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1、文学翻译课件整理pptStillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望The Unhappy American WayIn the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reform
2、er. Most social reformers have held the opinion that, if poverty were abolished and there were no more economic insecurity, the millennium would have arrived. But when I look at the faces of people in opulent cars, whether in your country or in mine, I do not see that look of radiant happiness which
3、 the aforesaid social reformers had led me to expect. In nine cases out of ten, I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and an almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded palate.But it is not only the very rich who suffer in this way. Professional men very frequently feel
4、 hopelessly thwarted. There is something that they long to do or some public object that they long to work for. But if they were to indulge their wishes in these respects, they fear that they would lose their livelihood. Their wives are equally unsatisfied, for their neighbor, Mrs. So-and-So, has go
5、ne ahead more quickly, has a better car, a larger apartment and grander friends.Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very few can win the race, and those who do not win are unhappy. On social occasions when it is de rigueur to seem cheerful, the necessary demeanor is stimul
6、ated by alcohol. But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who has just one drink too many is apt to lapse into lachrymose melancholy.美国人的忧郁癖性美国人的忧郁癖性我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。大多数社会改革家认为，若是消除了贫困，有了经济保障，太平盛世会到来。但是，无论在贵国还是在敝国，看看坐在豪华轿车里的人们的面孔，却见不到社会改革家引导人们期待的那种喜气洋洋的神情。相反，十
7、有八九，我看到的是一副副厌倦不满的神情，以及近乎疯狂的渴望，想找点东西吊起早已发腻的胃口。然而忍受这般苦楚的还不仅仅是那些富豪们。专业人员也经常感到百般无奈，一筹莫展。他们希望有点事情可做，希望为某项公共事业做点贡献。但是，要想满足这些愿望，又担心会失去生计。他们的太太也同样不满足，因为邻居某某太太转眼间又超到前头去了，有了更豪华的轿车，更宽敞的住宅，更高贵的朋友。几乎对每个人而言，生活是一场持久竞争，很少有人能成为羸家，而羸不了的人便要垂头丧气。在按照礼仪需要兴高采烈的社交场合，这种必要的仪态却是靠酒精激发的。但是这种欢乐听上去并不真实，任何人只要多喝一杯，就会悲从中来，潸然泪下。我想弄清楚
8、为什么那么多美国人不像人们预想的那样快乐，觉得似乎有两个原因，其中一个比另一个深刻得多。那个浅显的原因是，在大机构里供职必须俯首帖耳。如果你是个精力充沛的人，对于如何恰当地完成你的工作有着独到的见解，你发现自己总要听命于上面的某个大人物，他上了年纪，精力不支，还爱吹毛求疵。你一有个好主意，老板就一棍子打死。你越是积极，越有见地，你就越苦于无法完成你觉得自己应该完成的工作。你回到家向妻子抱怨时，妻子会说你是个蠢货，还说你若是个唯唯诺诺的人，你的收入很快就会翻一番。如果你想离婚再娶一个女人，这种状况不会发生任何变化。因此，你注定要得胃溃疡，未老先衰。美国人的忧郁癖性美国人的忧郁癖性我在美国旅行期间
