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1、Task:Decideifthesituations1-9areexamplesofplagiarismoracceptableacademicpractice.1.AvoidingPlagiarismQuizThewriterdoesnotputreferencesinthemaintextbutputsallreferencestothesourceoffacts,statistics,graphsetc.inaReferencessection/Bibliography,foundattheendoftheassignmentoressay.plagiarism/acceptableac
2、ademicpractice1.Thewriterusesanotherpersonswordsbutchangesseveralofthesewordsandgivesareferencetothesourceinthetextbody,e.g.(Keynes,1936)(orasfootnote)withfulldetailsinthebibliography.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice2.Thewriterusesseveralpointsfromaparagraphinasourcetext,changingthevocabularyan
3、dthestructureoftheoriginaltext.Thewriterputsareferencetotheoriginalsource,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)inthetext(orasfootnote)withfulldetailsintheBibliography/Referencesection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice3.4.Withtheagreementofanotherstudent,thewriterusessomesectionsofthatstudentsessayinhiswork.plagi
4、arism/acceptableacademicpractice5.Thewritercopiestheexactwordsfromasource,inquotationmarks,andincludesareferenceinthetext,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)orasafootnotewithfulldetailsintheBibliography/Referencessection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice6.Thewriterworkstogetherwithanotherstudenttoprepareanessa
5、y.Eachstudentwriteshalfoftheessaybutsubmitsthisasindividualwork.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice7.Thewriter,anon-nativespeaker,paysanativespeakerstudenttocorrectsomeproblemswithgrammarandvocabularyinanessay.Thewriterdoesnotmakereferencetothisinthetextorbibliography.plagiarism/acceptableacademic
6、practice8.Thewriterpaysafriendtorewriteanessaybeforegivingthisintothedepartmentashisorherownwork.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice9.Thewritercopiesseveralsentencesexactlyastheywerewritteninanoriginalsourceandincludesareferencetothissourceinthetext,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)orasafootnote,withfulldetail
7、sintheBibliography/Referencessection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeThewriterdoesnotputreferencesinthemaintextbutputsallreferencestothesourceoffacts,statistics,graphsetc.inaReferencessection/Bibliography,foundattheendoftheassignmentoressay.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice1.XThereshouldals
8、obereferencesinthebodyofthetextThewriterusesanotherpersonswordsbutchangesseveralofthesewordsandgivesareferencetothesourceinthetextbody,e.g.(Keynes,1936)(orasfootnote)withfulldetailsinthebibliography.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice2.XThekeywordisseveral.Itisnotenoughtochangeafewwords.Ifthewrite
9、rcopiesmuchofthetextfromtheoriginal,itshouldbequotedinthebodyofthetext.Thewriterusesseveralpointsfromaparagraphinasourcetext,changingthevocabularyandthestructureoftheoriginaltext.Thewriterputsareferencetotheoriginalsource,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)inthetext(orasfootnote)withfulldetailsintheBibliography/Re
10、ferencesection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpractice3.XThisisexactlywhatyoumustdotoavoidplagiarisminyourtexts.4.Withtheagreementofanotherstudent,thewriterusessomesectionsofthatstudentsessayinhiswork.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXActuallythismayalsobereferredtoascollusion.Itisstillplagiarismb
11、ecausethestudentisgivingthetutorstheimpressionthattheworkishis/herown.5.Thewritercopiestheexactwordsfromasource,inquotationmarks,andincludesareferenceinthetext,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)orasafootnotewithfulldetailsintheBibliography/Referencessection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXThewriterhasusedth
12、eexactwordsofanotherauthorbuthasgivencredittotheotherwriterinhis/hertext.6.Thewriterworkstogetherwithanotherstudenttoprepareanessay.Eachstudentwriteshalfoftheessaybutsubmitsthisasindividualwork.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXBothwritersarecheatinghereinthattheyaregivingtheimpressionthatallthe
13、workistheirown.Thisformofplagiarismwouldbeveryeasytodetect.7.Thewriter,anon-nativespeaker,paysanativespeakerstudenttocorrectsomeproblemswithgrammarandvocabularyinanessay.Thewriterdoesnotmakereferencetothisinthetextorbibliography.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXYourdepartmentdoesnotdiscourageth
14、euseofproofreadersifthishelpsthestudentinthepresentationofthewrittenwork.Theideasandthestructureofthetextshouldstillbethoseofthewriter.8.Thewriterpaysafriendtorewriteanessaybeforegivingthisintothedepartmentashisorherownwork.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXYoumustdoyourownworktogetaUniversityde
15、gree.9.Thewritercopiesseveralsentencesexactlyastheywerewritteninanoriginalsourceandincludesareferencetothissourceinthetext,e.g.(Keynes,1936:22)orasafootnote,withfulldetailsintheBibliography/Referencessection.plagiarism/acceptableacademicpracticeXExactwordingfromtextsshouldbeindicatedbytheuseofquotat
16、ionmarks.Quotations,ParaphrasesandSummariesWhataretheDifferences?QuotationsParaphrasingSummarising1.matchthesourcewordforword2.areusuallyabriefsegmentofthetext3.involvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,butincludingonlythemainpoint(s)4.appearbetweenquotationmarks5.mustbeattributedtotheoriginalso
17、urce6.doesnotmatchthesourcewordforword7.involvesputtingapassagefromasourceintoyourownwords8.changesthewordsorphrasingofapassage,butretainsandfullycommunicatestheoriginalmeaning9.mustbeattributedtotheoriginalsource10.doesnotmatchthesourcewordforword11.presentsabroadoverview,soisusuallymuchshorterthan
18、theoriginaltext12.mustbeattributedtotheoriginalsource1.2.4.5./9./12.6./10.7.8.5./9./12.3.6./10.11.5./9./12.ParaphrasingandQuotinginPracticeThekeytoimprovedhealthliesinanimproveddietThatsalthelpsregulatebloodpressureisbeyonddoubt,butdoeseatingtoomuchofitcausehypertension(highbloodpressure)?Toelucidat
19、ethis,anindependentinternationalstudy,Intersalt,lookedatthesalt-or,moreexactly,thesodium-balanceofmorethan10,000peoplein32countries.Theresults,recentlypublishedintheBritishMedicalJournal,supportastronglinkbetweenexcessivesaltandhypertension,andalsosuggestthatahabituallyhighsaltintakeisonereasonthatb
20、loodpressureriseswithageinmostpartsoftheworld.Moreover,Intersaltdataindicatethat,ifadultsweretocuttheirsaltintakeby50%ormore,theirbloodpressurewoulddropandtheymighthavesubstantiallylessheartdiseaseandfewerstrokes.(Roberts,A.S.Diet and Health,p17,Pergamon,2002)a)Intersaltfindings(Roberts,2002:17)indi
21、catethatinmostpartsoftheworldexcessiveconsumptionofsaltcanleadtoheartdiseaseandstrokes.This is a very acceptable short summary of the main point. It also has a good reference in the text.b)Itisundoubtedthataproperquantityofsaltcanhelppeoplecontrolbloodpressurebutdoeshighconsumptionofsaltleadtohypert
22、ension?Morethan10,000peoplein32countrieswereinvestigatedforthebalanceofsodium.Thesurveyprovesthathabituallyhighsaltintakeisonereasonwhybloodpressurerises,especiallywithage,anditpointsoutthatifwecutoursaltintakeby50%ormoreitwillhelpstopcertaindiseases.This is a flawed paraphrase. The study is referre
23、d to but not properly named or referenced in the text. The paraphrase only minimally changes sentence structure and it follows the original too closely. There is use of reporting verbs but some chunks of text are copied without quotation. The author does seem to make a comment.c)Aninternationalstudy
24、byIntersalt(inRoberts,2002:17)confirmed astrongcausallinkbetweentheamountofsaltconsumptionandhypertension.Thestudyfoundahabituallyhighsaltintaketobeakeyfactorinrisingbloodpressurewithageanditalsoindicated thata50%reductioninsaltconsumptioncouldsubstantiallyreducestrokesandheartdisease.Studiessuchast
25、hishaveclearimplicationsfordietaryimprovementsandtheircorrespondinghealthbenefits.This is a very good paraphrase. It reports the study with a proper reference and use of reporting verbs. Any borrowing of the original is shown as a quotation. Notice that the order of information is not the same as th
26、e original. Notice also the very clear author comment in the final sentence. Referencinginassignments1.AccordingtoSmith,shesaysthatwomensshareofagriculturalworkhasincreasedratherthandecreasedwheretechnologyhasbeenintroduced.2.Murrayhasdefinedhealthas“Healthiscompletephysical,mentalandsocialwell-bein
27、g”.3.Johnson(p,21)statesthatin1999,therewere109casesoffalsearrestreported.Smith? date, page. she says!Date? Health is (page number)Date? (P.21)4)AsPetersstatesthatselfmotivationtolearnispreferabletomotivationimposedbyexternalsources.5)AsMarypointedout,nostatehasyetopposedsuchlegislation.Date? that (
28、p.?) Is Mary a first name? Date? (p.?)Smith(1999)arguedthatthepossibilityof“mobile-unemployment”isnotapparentasmanyaremobilebutdonotwanttowork(p.36).4.ParaphrasingandQuoting:GeneralGuidelinesParaphrasingMakenotesfromyouoriginalsourceinbulletpoints.First,writeyourparaphraseandsummarywithoutlookingatt
29、heoriginaltext,soyourelyonlyonyourmemory.Next,checkyourversionwiththeoriginalforcontent,accuracy,andmistakenlyborrowedphrases.Beginyoursummarywithastatementgivingcredittothesource:According to Smith (1997, p.34)ormakesureyouhaveareferencesomewhereinthetext.Putanyuniquewordsorphrasesthatyoucannotchan
30、ge,ordonotwanttochange,inquotationmarks:.thecatastrophic consequences of this policy on the educational system (Brown, 1999).QuotingdirectlyKeepthepersonsnamenearthequoteinyournotes,andinyourpaper.Selectonlydirectquotesthatmakethemostimpactinyourwork-toomanydirectquoteswillreducetheimpact,interferew
31、ithyourstyleandmakeitdifficultforyoutofindyourownvoiceinthework.Putthequotationinanappropriatecontext;thisisbestdonebysomekindofsummary.Putquotationmarksaroundthetextthatyouarequoting“.”or“.quoted word already in the text you are quoting”Indicateaddedphrasesinbrackets()andomittedtextwithellipses(.)Y
32、oushouldprovideacommentonthesignificanceofthequote,andmakeitclearwhyyouhaveusedit.4.ParaphrasingandQuoting:GeneralGuidelinesExample:ThemostimportantfailingsoftheGrammarTranslationapproacharesummarisedsuccinctlybyHarmer,whopointsoutthatit“stopsthestudentsfromgettingthekindofnaturallanguageinputthatwi
33、llhelpthemacquirelanguage,anditoftenfailstogivethemopportunitiestoactivatetheirlanguageknowledge”(1998,p.30).Latermethodsandapproachesdevelopedtosomeextentinresponsetothisfailing.4.ParaphrasingandQuoting:GeneralGuidelinesReferstoOtherWritersFindingsRefers to Other Writers OpinionWriters Research Act
34、ivityOtherDemonstratedPoint out thatWrites thatArguesSuggestsConsidersDiscussesHas concentratedExaminedSaysTells usReportingVerbsClaimsDeals withFocus onAddress DescribeConcludeObserveRevealConfirm NoteFind EstablishConfirmRevealEstablishConcludeFindClaimsObserveNoteDealwithFocusonDescribeAddressSpo
35、kenLanguagenewspapersandmagazinesFollowedbynounornoun phraseFollowedbythat + subject + verbFollowedbythat6.TheFunctionofReportingVerbsB.Whatisthedifferencebetweenreportingverbsinspeechandwriting?Spokenandwrittentextsusedifferentreportingverbs.avoidverbslikesayortellinacademictextthesearecommoninspok
36、enlanguage,newspapersandmagazines.C.Whyistheverbmentionsometimesaproblem?mentionindicates:aminorpointsomethingthatwasnotdevelopedordiscussedinanydetailnotusedtoreportmainpointsinacademicwriting.D.Howdowereportquestions?useanindirectsentencetoreportquestions.Smith asks why users are not more concerne
37、d about keyboard design.thereisnoquestionmarktheorderofsubjectandverbisnotchangedfromthatofatypicalstatement.e.g.wedonotwrite:Smith asks, Why do we use tests with this age group?Weturnthequestionintoastatement.Smith asks why tests are used with this age group.Notethewordorderafterthequestionword:why+subject+verbAnotherwaytoreportthequestionis:Smith questions the use of tests with this age group.
