2013大学英语四级阅读技巧之 长篇阅读(信息匹配)Lengthy reading：information matching 长篇阅读 （信息匹配题 ）•包括大约10-18个段落的篇章•题后给出10句陈述，每句一题•每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的那一段落，每段开头有一个字母标识指代该段落•一般一个段落对应一题；有的段落可能对应两题或更多，有多次被选的可能；有的段落可能不对应任何一题 解题思路Step1 快速通读文章（skimming)，标题、副标题、首段、段落首、尾主题句、段落重要观点句，注意文章结构和细节串联，熟悉文章的题材，抓住文章大意Step2 仔细阅读给出的10句话(statements)，明确标出句中易于查找的细节词，如数字、大写、核心名词、态度词汇等，掌握问题类型Step3 快速查读（scanning），根据10句话中的细节词迅速找出相应段落，确定段落内容与题干信息是否对应Case analysis p7-9 答题原则•1)关键词定位定位原则•2) 关键词非首次出现原则•3) 出题非顺序原则•4) 匹配原则句子与原文定位处需有明确的匹配关系：同义改写，正话反说，反话正说，归纳概括等语言层面的改写和替换。
•5) 非一一对应原则：有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题 •6）题目非照抄原文原则 Model test 1 p7-9•Skim the passage and grasp the main idea (according to the subtitles)•Scrutinize each of 10 statements attached to the passage, marking the key words and details as well as scanning out the related sentences that involve the key words and details. •Make sure the chosen paragraph matches the statement. The subtitlesHow much trash is generated?How is trash disposed of?What is a landfill?Proposing the landfillBuilding the landfillWhat happens to trash in a landfill?How is a landfill operated? Mark the key words and details in the 10 statements46 First step in constructing a landfill is to build roads which lead to the landfill. (I) 关键词+同义改写47. Most customers of a landfill are municipalities and construction companies. (k) 同上48. A landfill can’t be built without certain environmental impact study being carried out. (H) 关键词+正话反说49. In landfill disposal, the United Kingdom ranks first while the United States ranks middle of the major countries. (D) 关键词+改写50.Rather than break down trash, a landfill is mainly to bury it. (J)关键词+改写 Mark the key words and details in the 10 statements•51. It’s predicted that bioreactor will be used to speed up of trash break down in landfills. (Q) 关键词+改写•52. Of all the big countries, Americans generates largest amount of trash per person every year, and majority of the trash is buried in landfills. (B) 关键词+综合•53. Customers of landfills are charged by the weight of the trash they are going to bury. (M) 某些关键词多次出现•54. Poisonous chemicals are barred from a landfill. (O) 同义改写•55. Usually to reduce the amount of material in a landfill, there is a recycling center near the entrance of the landfill. (L) 关键词+ 细节词 Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)46 First step in constructing a landfill is to build roads which lead to the landfill. (I) 关键词+同义改写 Building the Landfill•I) Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be built if they do not already exist. These roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation (环卫) services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the North Wake County Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•47. Most customers of a landfill are municipalities and construction companies. (k)关键词+同义改写 •How Is a Landfill Operated?•K) A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day. Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also use the landfill. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)48. A landfill can’t be built without certain environmental impact study being carried out. (H) 关键词+正话反说•H) In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine: Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)49. In landfill disposal, the United Kingdom ranks first while the United States ranks middle of the major countries. (D) 关键词+改写•How Is Trash Disposed of?•D) The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)50.Rather than break down trash, a landfill is mainly to bury it. (J)关键词+改写•What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?•J) Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact, when old landfills have been dug up or sampled, 40-year-old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely to bury it. When a landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years! Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•51. It’s predicted that bioreactor will be used to speed up of trash break down in landfills. (Q) 关键词+改写•Q) Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve and important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•52. Of all the big countries, Americans generates largest amount of trash per person every year, and majority of the trash is buried in landfills. (B) 关键词+综合•B) Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•53. Customers of landfills are charged by the weight of the trash they are going to bury. (M) 某些关键词多次出现•M) As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton. These fees are used to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of approximately $4.5 million, and part of that comes from tipping fees. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•54. Poisonous chemicals are barred from a landfill. (O) 同义改写•O) In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants. Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)•55. Usually to reduce the amount of material in a landfill, there is a recycling center near the entrance of the landfill. (L) 关键词+ 细节词•L) Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off recyclable materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the amount of material in the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law because they can be recycled. 。