9、，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。大多数社会改革家认为，若是消除了贫困，有了经济保障，太平盛世会到来。但是，无论在贵国还是在敝国，看看坐在豪华轿车里的人们的面孔，却见不到社会改革家引导人们期待的那种喜气洋洋的神情。相反，十有八九，我看到的是一副副厌倦不满的神情，以及近乎疯狂的渴望，想找点东西吊起早已发腻的胃口。然而忍受这般苦楚的还不仅仅是那些富豪们。专业人员也经常感到百般无奈，一筹莫展。他们希望有点事情可做，希望为某项公共事业做点贡献。但是，要想满足这些愿望，又担心会失去生计。他们的太太也同样不满足，因为邻居某某太太转眼间又超到前头去了，有
10、了更豪华的轿车，更宽敞的住宅，更高贵的朋友。几乎对每个人而言，生活是一场持久竞争，很少有人能成为羸家，而羸不了的人便要垂头丧气。在按照礼仪需要兴高采烈的社交场合，这种必要的仪态却是靠酒精激发的。但是这种欢乐听上去并不真实，任何人只要多喝一杯，就会悲从中来，潸然泪下。InthecourseofmytravelsinAmericaIhavebeenimpressedbyakindoffundamentalmalaisewhichseemstomeextremelycommonandwhichposesdifficultproblemsforthesocialreformer.Mostsocialr
11、eformershaveheldtheopinionthat,ifpovertywereabolishedandtherewerenomoreeconomicinsecurity,themillenniumwouldhavearrived.ButwhenIlookatthefacesofpeopleinopulentcars,whetherinyourcountryorinmine,Idonotseethatlookofradianthappinesswhichtheaforesaidsocialreformershadledmetoexpect.Inninecasesoutoften,Ise
12、einsteadalookofboredomanddiscontentandanalmostfranticlongingforsomethingthatmightticklethejadedpalate.美国人的忧郁癖性美国人的忧郁癖性我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。大多数社会改革家认为，若是消除了贫困，有了经济保障，太平盛世会到来。但是，无论在贵国还是在敝国，看看坐在豪华轿车里的人们的面孔，却见不到社会改革家引导人们期待的那种喜气洋洋的神情。相反，十有八九，我看到的是一副副厌倦不满的神情，以及近乎疯狂的渴望，想找点东西吊
13、起早已发腻的胃口。在美国旅游期间，印象深刻的是一种焦虑不安，在我看来，这种焦虑随处可见，给社会改革家提出难题。大多数社会改革家一直认为，如果消除了贫困，没有了经济不安因素，太平盛世就会到来。可是，无论是在哪个国家，看看豪车内人们的面孔，我都看不到依照社会改革家所言而让人期待的幸福洋溢的表情。相反，我看到的却是厌倦不满的神情，是一种几近疯狂的渴望，想找点东西刺激早已麻木的味觉。Thereissomethingthattheylongtodoorsomepublicobjectthattheylongtoworkfor.Butiftheyweretoindulgetheirwishesinthes
14、erespects,theyfearthattheywouldlosetheirlivelihood.Theirwivesareequallyunsatisfied,fortheirneighbor,Mrs.So-and-So,hasgoneaheadmorequickly,hasabettercar,alargerapartmentandgranderfriends.然而忍受这般苦楚的还不仅仅是那些富豪们。专业人员也经常感到百般无奈，一筹莫展。他们希望有点事情可做，希望为某项公共事业做点贡献。但是，要想满足这些愿望，又担心会失去生计。他们的太太也同样不满足，因为邻居某某太太转眼间又超到前头去
15、了，有了更豪华的轿车，更宽敞的住宅，更高贵的朋友。不仅仅是富人饱受这种折磨。专业人士也常灰心丧气。他们有自己的宏愿宿志，或者有为公奋斗的目标，可是沉浸于理想，又要担心自己生计难保。他们的太太同样不如意，因为邻居某某太太早已超到前头，买了更好的车，有了更大的房子，结交了更显贵的朋友。Lifeforalmosteverybodyisalongcompetitivestrugglewhereveryfewcanwintherace,andthosewhodonotwinareunhappy.Onsocialoccasionswhenitisderigueurtoseemcheerful,thenec
16、essarydemeanorisstimulatedbyalcohol.Butthegaietydoesnotringtrueandanybodywhohasjustonedrinktoomanyisapttolapseintolachrymosemelancholy.几乎对每个人而言，生活是一场持久的竞争，很少有人能成为羸家，而羸不了的人便要垂头丧气。在按照礼仪需要兴高采烈的社交场合，这种必要的仪态却是靠酒精激发的。但是这种欢乐听上去并不真实，任何人只要多喝一杯，就会悲从中来，潸然泪下。几乎对每个人来说，人生是一场持久的竞赛，很少有人能胜出，失败的人因此不快乐。出于礼节需要，社交场合需要表现
17、愉快时候，人们常常借助酒精刺激。但是这种欢愉并不真实，只要稍稍多喝一杯，人们很容易悲从中来。作业杂感翻译的境界写作a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences. (Peter Newmark) How?-style?Criteria?When?Ecstatictearfulness;sympathy；understanding；积累
18、：樊薇，于铖：sourceforfurtherreference.开篇基调确定结尾保持一致InthecourseofmytravelsinAmericaIhavebeenimpressedbyakindoffundamentalmalaisewhichseemstomeextremelycommonandwhichposesdifficultproblemsforthesocialreformer.noun 1.aconditionofgeneralbodilyweaknessordiscomfort,oftenmarkingtheonsetofadisease.2.avagueorunfoc
19、usedfeelingofmentaluneasiness,lethargy,ordiscomfort.我数度访美，每每被一种深切的不快感萦绕。我好像特别容易感觉出不快，而这不快，也给社会改革者带来了一些费解的难题。.在我旅美期间，我曾经对一种在我看来极度平常，能够给社会改革家制造困难问题的人们普遍表现出心神不宁的现象印象深刻。我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any change
20、 in this respect. And so you are condemned to gastric ulcers and premature old age.5. to compel or force into a particular state or activity: his disposition condemned him to boredom如果你与其分道扬镳，另起炉灶，你的收入不可能有任何改变。所以你注定心痛，早衰！如果你试图靠离婚然后再婚来期望在这方面会有所改变，那几乎是不可能的。所以因为极度忧郁和不快，你注定要得胃溃疡和未老先衰。如果离婚重找一个，情形并不会有所改变。
21、你就像得了胃溃疡一样，未老先衰。即便离婚、再婚，这方面也很难有什么变化。因此，你被宣判得了胃溃疡、未老先衰。如果你想离婚再娶一个女人，这种状况不会发生任何变化。因此，你注定要得胃溃疡，未老先衰。祝福TheNew-YearSacrificeNewYearsSacrifice旧历的年底毕竟最像年底，村镇上不必说，就在天空中也显出将到新年的气象来。Theendoftheyearbytheoldcalendardoesreallyseemamorenaturalendtotheyearfor,tosaynothingofthevillagesandtowns,theveryskyseemstoproc
22、laimtheNewYearsapproach.Itstheendofthelunaryear-theendtoldbytheoldandnotthewesterncalendar-thatbringsayeartoitsproperclose,asvillages,towns,evenheavenitselfmarkitsapproach.灰白色的沉重的晚云中间时时发出闪光，接着一声钝响，是送灶的爆竹；近处燃放的可就更强烈了，震耳的大音还没有息，空气里已经散满了幽微的火药香。Intermittentflashesfrompallid,loweringeveningcloudsarefollo
23、wedbytherumblesofcrackersbiddingfarewelltotheHearthGodand,beforethedeafeningreportsofthebiggerbangscloseathandhavediedaway,theairisfilledwithfaintwhiffsofgunpowder.Flashesoflightningthroughheavy,greyeveningcloudsareansweredbythedullexplosionsoffirecrackers,biddingfarewelltotheKitchenGodas微软用户1hedepa
24、rtsforheaventomakerhisannualreportonmankind.Closeby,theblastshaveanear-splittingferocity,thefaintsmellofgunpowderhangingintheairbeforethenoisehasdiedaway.我是正在这一夜回到我的故乡鲁镇的。虽说故乡，然而已没有家，所以只得暂寓在鲁四老爷的宅子里。他是我的本家，比我长一辈，应该称之曰“四叔”，是一个讲理学的老监生。他比先前并没有什么大改变，单是老了些，但也还末留胡子，一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。Ononesu
25、chnightIreturnedtoLuzhen,myhometown.Icallitmyhometown,butasI微软用户1putupatthehouseofaFourthUnclesincehebelongstothegenerationbeforemineinourclan.AformerimperialAcademylicentiate微软用户2whobelievesinNeo-Confucianism1,heseemedverylittlechanged,justslightlyolder,butwithoutanybeardasyet.Havingexchangedsomepo
26、literemarksuponmeetingheobservedthatIwasfatter,andhavingobservedthatIwasfatterlaunchedintoaviolentattackonthereformists微软用户3ItwasononesuchnightthatIreturnedtotheoldplace,tomyhometown:Luzhen.Sincetherewasnorealhomeleftformeanymore,ItookuptemporarylodginginthehouseofanoldgentlemanbythenameofMr.Lu.Ashe
27、wasadistantrelativeofmine,thegenerationaboveme,IaddressedhimasUncle.AdiehardNeo-ConfucianoftheoldImperialCollege,heseemedbarelychanged:atoucholder,thatwasall,andstillbeardless.Afteralittlepolitechit-chatandtheobservationthatIhadputonweight,helaunchedintoagreattiradeagainstreformistpolitics.但我知道，这并非借
28、题在骂我：因为他所骂的还是康有为。但是，谈话是总不投机的了，于是不多久，我便一个人剩在书房里。Ididnottakethispersonally,however,astheobjectofhisattackwasKangYouwei.Still,conversationprovedsodifficultthatIshortlyfoundmyselfaloneinthestudy.(2000)ThoughIknewhisirewasdirectedmoreatoldliberalslikeKangYouweithanatmespecifically,asourconversationwasnot
29、takingaparticularlyamicabledirection,soonenoughIfoundmyselfaloneinthestudy.(161)第一节 文学文体的语言文学是借语言文字来作雕塑描写的艺术，而语言是文学的主要工具，它与各种事实、生活现象结合在一起，构成了文学的材料。文学是语言的艺术。没有语言就没有文学。文学文体主要包括散文、小说、戏剧、诗歌。它们之间存在明显差异，但是使用的文学语言却有着共同的基本特点。据研究，文学文本的语言特征主要有以下几个方面： 一、形象性一、形象性形象性是文学文本语言的基本特征。栩栩如生的人物、形象性是文学文本语言的基本特征。栩栩如生的人物、优
30、美如画的景色，引人入胜的故事、充盈律动的情感优美如画的景色，引人入胜的故事、充盈律动的情感等等，是文学作品的魅力所在，而这一切都是用语言等等，是文学作品的魅力所在，而这一切都是用语言材料来表现的。杰出的文学家都努力追求语言的形象材料来表现的。杰出的文学家都努力追求语言的形象生动。著名的语言大师老舍说：生动。著名的语言大师老舍说：“在小说中，我们可在小说中，我们可以这么说，用字与其俏皮，不如正确；与其正确，不以这么说，用字与其俏皮，不如正确；与其正确，不如生动如生动”。概括地说，文学语言的形象性，是通。概括地说，文学语言的形象性，是通过语言的手段对人物和事物进行细致的描绘，使人物过语言的手段对人
31、物和事物进行细致的描绘，使人物的形象鲜明、事物的形态突出，具有可视性的效果。的形象鲜明、事物的形态突出，具有可视性的效果。英语语言也同样具有生动的形象性，力图以各种语言手段在读者的脑海中塑造生动鲜明的形象，以达到表情达意的效果。例如He was a lovely boy, clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees but the most entrancing thing about him was that he had all his first teeth. When he saw she was a gr
32、own-up, he gnashed the little pearls at her.二、丰富的含蓄性含蓄性也是文学语言的特征之一。，含蓄就是“意不浅露，语不穷尽，句中有余味，篇中有余意，其妙不外寄言而已。”（沈祥龙论词随笔），即文中不让本意从字面上直接表露出来，而将它蕴含在言辞的深处或所写的形象里，让读者经过思索，透过字面的意义去了解其中的底蕴，使文章富有韵味。含蓄的语言，也可避免语意浅露，使语气委婉而言简意赅。如中国人都是有很多忌讳的，特别是对“死”字更是避而不谈。柯岩的周总理，你在哪里这样写道：“我们对着高山喊：周总理山谷回音：他刚离去，他刚离去”中国人民对周总理的鞠躬尽瘁为人民的高尚
33、品格十分敬仰，他的去世，使全国人民都非常的悲痛。用“他刚离去”而不用“他刚去世”，就避免了给中国人民以强烈的刺激，收到委婉曲折的效果。Whentheyentered,theyfoundhanging upon the wall a splendidportrait of their master as they hadlastseenhim,inallthewonderofhisexquisiteyouthandbeauty.Lyingonthefloorwasadeadman,ineveningdress, with a knife in his heart. Hewaswithered,w
34、rinkled,andloathsome of visage. It was not tilltheyhadexaminedtheringsthattheyrecognizedwhoitwas.三、隐喻的象征性三、隐喻的象征性文学作品中大量采用象征的手法，而对象征手法文学作品中大量采用象征的手法，而对象征手法的理解往往牵涉到对文化背景和作者本人的了解。的理解往往牵涉到对文化背景和作者本人的了解。有的象征是处于同一文化、乃至不同文化中的人有的象征是处于同一文化、乃至不同文化中的人们所共同使用的，如红玫瑰代表爱情，过去西方们所共同使用的，如红玫瑰代表爱情，过去西方文化中的象征，现在则被许多东方的文
35、化接受了。文化中的象征，现在则被许多东方的文化接受了。象征蕴藉隽永，能丰富人们的联想，耐人寻味，象征蕴藉隽永，能丰富人们的联想，耐人寻味，使人获得韵味无穷的感觉。高尔基说：使人获得韵味无穷的感觉。高尔基说：“在象征在象征的下面，可以巧妙地把讽刺和大胆的语言掩盖起的下面，可以巧妙地把讽刺和大胆的语言掩盖起来，在象征中可以注入丰富的内容。来，在象征中可以注入丰富的内容。”如茅盾的如茅盾的白杨礼赞白杨礼赞运用象征手法，以白杨树的伟岸、运用象征手法，以白杨树的伟岸、正直、力争上游、倔强挺立，来象征北方抗日军正直、力争上游、倔强挺立，来象征北方抗日军民的坚强不屈、力争上游的精神和意志，能给人民的坚强不屈
36、、力争上游的精神和意志，能给人以战斗的鼓舞。以战斗的鼓舞。 四、意合的模糊性四、意合的模糊性就语篇的衔接而言就语篇的衔接而言, ,如果词与词、句与句之间使用语言如果词与词、句与句之间使用语言形式手段连接来表达语法意义和逻辑关系形式手段连接来表达语法意义和逻辑关系, ,就是所谓的形合就是所谓的形合; ;如果不用语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义来表达如果不用语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义来表达语法意义和逻辑关系语法意义和逻辑关系, ,就是所谓的。意合有时会造成语篇的就是所谓的。意合有时会造成语篇的语义表面呈模糊状态语义表面呈模糊状态, ,使读者对语篇呈现的人或物之间的关使读者对语篇呈现的
37、人或物之间的关系有多种理解。在这一点上系有多种理解。在这一点上, ,汉语尤为突出。下面这首诗是汉语尤为突出。下面这首诗是最典型的例子最典型的例子: :枯藤老树昏鸦枯藤老树昏鸦, ,小桥流水人家小桥流水人家, ,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下下, ,断肠人在天涯。断肠人在天涯。( (马志远马志远天净沙天净沙秋思秋思) )这首诗这首诗2828个字个字, ,前三行前三行9 9个名词之间没有如限定词、介词、个名词之间没有如限定词、介词、关系词及连词等的形式连接手段关系词及连词等的形式连接手段, ,表达的事物之间的逻辑关表达的事物之间的逻辑关系不明确系不明确, ,枯藤与老树什么关系枯藤与老树
38、什么关系, ,是绕于树干还是垂于树干是绕于树干还是垂于树干; ;昏鸦是落在树上还是在树上盘旋。另外昏鸦是落在树上还是在树上盘旋。另外, ,句与句之间也没有句与句之间也没有任何如连词、照应等衔接手段任何如连词、照应等衔接手段, ,各句之间的语义关系留给读各句之间的语义关系留给读者去猜测。但也恰恰是语篇的这种模糊性给了读者以想象者去猜测。但也恰恰是语篇的这种模糊性给了读者以想象的空间的空间, ,增加了文学作品的艺术性增加了文学作品的艺术性, ,使读者感受到作者漂泊使读者感受到作者漂泊在外的思乡愁绪。在外的思乡愁绪。 英语语言中也常采用象征手法。在红字中，象征主义的手法被霍桑体现得淋漓尽致。文中的主
39、人公海丝特、珠儿 、丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯，红字 “A”以及背景海关、监狱、刑台、森林、小溪，都分别有着鲜明的象征意义。红字“A”更是带有多种象征意义。在小说中，它首先是惩罚的标志。海丝特是因为被认为与丁梅斯代尔通奸而佩戴这个红色的“A”字，因为它是通奸（Adultery）的首字母。其次，红字“A”是海丝特在新英格兰孤独的（Alone）生活和真情受到压制的巨大痛苦( Agony)的象征。她与她的父母之间、与她的爱人之间，都是互为陌生人，各自都是相互孤立的岛屿，谁也不能到达谁的彼岸。红字“A”与海丝特的命运息息相关，她默默忍受着最坏的待遇，把全部心思都用于刺绣和抚养女儿，过着纯洁的生活。她的刺绣精
40、美绝伦，巧夺天工，因此人们说“A”字是艺术的标志。她天性善良，在别人需要的时候，总是不遗余力地给予帮助，她的同情心和献身精神产生了巨大的力量，那个鲜红的“A”字又成了“能干（Able）”的代表。海丝特以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱 (Admirable)，赋予了红字神圣的含义，在人们心目中，它就如同修女胸前的十字架，象征着使徒的行为，象征着天使（Angle），闪烁着非现世的光辉，甚至可以投射到来世的境界去，指引人们前进的方向。五、鲜明的个性特征 鲜明的语言个性特征，是指在文学写作过程中写作者形成了自己独特的语言风格。一般来说，文学文本是写作者的生命体验和情感演绎的物化形式，作为其媒介的语言
41、就不能不带上写作者个性和情感的烙印。而且，成就越高的作家，他的语言的个性特征就越明显，愈独特。例如，李白的诗几乎满眼都是夸张的语言，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”（望庐山瀑布），“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长”（秋浦歌），“天姥连天向天横，势拔五岳掩赤城”（梦游天姥吟留别），“兴酣落笔摇五岳，诗成笑傲凌沦州”（江上吟）等等，可以随手捻来上百例。夸张，古人称之为“激昂之言”，李白创造性地大量运用，无疑给他的诗篇造成了气势磅礴的个人风格特色，表现了他洒脱不羁的气质、傲世独立的人格、豪迈的气概以及激昂的情怀。 与李白的豪迈相对，李贺的诗则融入了极为浓郁的伤感意绪和幽僻怪诞的个性特征。例如，“秋野明，秋
42、风白，塘水寥寥虫啧啧。石脉水流泉滴沙，鬼灯如漆点松花”（南山田中行），“南山何其悲，鬼雨洒空草，月午树立影，一山惟自晓。漆炬迎新人，幽圹萤扰扰”（感讽五首其二），“呼星召鬼喑杯盘，山魅食时人森寒”（神弦），“百年老鹞成木魅，笑声碧火巢中起”（神弦曲）诗人用忽明忽暗的“鬼灯”、“幽圹萤”、“百年老鹞”、“山魅”等词来描写荒芜的山野、惨淡的黄昏、阴森可怖的墓地，令人读后，深感怪诞，毛骨悚然。他亦善用“泣”、“啼”等字词来使其感情化，构成极具悲感色彩的意象群。如“冷江泣露娇啼色”（南山田中行）“露压烟啼千万枝”（昌谷北园新笋四首之二）等等，无不融有浓郁的伤感意绪。总之，不同的作家则有其独特的风格，体
43、现其鲜明的个性特征，令读者一读作品，就能感受其强烈的个性色彩；而这也体现写作者的写作水平和文学修养。 第二节 文学文体的翻译方法文学翻译是一项再现艺术的语言活动, 它除了翻译的一般特性外, 还具有再创造性。文学翻译要真实再现原著的思想意境及语言表达方式就必然涉及语言的模糊性。文学翻译是艺术的再创造, 是艺术的模糊再现。一、文学翻译的原则一、文学翻译的原则1 1、严复、严复 “ “信信”、“达达”、 “ “ 雅雅”； 严复：信达严复：信达雅雅天演论天演论 译例言译例言（18981898）2 2、 鲁迅鲁迅“信与顺信与顺”； 3 3、傅雷、傅雷“神似神似”与与“形似形似”说：说： “ “以效果而论
44、，翻以效果而论，翻译应该象临画一样，所求不在形似而在神似。译应该象临画一样，所求不在形似而在神似。”（高老头高老头重译本序）重译本序）4 4、钱钟书、钱钟书“化境化境” ” 之说：文学的最高标准是之说：文学的最高标准是“化化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于化境了。十七世纪有人赞美有的风味，那就算得入于化境了。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的投胎转世，躯壳换了一这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的投胎转世，躯壳换了一个，
45、而精神姿致依然故我。个，而精神姿致依然故我。二、文学文体的翻译方法直译、意译与归化、异化（一）.直译与意译：直译（literal translation）和意译（free translation）关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成直译和意译的均有人在，初期佛典翻译中的文质说，唐代玄奘的“求真”与“喻俗”，近代有严复的“信达雅”及鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”与赵景深的“宁顺而不信”等，都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译
46、的原则。 1、直译 (literal translation)英、汉语的结构有相同的一面，汉译时可照译，即直译。直译既忠实原文内容，又符合原文的结构形式。直译有不少优点，例如能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。 例如：O, My love is like a red, red rose/ Thats newly sprung in June. Many American government officials get black money by accepting bribe. 但是，直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。（1 1）否
47、定）否定All the answers are not right.误：所有答案都不对。正：答案并非全对。Every body wouldnt like it.误：每个人都不会喜欢它。正：并不是每上人都会喜欢它。It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.误：聪明人从不犯错误。正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。（2 2）修辞）修辞At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my sho
48、es.如果把stunning ,porcelain-faced woman 译作“一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女”就显得粗俗滑稽，但是不是作者的本意。这时意译就比较好。“在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。”The girl is a dead shot.这位姑娘是神枪手。（不能译作“死射手”）After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。（不能译为“站在滑动的场地上了” ）He went west by
49、 stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe Region.误：他乘公共马车到了西部，患了瓦肖地区的金银发烧流行病。正：他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。（3） 引典与习语如果是尽人皆知的典故。可以直译，不必加说明，如果多数人不知道，最好是意译，或者直译加注释。He met his Waterloo.句中meet ones Waterloo是成语典故,由 拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败而来,所以要意译。“他吃了大败仗”2 2 意译意译 (free trans
50、lation)(free translation)英、汉这两种语言之间还有许多差别，如完整照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要意译。意译是在忠实原文内容的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范。“直译”不等于“死译”，“意译”也不等于“乱译”（“胡译”）。 只有在正确理解原文的基础上，运用相应的翻译方法以调整原文结构，用规范的汉语加以表达，这才真正做到“意译”。如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文，可以不分析原文结构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造成“乱译”（胡译）。意译的基本技巧：（1）增补法：英语有时用词很简洁，在翻译时要增加原文字面上没有、而意思上包含的字词，以免导致
51、语义含糊或歧义。 The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。评析：原文中并没有“渐渐”一词，但melt含有渐渐融化、渐渐散尽的意味，因此在译文中加入了“渐渐”这样一个状语。As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。练习练习1 1、They had been through it all at his side - the They had been throug
52、h it all at his side - the bruising battles, the humiliations of the defeat. bruising battles, the humiliations of the defeat. