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1、Translation of negatives英语否定句的种类繁多,表现形式多种多样,加上英语和汉语语言习惯和表达方式不同,因此翻译起来不是件容易的事,使用起来也常出错。下面就英语中的某些否定句如全部否定、部分否定、否定转移、延续否定、双重否定、暗含否定的英译汉问题进行论述。一.全部否定所谓全部否定是指将句子否定对象加以全盘、彻底地否定.构成全部否定的否定词有 not, never, neither, nor, none, no, nothing, nobody, no one, nowhere等,在翻译过程中,可以直接将英语的全部否定句译成汉语的否定句.如:He was not able
2、to repair that bike.他不能修理那个自行车.There is nothing important in his speech.他的讲话没有什么重要的.Neither you nor I could do it.你和我都不会做.My bike was nowhere to be found.我的自行车到处也未找到.二.部分否定英语中all、every(及其派生词),both以及always, quite, often, altogether, entirely, wholly都含有“全体”的意义,如用一般否定词not对它们进行否定,所得的结果不是全部被否定,而是部分否定。这时,
3、not可以放在被否定的词的前面,也可以放在谓语部分里。All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。Not both books are helpful= Both books arent helpful.并非两本书都有益。Money is not everything.金钱并非万能。The rich are not always happy。富人并非都是幸福的。Everybody does not know himself。不是人人都有自知之明。*注意:all和not在一个句子内并不全是表部分否定,要注意固定搭配和上下文,否则翻译起来就容易出错。Now the
4、 weather is not at all cold.现在天气一点也不冷。All the passengers not going to Beijing must change trains at the next stop.所有不去北京的旅客必须在下一站换车。三.否定转移把否定词或否定成分从其原来应处的位置转移到句子的谓语动词前,这就是“否定转移”(Transferred Negation),它可出现在复合句和简单句中,往往可以使否定的语气委婉。3.1 复合句中的“否定转移”当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, fancy等表
5、示“相信”“臆测”之类的心理活动的动词时常出现“否定转移”现象。这一点跟汉语习惯不同,翻译时要特别注意。I dont think he is correct。我认为他不对,(不说:我不以为他是对的)I dont imagine they have finished the job yet.我想他们还没有完成任务。*但是hope, trust, assume, be afraid, fear, presume等动词,不能用于“否定转移”,试比较:I dont assume that he came.我不相信他来了。I assume that he didnt come.相信他没有来。I am n
6、ot afraid that he will come tomorrow.我并不怕他明天来。Im afraid that he will not come tomorrow。我恐怕他明天不来。3.2 简单句中的“否定转移”3.2.1 否定不定式的否定词转移到谓语动词前。这时句中常见的谓语动词是happen, seem, let (us), expect, prove等。I didnt happen to be at home(=I happened not to be at home。)我碰巧不在家。She doesnt seem to know about it.(=she seems no
7、t to know about it.)她似乎不知道此事。Dont let us waste time. (= let us not waste time。)让我们不要浪费时间。3.2.2 否定方式、目的、时间等状语的否定词转移到谓语动词前。He didnt come to school by bus。(=He came to school not by bus.)他不是乘公共汽车上学的。Rome wasnt built in a day。罗马并非一日建成。=Rome was built not in a day。I am not feeling very well today.我今天觉得不怎
8、么舒服。(=I am feeling not very well today。)四.双重否定双重否定是指一个句子中出现两次否定,即否定之否定,实际上是肯定,而其语气较强.在翻译时,译为肯定形式或双重否定. No living thing could exist without air.没有空气,生物就不能生存.(有空气,生物才能生存).He wont come unless he is invited.除非有人邀请他,他才会来.He never refused to help.他总是有求必应(这里refuse“拒绝”之意,本身有否定意义,相当于否定词).We cant not go.我们不能不去.But for your help, they should not have finished in time.要不是你们的帮助，他们是不会按时完成任务是。五、否定形式,肯定意义Eating too much will do no good to your health.过多饮食有损于你的健康.Which family doesnt have problem.家家有本难念的经.You cant be too careful with your work.工作中越仔细越好.I will be back in no time.我马上就回来.
