstowst, ,N
87、orshallDeathbragthouNorshallDeathbragthouwandrestwandrestinhisshade,inhisshade,WhenineternallinestotimethouWhenineternallinestotimethougrowstgrowst. .Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee. mon
88、ometerone footpentameterfive feetdimetertwo feethexameter or alexandrine six feettrimeterthree feetheptameterseven feettetrameterfour feetoctometereight feet iamb iamb X / X / trocheetrochee / X / X anapestanapest X X / X X / dactyldactyl / X X / X X 我能否将你比作夏天？我能否将你比作夏天？我能否将你比作夏天？我能否将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉
89、。你比夏天更美丽温婉。你比夏天更美丽温婉。你比夏天更美丽温婉。狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，夏日的勾留何其短暂？夏日的勾留何其短暂？夏日的勾留何其短暂？夏日的勾留何其短暂？休恋那丽日当空，休恋那丽日当空，休恋那丽日当空，休恋那丽日当空，转眼会云雾迷蒙。转眼会云雾迷蒙。转眼会云雾迷蒙。转眼会云雾迷蒙。休叹那百花飘零，休叹那百花飘零，休叹那百花飘零，休叹那百花飘零，催折于无常的天命。催折于无常的天命。催折于无常的天命。催折于无常的天命。 唯有你永恒的夏日常新，唯有你永恒的夏日常新，唯有你永恒的夏日常新，唯有你永恒的夏日常新，你的美亦将毫发无
90、损。你的美亦将毫发无损。你的美亦将毫发无损。你的美亦将毫发无损。死神也无缘将你幽禁，死神也无缘将你幽禁，死神也无缘将你幽禁，死神也无缘将你幽禁，你在我永恒的诗中长存。你在我永恒的诗中长存。你在我永恒的诗中长存。你在我永恒的诗中长存。只要世间尚有人类，尚有能看的眼睛，只要世间尚有人类，尚有能看的眼睛，只要世间尚有人类，尚有能看的眼睛，只要世间尚有人类，尚有能看的眼睛，这诗就将流传，赋予你新的生命。这诗就将流传，赋予你新的生命。这诗就将流传，赋予你新的生命。这诗就将流传，赋予你新的生命。Hamlet:To be, or not to be- that is the question: Whethe
91、r tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die- to sleep- No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. Tis a consummation Devoutl
92、y to be wishd. To die- to sleep. To sleep- perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. Theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life. For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
93、Th oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, The pangs of despisd love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of th unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, B
94、ut that the dread of something after death- The undiscoverd country, from whose bourn No traveller returns- puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sick
95、lied oer with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. n n生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。 究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残 还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。 去死，去睡就结束了，如果睡眠能结束我们心灵的创伤和肉体所承受的千百种痛苦，那真是生存求之不得的天大的好事。去死，去睡， 去睡，也许会做梦！ 唉，这就麻烦了，即使摆脱了这尘世 可在这死的睡眠里又会做些什么梦呢？真得想一想，就这点顾虑使人受着终身的折磨， 谁甘心忍受那鞭打和嘲弄，受人压迫，受尽侮蔑和轻视，忍受那失恋的痛苦，法庭的拖延，衙门的横征暴敛，默默无闻的劳碌却只换来多少凌辱。但他自己只要用把尖刀就能解脱了。 谁也不甘心，呻吟、流汗拖着这残生，可是对死后又感觉到恐惧，又从来没有任何人从死亡的国土里回来，因此动摇了，宁愿忍受着目前的苦难 而不愿投奔向另一种苦难。 顾虑就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。
