商务沟通大英写作课件

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1、Business Communication商务沟通大英写作课件nIn this class, students will learn :nMain terms.nStructure of some genres in textbook.Objectives商务沟通大英写作课件章节设计章节设计n具体写作体裁的每一章节一般分为四个部分：1. Introduction 1.1Definition2. Classification3. Genre Features 3.1Communicative Purposes 3.2 Linguistic Features 3.3 Structural Fea

2、tures4. Writing TechniquesTerms商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 1FundamentalsofBusinessCommunication商务沟通大英写作课件Communication is an exchange of messagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencing the meaning that others assign toevents.(p.4)Keypoints:exchangeofmessages（沟通的实质：交流信息）creatingorinfluencing（沟通的

3、目的：相互影响和融合）商务沟通大英写作课件TheProcessofCommunication(9elements)商务沟通大英写作课件Senders（信息发送者）(P5)nParticipantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.Message（信息）(P5)nAmessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.商务沟通大英写作课件Encoding（编码）(P6)nT

4、heactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessageiscalledencoding.Channel（渠道、媒介）nChannelisthemediumthroughwhichthemessagesenderthemessagereceivercommunicate.商务沟通大英写作课件Decoding（解码）nTheactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalle

5、ddecoding.nReceiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)商务沟通大英写作课件Feedback（信息反馈）nFeedbackconsistsofmessagesverbalandnonverbalthatconveyareactiontothecommunicatorsmessage.商务沟通大英写作课件Noise（干扰因素）nItreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternaln

6、oise(最典型)Semanticnoise商务沟通大英写作课件ContextnThecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandtoeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.PhysicalcontextSocialcontextInterpersonalcontext商务沟通大英写作课件TheFlowofCommunication(P8)The Flow of CommunicationUpward communication Messages flowing

7、 from subordinates to superiorsDownward communicationWhenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinatesHorizontal communicationConsists of messages between members of an organization with equal power商务沟通大英写作课件CommunicationandCultureHigh-context cultureand Low-context cultureEdward T. Hall商务沟

8、通大英写作课件nHigh-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividualsinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-context cultureP 10商务沟通大英写作课件nLow-context

9、culturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Low-context culture商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter2Contrastive Rhetoric in Business Communication（对比修辞学）（对比修辞学）商务沟通大英写作课件ContrastiveRhetoric对比修辞学对比修辞学 (P16)ncontrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacqu

10、isitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.nItisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.n对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探

11、讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。n并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。商务沟通大英写作课件 Culture is the way we do things around here, and it is how people think, feel, and act. Culture(P17)商务沟通大英写作课件 Language, as we know, varies with culture, anddiffers among nations and geographic locations.Language商务沟通大英写

12、作课件Rhetoric is the way we put together language to affect an audience, and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based on the traditional forms of rhetoric in their culture.Rhetoric商务沟通大英写作课件Stereotype文化定势（P18）notshownintextbooknStereotypes: Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudg

13、mentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）商务沟通大英写作课件Power distance （权力距离）notshownintextbooknPower distance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsand organizations accept that power isdistributedunequally

14、.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 3Management and Organizational Structure商务沟通大英写作课件Management管理（P28）nManagementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganization.n管理（管理（management）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够

15、有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）商务沟通大英写作课件Efficiency 效率效率/ Effectiveness 效果效果nEfficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.n效率（效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。nEffectivenessisachievedwhentheorganizationpursuesappropriategoals.n效果（效

16、果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。商务沟通大英写作课件ProcessofManagement管理过程（P28）nPlanning involves setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve those goals. 计划计划（planning）：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。nOrganizing involves determining the tasks

17、 to be done, who will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinate. 组织（组织（organizing）：）：安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件nLeading refers to the managers must also be capa

18、ble of leading the members of their work group toward the accomplishment of the organizations goals.领导（领导（leading）：）：管理者具备管理者具备能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。nManagers must monitor the performance of their organizations, as well as their progress in implementing strategic and operational plans. 控控制

19、（制（controlling）：监控、比较、纠正的过程。：监控、比较、纠正的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件Levelsofmanagement（P30）商务沟通大英写作课件n基层管理者（基层管理者（first-line managers）：）：Supervise the individuals who are directly responsible for producing the organizations product or delivering it service. 最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产

20、线线长或工长；n中层管理者（中层管理者（middle managers）：）：supervise first-line managers or staff department. They are responsible for the firms short-term decisions. 包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；n高层管理者（高层管理者（top managers）: make decisions regarding the firms long-run objectives.

21、 他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。商务沟通大英写作课件Definition of Organizing （P 31）nOrganizing refers to the process of determining the tasks to be done, who will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinated.n组织：组织：安排工作以实现组织目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这

22、些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件JobDesign工作设计（P32）nJob design or work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks. n作设计作设计(Job design)是为减少或克服员工由于重复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。商务沟通

23、大英写作课件Organizational Structure组织结构组织结构nOrganizational Structure refers to the primary reporting relationships that exist within an organization. n组织结构组织结构(Organizational Structure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理系统的“框架”商务沟通大英写作课件Chain of Command 命令链命令链（P33）nChain of co

24、mmand can be defined briefly as the structure of decision-making responsibilities from the higher levels of authority to the lower levelsn命令链命令链(chain of command): 从高权力阶从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。商务沟通大英写作课件Span of Control (控制跨度控制跨度)nSpan of control refers to the member of employees that re

25、port a single manager. 控制跨度控制跨度(span of control)：向：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。单一管理者回报的员工的数量。商务沟通大英写作课件Line and Staff （运行与辅助人员）（运行与辅助人员）（P 34）nLine personnel are directly involved in delivering the product or service of the organization. Line personnel（运行人员）（运行人员）直接参与产品的组织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。nStaff personnel are

26、 not part of the product or service delivery system chain of command, but rather provide support to line personnel. Staff personnel（辅助人员）：（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 4Business Meetings商务沟通大英写作课件Meeting会议（P38）nMeetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformance

27、andprogressofsubordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.商务沟通大英写作课件2.TypesofMeetings To Develop New Ideas To Make Decisions To Delegate Work To CollaborateTypes of Meetings To Inform To Persuade Others商务沟通大英写作课件nTo Inform 通知型会议nUseameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviou

28、sly.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.nTo Develop New Ideas 探讨型会议nAtthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.nTo Make Decisions 决策型会议nDecision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,

29、reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.商务沟通大英写作课件nTo Delegate Work 委派工作型会议nMeetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenresponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecisio

30、n-makingmeetings.nTo Collaborate合作型会议nCollaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Collaborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.nTo Persuade Others 说服型会议nPersuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsup

31、portforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.商务沟通大英写作课件TheProcessofMeetingPlanning a MeetingConducting the MeetingClose the Meeting商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 5Fundamentals of Business Writing商务沟通大英写作课件IdentifyYourPu

32、rpose（P48）nGeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）nSpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseeking商务沟通大英写作课件P 49Selecting the appropriate mediumMessage formality（信息的正式性）Sender intentions（信息发出者的意图）Audience preferences（听众的喜好）Urgency and cost（迫切性与成本）商务沟通大英写作课件Direct PlanDirect Plan（直接式）（直接式）（直接式）（直接式

33、） nLow-contextculturesnTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.Indirect PlanIndirect Plan（间接式（间接式（间接式（间接式nHigh-contextculturesnAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.Writing Routine and Good-News Messages （P 50）商务沟通大英写作课件TheDirectApproachMain IdeaStep 1Details and ExplanationsSte

34、p 2Future-oriented CloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件TheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep 1Main IdeaStep 2CourteousCloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件Writing Bad-News Messages （P 51）Direct PlanIndirect Plan1. bad news2. reasons3. positive

35、close1. buffer2. reasons3. bad news4. positive close商务沟通大英写作课件Writing Persuasive Messages （P 52）Attention（引起注意）Interest（兴趣）Desire（需求）Action（行动）商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 6Note-taking商务沟通大英写作课件Note-taking记笔记（P58）nNote-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient(短暂的）source,suchasanoraldiscu

36、ssionatameeting,oralecture.商务沟通大英写作课件Genre Features of Note-taking（P 60）nLinguistic FeaturesnWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdont usetheauthorswords,useyourown.Abbreviatewhereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.商务沟通大英写作课件Techniques for T

37、aking Notes（P60）Methods of Note-takingThe Cornell MethodThe Outline MethodThe Mapping MethodThe Sentence MethodThe Charting Method商务沟通大英写作课件n nThe Cornell Method The Cornell Method 科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法nTheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.n nT

38、he Outline MethodThe Outline Method（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法） 1.Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.n nThe Mapping MethodThe Mapping Method（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）nMappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelateeac

39、hfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresentationofthecontentofameeting.商务沟通大英写作课件n nThe Charting Method (The Charting Method (列表法列表法列表法列表法) ) nIftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.n nThe Sentence Method

40、The Sentence Method（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）nWriteeverynewthought,factortopiconaseparateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 7 Summary商务沟通大英写作课件Summary 摘要摘要 （P 72） A summary is a short version of a longer text, and it

41、gives only the main points. 概概要要(summary)是是一一种种对对原原始始文文献献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。商务沟通大英写作课件Classification of SummariesSummaryDescriptive SummaryInformative SummaryEvaluative Summary商务沟通大英写作课件nDescriptive Summary 描述型/说明型概要nAdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractnInforma

42、tive Summary 信息型概要（P 74）nTheinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.nEvaluative Summary 评价型概要（P 75）nitmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluatives

43、ummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.商务沟通大英写作课件Structural Features of Summaries （P 77）nThe format most often includes: a title, paragraphs, authors name and a date. nShort sentences are normally required, but numbered points and/or othe

44、r graphic devices may also be used. nThe length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally be no more than one-fourth the length of the original. 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 8Graphs商务沟通大英写作课件Graphs 图表/图解（P84）nGraphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtre

45、nds,movements,distributions,andcycles.商务沟通大英写作课件Types of GraphsnLine graphs (折线图折线图)areusedtotrackchangestrackchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftimeovershortandlongperiodsoftime. .LinegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftimeformorethanonegroupnPie charts (饼状图饼状图)canbeusedtocomparecom

46、parepartsofawholepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesdonotshowchangesovertimeovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentagesofawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.商务沟通大英写作课件nBar graphs(柱状图柱状图)areusedtocomparethingscomparethingsbetweendiffer

47、entgroupsortotrackchangesbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertimeovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.nArea graphs(面积曲线图面积曲线图)areverysimilartosimilartolinegraphslinegraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackchangesovertimeforoneormoregroupsforoneormoregro

48、ups.商务沟通大英写作课件nX-Y Plot (X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasureoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.商务沟通大英写作课件Types of Data （P85）nThedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastime series data(时间序列时间序列数据数据).n时间序列数据时间序

49、列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。商务沟通大英写作课件nDatathatis characterized by individual units.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcountries.Withsuchcross-sectional data(横截横截面数据面数据),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).n横截面数据横截面数据是指在某一时点某一时点收集的不同对象的数据，可指在

50、同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异商务沟通大英写作课件nSomedatasetswillhaveboth a time series both a time series and a cross-sectional componentand a cross-sectional component.Thisdataisreferredtoaspanel data(面板数据面板数据).n面板数据面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种

51、数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把paneldata译作“面板数据”。商务沟通大英写作课件n举例：举例： n如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开，看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。n如：2000、2001、2002、20

52、03、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为：北京市分别为8、9、10、11、12；上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13；天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9；重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。这就是面板数据。商务沟通大英写作课件nSuchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thechoicetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasquali

53、tative data(定定性数据性数据).n定性数据定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。（P85P85）商务沟通大英写作课件nThemacroeconomistsdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thelastmonthssalesinthefirstcompanysurveyedwereRMB20,000.Thisisreferredtoasquantitative data(定量数据定量数据).n定量数据也称定

54、量数据也称数量数据数量数据，它说明的是事物的数，它说明的是事物的数量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，身高可以用身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，体重可以用或英寸等，体重可以用kg或或磅，温度可以用磅，温度可以用或或K，声音的频率可以用赫兹，声音的频率可以用赫兹或弧度或弧度/秒；这里的秒；这里的“统一单位统一单位”是指对不同的是指对不同的变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用这个单位）表示。用这个单位）表示。商务沟通大英写作课件Structural Features of Graphs: （P 87）Stru

55、ctural FeaturesTitleLegendInformationanddataSources商务沟通大英写作课件nThebasiccomponentsinthegrapharetitle,legend,sources,informationanddata.nThe title （标题）（标题）offersashortexplanationofwhatisinyourgraph.Thishelpsthereaderidentifywhattheyareabouttolookat.Itcanbecreativeorsimple.nThe legend(图例图例)tellswhateach

56、linerepresents.Ithelpsthereaderunderstandwhattheyarelookingat.nInformation and Data （信息和数据）（信息和数据）:Linegraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Line,X-Yplotandareagraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.nThesource（出处）（出处） explainswhereyoufoundtheinformationthatisinyourgraph.商务沟通大英写作课件Tech

57、niquesPicture and WordWord and NumberWord and Text商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 9BusinessLetters商务沟通大英写作课件 Definition of Business Letters（P 98）nLettersareabasicperson-to-personcommunicationthattakesplaceinawidevarietyofsettingsandsituations.nBusinesslettersrequiretheuseofconcise languagethoughdifferenttypesofme

58、ssagesareorganizedaccordingtospecificsituations.商务沟通大英写作课件 Classification of Business Lettersntypeofmessagen1.routinelettersn2.good-newslettersn3.bad-newslettersn4.persuasiveletters商务沟通大英写作课件n nRoutine Letters Routine Letters 常规信息信函常规信息信函常规信息信函常规信息信函 （P 98- P 100P 98- P 100）nAroutinelettercontainsan

59、eutralmessage-themainideaisneitherpositivenornegative.Thesenderissurethereceiverwillrespondasthesenderwants.Thus,thereceiverdoesnotneedtobepersuadedtodosomething.nn nGood-news LettersGood-news Letters好消息信函好消息信函好消息信函好消息信函nAreceiverwillreactfavorablytoaletterthatcontainsgoodnews.n nBad-news LettersBad

60、-news Letters坏消息信函坏消息信函坏消息信函坏消息信函nAlettercontainingbadnewsconveysinformationthatwilldisappointthereceiver.Lettersthatdenyrequests,declinetosupplyinformation,refusecredit,orrejectaproposalbelongtothistype.n nPersuasive LettersPersuasive Letters 劝说类信函劝说类信函劝说类信函劝说类信函nApersuasiveletterisaletterthatyouwr

61、itetoconvincesomeonetoagreewithyoursideofanargument.商务沟通大英写作课件Linguistic Features of LettersSeven CsnCompleteness(完整)nConcreteness（具体）nClarity（清楚）nConciseness（简洁）nCourtesy（礼貌）nConsideration（体谅）nCorrectness（准确）商务沟通大英写作课件Formats of LettersnFull Block Format齐头式齐头式AllPartsofthebusinessletterareplacedaga

62、insttheleftmargin.nSemiblock Format半齐头式半齐头式Threeelementsaremovedtotherightmargin:thereturnaddress,thedate,thesignatureincludingthecomplimentaryclosenIndented Format缩行式缩行式Thefirstlineofparagraphsareindented,usuallyfivespaces.nModified Format混合式混合式Combinationoftheabovetwostyles商务沟通大英写作课件Essential Part

63、s of Business Letters商务信函的构成要素n商务信函通常由七个主要部分构成:n信头letterheadn日期daten信内地址insideaddressn主题subjectlinen称呼salutationn正文bodyn结尾敬辞complimentaryclosen签名signature商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件Writing Routine and Good-News Messages （P 108）TheDirectApproachMain IdeaStep 1Details and ExplanationsStep 2Future-o

64、riented CloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件Bad-news letters （P 108）TheIndirectApproachBufferStep 1ReasonsStep 2BadNewsStep 3PositiveCloseStep 4Flow of the MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件Techniques商务沟通大英写作课件Persuasive Letter（P110）GeneralStructurenGaining Attenti

65、onnArousing InterestnStimulating Desire/ Reducing ResistancenEncouraging Action商务沟通大英写作课件WritingE-mail（P111）n nSubject linesas brief as you can. n nFormata close as “sincerely.” is not a must. name should be after you message.n nEtiquette use full caps on to emphasize a single word or two NO angry m

66、essages by e-mail. Messages needed adapt your messages to the recipients system include the essential part of the original messages when responding to a message商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 10Business Memos商务沟通大英写作课件Memos 备忘录备忘录 （P 118）Memorandum,alsocalledmemoorinternalmemo,isakindofsimpleandefficientinternalc

67、ommunicationwithinabusinessorganization.Memoscanbesentviahardcopy(onpaper)orviae-mail(electronically).商务沟通大英写作课件Classificationn按照体裁类型，可以分为：n要求类备忘录要求类备忘录(request memos)-itaimstoaskthereceiverforinformationoraction.n信息类备忘录信息类备忘录(informative memos)-itoutlinesthefactsandthenrequeststhereadersactions.n劝说

68、类备忘录劝说类备忘录(persuasive memos)-itengagesthereadersinterestbeforeissuingadirectiven回复类备忘录回复类备忘录(response memos)-itprovidestheaudiencewithdesiredinformation.商务沟通大英写作课件语言特点语言特点Linguistic FeaturesConcisenessCorrectness and ClarityCourtesyNeutral or Positive Tone商务沟通大英写作课件结构特点结构特点Structural FeaturesTITLEHE

69、ADINGBODYNOTATIONS（注释）（注释）商务沟通大英写作课件Title标题部分标题部分 (p119) 备忘录的标题仅为一个词备忘录的标题仅为一个词 “MEMO”或或 “MEMORANDUM”，或内部备忘录，或内部备忘录(Internal Memorandum)，办公室间备忘录，办公室间备忘录(Interoffice Memorandum)，位于首页，位于首页正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标(logo)下方。下方。 商务沟通大英写作课件Heading开头部分开头部分 备忘录

70、的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收备忘录的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收件人件人(To)、发件人、发件人(From)、日期、日期(Date)和和事由事由(Subject)四部分。其格式布局一般采四部分。其格式布局一般采用纵向垂直和横向水平两种。用纵向垂直和横向水平两种。 商务沟通大英写作课件 MEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SecuritySupervisorDATE:15thMarch,2007SUBJECT:IncidentReport-DamagetoMedicalEquipment MEMORANDUMTO:

71、FrankConnors,DATE:15thMarch,2007SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SUBJECT:IncidentReportSecuritySupervisor-DamagetoMedicalEquipment商务沟通大英写作课件Body正文部分正文部分 备忘录的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息备忘录的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备忘录过长

72、的话，可将其变成一个报告，并忘录过长的话，可将其变成一个报告，并附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。商务沟通大英写作课件Notations 注释部分注释部分 多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实所提供的信息真实、可靠，且言之有据。所提供的信息真实、可靠，且言之有据。同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后加上一句话以表明附件内容。加上一句话以表明附件内容。 例如：例如： Attachment(s)/Enclosure: Several Compla

73、ints about Product, January, 2006 商务沟通大英写作课件Notations 注释部分注释部分n n如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的形式出现。例如：形式出现。例如：EIB: pjc IMK/pjc 商务沟通大英写作课件Notations 注释部分注释部分n n当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本(copy notation)要发送给多名商业伙伴要发送给多名

74、商业伙伴或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人的姓名。如下面的例子：的姓名。如下面的例子：Distribution: Jeffrey JonesC/ CC: Jeffrey Jones （副本）（副本）商务沟通大英写作课件WritingSkillsforDifferentTypesofMemos(P123-P125)nInformative Memos:areusedtotransferorexplainthecompanypolicies,guidelinesandproclaims.nRequest Memos:usethedirectordertoguara

75、nteetheeffectiveexpression.nResponses Memos:beginswithshortparagraphstatingthepurposetorespondtoarequestforinformation.nPersuasive Memos:thepointofviewisnotonlyfromtheexecutives,butalsofromthemanagersoremployees,whichmightbringagreatdealofresistance.商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 11Business Minutes商务沟通大英写作课件Minu

76、tes会议记录（P130）nMinutesareabriefsummaryorrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting,especiallyofasocietyoracommittee.nTheformisnotsoimportantaslongasitcanbeconciseandbrief. 商务沟通大英写作课件ClassificationofBusinessMinutesnVerbatim Minutes逐字记录型会议记录逐字记录型会议记录: Incourtofhearingofwitnesses,everywordspoken,everythingh

77、appenedatthemeetingisrecordedandused.nMinutes of Resolution决议型会议记录决议型会议记录: Inminutesofresolution,onlytheresultofdiscussionsandthemainconclusionsarerecorded.nMinutes of Narration叙述型会议记录叙述型会议记录: Minutesofnarrationreferstoconcisesummaryofallthediscussionsandconclusionsmadeatthemeeting.nMinutes of Actio

78、n行动型会议记录行动型会议记录: Insuchmeetingminutes,thereshouldbespeechesanddiscussiongivenbytheattendeesaswellasthemeasuresandthemanagerforspecificproject.商务沟通大英写作课件Linguistic FeaturesConciseness & CoherenceFormal Written StyleAccurate SpeechObjective Tone商务沟通大英写作课件Structural FeaturesHEADINGBASICSITUATIONBODYEND

79、ING商务沟通大英写作课件StructuralFeaturesHeading标题标题:即会议的名称或者会议的类别。即会议的名称或者会议的类别。由公司、机构名称、由公司、机构名称、标识或事由（含届、次）标识或事由（含届、次）和会议记录组成。和会议记录组成。商务沟通大英写作课件nBasic Situation基本情况基本情况: 记录人要写清开会时间记录人要写清开会时间(time)、会议地、会议地点点(venue)、出席人、出席人(presence)、缺席人、缺席人(absence)、列席人、列席人(attendee)、主持人、主持人(chairperson)和记录人和记录人(recorder)，必

80、，必要时应注明其职务。如果会议规模非常要时应注明其职务。如果会议规模非常小，记录人要把出席者和因故未出席者小，记录人要把出席者和因故未出席者姓名列出，并标注出主持人和记录员。姓名列出，并标注出主持人和记录员。如果会议规模很大，只需列出出席人数、如果会议规模很大，只需列出出席人数、主持人和记录员姓名即可。主持人和记录员姓名即可。商务沟通大英写作课件nBody正文正文: 正文部分是会议记录的主要部分，包含正文部分是会议记录的主要部分，包含主持人发言、主讲人报告、上级指示、主持人发言、主讲人报告、上级指示、会议讨论内容、会议决议等。该部分是会议讨论内容、会议决议等。该部分是记录和撰写的重要部分，是了

81、解会议意记录和撰写的重要部分，是了解会议意图图(purpose)的主要依据，是会议结果的主要依据，是会议结果(resolution)的综合反映，也是日后备的综合反映，也是日后备查查(reference)的可靠依据。在较为正的可靠依据。在较为正式的会议记录中，该部分常由式的会议记录中，该部分常由背景、议背景、议背景、议背景、议题和结论组成题和结论组成题和结论组成题和结论组成。 商务沟通大英写作课件Ending结尾：结尾：一般要包含一般要包含:下次会议日期及主要议程、下次会议日期及主要议程、休会时间、会议记录人签名、附件信息、休会时间、会议记录人签名、附件信息、抄送人信息等。抄送人信息等。此外，在

82、会议记录的右下方，此外，在会议记录的右下方，由会议主持和记录人签名由会议主持和记录人签名。商务沟通大英写作课件Other terms （P 132）nAgenda (议事日程议事日程) isalistoftopicswhichhavetobediscussedatameeting.nMinutes of Narration （叙述型会议记录）（叙述型会议记录）Whiletakingtheminutesofnarration,youshouldrecordtheprocessandcontentofameetingwithsimple,declarativesentencesandordinar

83、ywordsorexpressionsnMinutes of Resolution （决议型会议记录）（决议型会议记录）: Theresolutions,measures,andthediscussionresultsarethekeypointstobewrittendownfortheminutes-takerinthiskindofminute,whilethecontentshouldbe writtenwithgeneralizedstatementsandabstractnouns.nMinutes of Action （行动型会议记录）（行动型会议记录）: Itmainlyrec

84、ordstheissueputforwardbyapersonorprocessofaprojectindetailevenincludingthespecificsteps,thecompletenessandsuperintendentsandsoon.商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 12Press Release商务沟通大英写作课件PressRelease新闻稿（P144）Apressreleaseisatargeted statementthatanorganization,grouporindividualcanmaketonotifythe publicregardingits

85、product,service,orbusiness.新闻稿(newsrelease;pressrelease)主要是指组织、企业或个人向大众告知有关其新产品、新服务、或商业信息的有目的性的声明。商务沟通大英写作课件Itcanbecalledakindof“free”advertisingthatletsthepublicpotentialcustomersgetsomeinformationaboutitsbusiness.n新闻稿也可被称作为“免费”的广告。它能使公众，尤其是潜在客户对其业务获得更多信息商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件Classification of Press

86、ReleasesnBy Transmission Mode Press room （新闻中心（新闻中心/新闻室）新闻室） is a folder containing all the press releases available on the website, which is an import business channel to issue press releases.nBy Release Time nBy Source and Topic of Information商务沟通大英写作课件Communicative Purposes（P145）nProviding Timely

87、 Information 提供即时信息提供即时信息nMeeting Media Needs 满足媒体需求满足媒体需求nEnhancing Influence on the Public 提升大众影响力提升大众影响力商务沟通大英写作课件Linguistic Featuresn准确性准确性 Accuraten简洁性简洁性 Concisen可读性可读性 Readablen客观性客观性 Objectiven条理性条理性 Logical商务沟通大英写作课件Structural Features of Press Releases（P147）n企业标识企业标识Title/Logon发布指示发布指示Rele

88、ase Timen联系信息联系信息Contact Informationn标题标题Headlinen导语导语Leadn正文正文Bodyn结尾结尾End商务沟通大英写作课件Boilerplate 样板文件样板文件 （P150）nAboilerplateisaparagraphafterthepressreleasebody,oftenprecededwithalinesaying,forexample,“AboutAfrica2000Network”whichgivesgeneralbackgroundaboutthepersonororganizationissuingthepressrele

89、ase.n新闻稿中的样板文件是指附在新闻稿正文内容后面的一段关于该公司或组织的简单介绍。n注意这部分内容不要以“CompanyIntroduction”为题目，是相关内容。商务沟通大英写作课件Inverted Pyramid Structure倒金字塔式结构（倒金字塔式结构（P 155） Invertedpyramidwritingstyleplacesthemostimportantfactsatthebeginningandthen,thepressreleasemovesontoaninvertedpyramidstructureinordertodescendingorderofimp

90、ortance商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 13Business Reports商务沟通大英写作课件Business Reports商务报告商务报告 （P 162）nAbusinessreportisanorderly,objectivemessageusedtoconveyinformationfromoneorganizationalareatoanotherorfromoneinstitutiontoanothertoassistdecision-makingorproblemsolving.n商务报告是某一企业内部或与其他企业之间传递信息，进行沟通的一种工具，用以帮助做出决策或问

91、题解决的有组织性的客观的信息。商务沟通大英写作课件By Formality Formal Reports 正式报告 Formal report is generally long and about complex problems. Informal Reports 非正式报告 An informal report is usually a short message written in natural or personal language, which is produced as accounts of daily business matters, or anything req

92、uiring quick decisions. Classification of Business Reports 商务沟通大英写作课件By Function Informational Reports 信息式报告信息式报告 The informational report merely presents the facts and a summarywithout analyzing, interpreting, drawing conclusions, or making recommendations. Analytical Reports 分析式报告分析式报告 The analyti

93、cal report provides facts, analyzes and interprets them, and makes conclusions as well as recommendations if needed. Classification of Business Reports 商务沟通大英写作课件Linguistic Features Objective and Impersonal 客观性客观性 Specific and Factual 具体翔实具体翔实 Consistent and Coherent 句式连贯，段落衔接句式连贯，段落衔接 Complete and

94、Concise 完整、清晰、准确完整、清晰、准确Genre Features of Business Reports （P 163） 商务沟通大英写作课件Structural FeaturesComponents of Formal Reports nPrefatory Parts （序言）nThe Text of Report （正文）n Supplementary Parts （补充）Components of Informal Reports nTitle 标题nIntroduction 简介nFindingsn发现nConclusionsn结论nRecommendationsn建议Ge

95、nre Features of Business Reports 商务沟通大英写作课件Trip Reports Trip Reports 差旅报告差旅报告差旅报告差旅报告 The trip report calls for description of what occurred during a meeting trip or other activity. Progress Reports Progress Reports 进展报告进展报告进展报告进展报告 It describes the progress of a plan being carried out a a project w

96、hich is underway or whether it is within the budget or not so that the managers can have the updated information about business activities or project worked onWriting Methods for other Business Reports ( P168)商务沟通大英写作课件Periodic Reports Periodic Reports 阶段性报告阶段性报告阶段性报告阶段性报告 A periodic report is desig

97、ned to describe what has happened in department during a particular period. Investigative Reports Investigative Reports 调查报告调查报告调查报告调查报告 Investigative reports are written in response to a request for information.Analytical Reports Analytical Reports 分析报告分析报告分析报告分析报告 Their emphasis is placed on analy

98、zing, drawing conclusions and proposing recommendations.Writing Methods for other Business Reports ( P169)商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 14Proposals商务沟通大英写作课件Proposals 建议书建议书 （P 174）nAproposalisaspecialtypeofanalyticalreportdesignedtogetproducts,plans,orprojectsacceptedbyothers.商务沟通大英写作课件Classification（P174-175）

99、nInternal proposal 内部建议书内部建议书nExternal proposal 外部建议书外部建议书nSolicited proposal 非主动提供的建议书非主动提供的建议书nUnsolicited proposal 主动提供的建议书主动提供的建议书商务沟通大英写作课件Internalproposals内部建议书nInternalproposalaresubmittedtodecisionmakersinonesownorganization,andtheyareissuedtosuggestachangeandimprovementwithinanorganization.

100、内部建议书提交给组织内部的决策者,内部建议书的提交是为了公司内部的变革或改进。Externalproposals外部建议书nExternalproposalsareissuedtoprospectiveclientsintheworkplaceandgovernmentoutsideandorganization.外部建议书是提供给公司外部的政府或潜在客户的。商务沟通大英写作课件Solicitedproposals非主动建议书nAsolicitedproposalisaresponsetoaformalorinformalrequest.非主动建议书是对正式或非正式要求作出的答复。Unsoli

101、citedproposals主动提供建议书nAnunsolicitedproposalhasnotbeeninvitedbythepotentialcustomers.主动建议书是在潜在客户没有要求的情况下提出的。商务沟通大英写作课件Linguisticfeaturesn1. Factual writing依据事实依据事实n2. Clear, simple and nontechnical language清楚，简单，非技术用语清楚，简单，非技术用语n3. Direct and positive tone直接语气？直接语气？n4. Formality 是否正规？是否正规？n5. Length

102、篇幅长短？篇幅长短？商务沟通大英写作课件StructureofBusinessProposal（P176）n1. cover page 封面封面n2. cover letter 附信附信/说明信说明信/通知函通知函n3. summary 摘要综述摘要综述n4. table of contents 目录目录n5. introduction 导言导言n6. proposed program 项目计划项目计划n7. qualifications and experience 资历资质资历资质n8. facilities and equipment 设施设备设施设备n9. budget 预算预算n10

103、. appendices 附件附录附件附录商务沟通大英写作课件Formatandlength（P181）nUnsolicitedproposal,subheadingsninformalproposalforprojectscostlessthan2,000nformalproposalforprojectscostmorethan2,000.商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 16Resume商务沟通大英写作课件nAresume(alsocalledadatasheetoravita)isaconcisesummaryofanapplicantsqualificationsforemploy

104、ment.(P200)商务沟通大英写作课件ClassificationElectronicResumesScannable Resume可扫描简历可扫描简历可扫描简历可扫描简历On-line Resume在线简历在线简历在线简历在线简历商务沟通大英写作课件nScannable Resume: is prepared and becomes part of a is created by using scanners.nOn-line Resume: can be viewed via the Internet and generally it uses links to other scree

105、ns. Expounding on information that might be omitted in one page resume.商务沟通大英写作课件ClassificationBy OrderChronological Resume时间性简历时间性简历时间性简历时间性简历Functional Resume功能性简历功能性简历功能性简历功能性简历Combination Resume组合式简历组合式简历组合式简历组合式简历商务沟通大英写作课件nChooseanorganizationalplanthathighlightsinformationthatwillimpressemplo

106、yers选择一种可以突出重要信息、给雇主留下深刻印象的组织结构。(P202)商务沟通大英写作课件Classification1. Chronological 2. FunctionalAlso called Reverse Chronological OrderStart from the present and go back in time Or begin at the start of ones career and go forward in time(P202)Present your accomplishments or skills in order of their Impo

107、rtance, Showing the most important or impressive first(P202)按时间顺序编排的简历功能性简历商务沟通大英写作课件Classification3. Cbinesboththechronologicalandfunctionalformats.groupyourexperiencesorkeysellingpointstogetherbyfunctionalareasgroupyourexperiencesorkeysellingpointstogetherbyfunctionalareasandthenlistthoseexperienc

108、eschronologicallywithineachsectionandthenlistthoseexperienceschronologicallywithineachsection.(P203).(P203)组合式简历商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 17Application Letters商务沟通大英写作课件Definition of Application letters (P 212)nAnapplicationletterorcoverletterorcoveringletterisaletterofintroductionattachedto,oraccompanyinga

109、notherdocumentsuchasaresumeorcurriculumvitae(CV).Yourletteristhefirstindicatorofyourcommunicationskillstoapotentialemployer.商务沟通大英写作课件Classification of Application letters (P 212)nSolicited Letters 公开职位求职信公开职位求职信 Asolicitedletterofapplicationiswrittentoapplyforaspecificjobopening,whichhasbeenannounc

110、edoradvertised.Forexample,youmaybeapplyingforajobadvertisedinthenewspaperorforajobyoulearnedaboutfromacurrentemployee.nUnsolicited Letters 非公开职位求职信非公开职位求职信nAnunsolicitedletterofapplicationiswrittentoapplyforapositionthathasnotbeenadvertisedorannouncedandmayormaynotbeopen.nIntheletter,youneedtoshowyo

111、urskillsandexperiencesbasedyourunderstandingoftherelatedcompanies.商务沟通大英写作课件Communicative Purposes:n求职信作为一封自我推荐信，意在让招聘者了解应聘者的学历、经历、能力、业绩、愿望等等，给招聘一方留下深刻印象，从而获得面试的机会。商务沟通大英写作课件Structural Features of Application letters: (P 216)nOpening Paragraph（概述部分）（概述部分）nBody Paragraph（详述部分）（详述部分）nClosing Paragraph

112、（总结部分）（总结部分）商务沟通大英写作课件 Structural Features of Application letters:nOpening Paragraph（概述部分）：（概述部分）： 要想引起读者兴趣，第一步就是要称呼具体的个人。不要把信件邮给“人事部经理(Personnel Managers)”或者“人力资源部(Human Resources Managers)”，而要把称呼指向适当的个人。 组织名称正确拼写，地址完整。商务沟通大英写作课件n求职信的开头取决于雇主是不是在征聘。假如一个职位是公开招聘，就可以采用直接的方式。n假如不知道那个职位招聘与否或者是期待应聘的某一个职位，

113、就要用间接的方式。不管是直接还是间接，开头都应该吸引招聘者的注意力，使开头更具有吸引力。商务沟通大英写作课件n明确说明信息的来源。假如求职信是针对广告写的，就要写出广告的具体时间、地点、名称。对于较大的招聘单位，提及广告所在的报纸版块可以有效提示招聘者。n针对工作名称描写一下应聘者的条件是如何符合要求的。商务沟通大英写作课件nBody Paragraph（详述部分）：（详述部分）：n详述部分主要陈述招聘者的求职资格和所具备的能力，即可以为雇主做什么。n专业情况要突出与招聘工作密切相关的内容，包括自己所学的专业和业余所学的专业及特长，具体所学的课程，教育背景的陈述。商务沟通大英写作课件n工作经历

114、工作经历要突出与求职目标相关的经历,一定要说出最主要、最有说服力的资历、能力和工作经历。n说明的语气要肯定、积极、有力,主要是突出近期的工作经验。n在每一项工作经历中先写工作日期,接着是单位和职务。商务沟通大英写作课件n陈述个人的资格和能力经历个人的资格和能力经历时，要选择应聘者资格最强的事实资格最强的事实来陈述，说明它们是如何与目标工作需求吻合的。n详述部分要把能证明证明资历、能力以及工作经历的材料列举出来，让阅信人觉得所言是实，最好是印制随信的附件。商务沟通大英写作课件nClosing Paragraph（总结部分）（总结部分）：n介绍完情况以后，可以以行动激励来收尾。n表明自己希望加入招

115、聘单位的诚意，礼貌地提出希望参加面试的请求，标明与自己联系的最佳方式和预约面试的可能时间范围，也可以礼节性地感谢对方花时间浏览简历。商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 18Oral Presentations商务沟通大英写作课件Oral Presentation 口口头陈述述 （P226）As one typed of public speaking, oral presentation is a kind of mental dialogue between the speaker and the audience. 商务沟通大英写作课件Selecting the styleImprompt

116、u Speaking即即兴式式陈述述 Manuscript Speaking手稿式手稿式陈述述 Extemporaneous Speaking提提纲式式陈述述 Memorized Speaking脱稿式脱稿式陈述述/背背诵式式陈述述 Classification （P 227）商务沟通大英写作课件（P227）nImpromptu Speaking即兴式陈述即兴式陈述: Impromptupresentationsusuallyoccureitheratinformalgroupmeetingsoratconferenceswhenadditionalinformationisneededorw

117、henyouareaskedtosay“afewwords”withoutwarning.Theyarespontaneousandinformal.nExtemporaneous Speaking提纲式陈述提纲式陈述: Extemporaneousspeakingoccurswhenyouhavetimetoplanandprepare.Itisatypeofinformalspeaking,butitisdeliveredfromnotesoranoutline.商务沟通大英写作课件（P228）nManuscript Speaking手稿式陈述手稿式陈述: Manuscriptspeaki

118、ngoccurswhenyoudecidetopreparecompletelyforapresentation,writingdowntheexactwordsyouwillsay.Itisdeliveredfromafulltext.nMemorized Speaking脱稿式陈述脱稿式陈述/背诵式陈述背诵式陈述:Memorizedspeakingoccurswhenyoutalkwithoutamanuscriptbecauseyouhavememorizedtheinformationinit.商务沟通大英写作课件传递信息信息 To Inform 劝说 To Persuade激励激励

119、To Motivate娱乐 To EntertainCommunicative Purposes:Genre Features of Oral Presentations（P128） 商务沟通大英写作课件CommunicativepurposeofOralPresentation(P229)nInformative presentation: requiresastraightforwardstatementofthefactswhenyouarecalledontoinstructorinformothers.nPersuasive presentation: Ifyouarecalledo

120、ntoadvocateoneposition,yourmajorpurposeistochangethemindoftheaudience.商务沟通大英写作课件nEntertaining Presentation: Thisspeakinggenremayincludenotonlyhumorousstatementsbutalsothenumerousceremonial,introductory,orstimulatingstatementsinsuchsocialoccasionsaspromotionparties,retirement,oranniversaries.nMotivat

121、ing Presentation:Motivationalspeechestendtobemorespecialized,somanycompaniesbringinoutsideprofessionalspeakerstohandlethistypeofpresentation.商务沟通大英写作课件What Else Can U Conclude?Adapted to the AudienceLinguistic Features Concise and ClearAccurate and Vivid商务沟通大英写作课件Business Communication商务沟通大英写作课件Chap

122、ter 1 Fundamentals of Business Communication1. _is an exchange of messages between individuals for the purpose of creating or influencing the meaning that others assign to events.A. channelB. communicationC. messageD. corporation cultureE. context2. A _ is the written, oral, or nonverbal communicati

123、on that sender transmits to an audience.3. A _ is the medium through which the message sender and the message receiver communicate.4. The communication _ refers to the situation in which communication takes place and to every factor affecting its transmission. 5. _ refers to the patterns, traditions

124、, and values that make one organization distinctly different from another. BCAED 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 2 Contrastive Rhetoric in Technical Communication1. _ is an area of research in second-language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second-language writers and, by referr

125、ing to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them. A. RhetoricB. High-contextC. Contrastive rhetoricD. Power distanceE. Low-context2. _ is the way we put together language to affect an audience, and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based o

126、n the traditional forms of rhetoric in their culture. 3. In _ cultures the way the message is delivered is as important as the message, and it is actually part of the message. 4. In _ cultures the meaning is less dependent on implicit background information. Instead, communication in such cultures d

127、epends on explicit written and oral messages.5. _ is the distance between the highest and lowest members of society. CABED 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 3 Management and Organizational Structure1. _or work arrangement aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repet

128、itive and mechanistic tasks. A. Chain of command B.ManagementC.Organizational Structure D. Span of control E. Job design 2. _ refers to the primary reporting relationships that exist within an organization.3. _ can be defined briefly as the structure of decision-making responsibilities from the high

129、er levels of authority to the lower levels4_ refers to the member of employees that report a single manager. 5. _ is defined as the process of administering and coordinating resources effectively, efficiently, and in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization. ECADBECADB商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 4 M

130、eetings 1. _ are sessions in which participants work together, to organize complex memos, letters, or reports.A.Persuasive meetingsB. Informative meetingsC. The minute-takerD. The agendaE. Collaborative meetings2. _ involve oral presentations to achieve a group consensus and support for a course of

131、action.3._ is an outline of what the meeting will address.4. should record major decisions made and tasks assigned.5._ are used to inform, when clarifying written information participants have received previously or to present new information.EADCB EADCB 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Business

132、Communication1. The purpose of _ is either to expand your audiences knowledge or to help them acquire a specific skill.A. Persuasive writingB. Good-news messages C. Persuasive messagesD. Routine messagesE. An informative message2. _ focus on trying to change what an audience thinks or do.3. Messages

133、 that are of interest to the reader but are not likely to generate an emotional reaction are referred to as _.4. _ means that your main goal is to persuade or convince someone to do something that you want them to do.5. Messages that convey pleasant messages are referred to as _.ECDAB ECDAB 商务沟通大英写作

134、课件Chapter 6 Note-taking1. is the practice of recording information captured from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture.A. ChartingB. The mapping methodC. The sentence methodD. Note-takingE. The Cornell method2. provides a systematic format for condensing and organ

135、izing notes without laborious recopying. 3. uses comprehension/concentration skills and which relate each fact or idea to every other fact or idea.4. Speed is the most desirable attribute of _ because not much thought about formatting is needed to form the layout and create enough space for more not

136、es.5. involves creating a graph with symbols, or a table with rows and columns.D E B C A 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 7 Summary1. _is very important to businessman who want to keep abreast of what is going on in a field.A. A summaryB. the evaluative summaryC. The informative summaryD. The communicative purpose

137、sE. A descriptive summary2. _ tells what is in the work in a paragraph to several pages, depending on the length of the original.3. _ is a short version of a longer text with only the main points. Summarizing skills can help people to distinguish essentials from nonessentials and manage the volume o

138、f reading you have to do in the process of technical communication.4. In _ you include your own reactions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material.5. _ of summaries may be to inform and present, in general, the principal facts and conclusions given in the or

139、iginal work.E C A B D E C A B D 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 8 Graphs1. _ can be used to compare parts of a whole. They do not show changes over time.A. Area graphsB. Pie chartsC. Line graphsD. X-Y plotE. Bar graphs2. _ are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time.3._ are u

140、sed to track changes over short and long periods of time and good for plotting data that has peaks and valleys.4._are very similar to line graphs and can be used to track changes over times.5._ are used to determine relationships between two different things.B E C A D B E C A D 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 9 B

141、usiness Letter1._ are a primary written channel of communication for delivering messages outside an organizationA. Good news lettersB. LettersC. Persuasive lettersD. SalutationE. Heading2. _ are letters that recipients are happy to receive. 3. _ are written to convince the reader to change ideas or

142、take action.4. _ is also called return address or outside address. 5. _ is the traditional hello used in letter writing. B A C E D B A C E D 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 10 Business Memo1. _ is a kind of simple and efficient internal communication within an organization.A. Response memoB. MemoC. Persuasive mem

143、oD. Informative memoE. Request memo2. _ attempts to convince the reader to adopt the writers point of view or take a particular action.3._ outlines the facts and then requests the readers actions.4. _aims to ask the receiver for information or action.5._ provides the audience with desired informatio

144、n.BCDEABCDEA商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 11 Business Minutes1. Organizations and committees keep official records of their meeting such records are known as _.A. Verbatim minuteB. Minutes C. Minutes of resolutionD. Minutes of actionE. Minutes of narration 2. _ is usually adopted in court of hearing of witnesse

145、s, in which, every word spoken, everything happened at the meeting is recorded and used.3._ refers to concise summary of all the discussions and conclusions made at the meeting.4. _ refers to there should be speeches and discussion given by the attendees as well as the measures and the manager for s

146、pecific project in such meeting minutes.5._ refers to only the result of discussions and the main conclusions are recorded in such minutes.BAEDC BAEDC 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 12 Press Release1. _ is a targeted statement that an organization, group or individual can make to notify the public regarding its

147、product, service, or business.A. Press RoomB. A press releaseC. HeadlineD. BoilerplateE. Inverted pyramid structure2. _ should be centered in all capital letters, including one or two lines.3._ is generally a short “about” section, providing independent background on the issuing company, organizatio

148、n, or individual.4. places the most important facts at the beginning and then moves on in order of descending order of importance.5._ is a folder containing all the press releases available on the website, which is an important business channel to issue press releases.BCDEA BCDEA 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 1

149、3 Business Report1. _calls for description of what occurred during a meeting trip or other activity. A.Analytical ReportB. Periodic ReportC. Progress Report D. Trip Report E. Investigative Report2. _describes the progress of a plan being carried out a a project which is underway or whether it is wit

150、hin the budget or not so that the managers can have the updated information about business activities or project worked on.3. _is designed to describe what has happened in department during a particular period. 4._is written in response to a request for information.5. The emphasis of _ is placed on

151、analyzing, drawing conclusions and proposing recommendations.DCBEA DCBEA 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 14 Proposals1. _ is a special type of analytical report designed to get products, plans, or projects accepted by others.A. External proposalB. An unsolicited proposalC. Internal proposalD. ProposalE. A solicit

152、ed proposal2. _ is submitted to decision makers in ones own organization, and they are issued to suggest a change within an organization.3._ is a response to a formal or informal request.4. is issued to prospective clients in business and government outside an organization.5._ has not been invited b

153、y the potential customers.DCEAB DCEAB 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 16 Resume1. _ (sometimes called a data sheet or a vita) is a concise summary of an applicants qualifications for employment. A. A resume B. An organizational plan C. The functional order D. An on-line resume E. The reverse chronological order 2

154、. _ is a resume that is written so that it can be viewed via the Internet.3._ presents the most recent work experience first and works backward to earlier jobs.4.Choose highlights information that will impress employers.5._ in a resume presents your accomplishments or skills in order of their import

155、ance, showing the most important or impressive first.ADEBC ADEBC 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 17 Application Letter1. _ is a letter of introduction attached to, or accompanying another document such as a resume or curriculum vitae.A. A solicited letter of application B. An application letter or cover letter C.

156、 An unsolicited letter of application D. The closing paragraph E. The opening part 2. _ is written to apply for a specific job opening, which has been announced or advertised.3._ of the application letter states that you are applying for a position and captures the readers attention.4. _ is written

157、to apply for a position that has not been advertised or announced and may or may not be open. 5._ should have a confident tone and ask for an interview. BAECD BAECD 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 18 Oral Presentation1. _ occurs when you have time to plan and prepare. It is a type of informal speaking, but it is

158、delivered from notes or an outline.A. Impromptu presentations B. Extemporaneous speakingC. Memorized speakingD. Manuscript speakingE. Oral presentation2. _ is a kind of mental dialogue between the speaker and the audience.3. _ occurs when you decide to prepare completely for a presentation, writing

159、down the exact words you will say. It is delivered from a full text.4. _ occurs when you talk without a manuscript because you have memorized the information in it.5. _ usually occur either at informal group meetings or at conferences when additional information is needed or when you are asked to say “a few words” without warning. B E D C A B E D C A 商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件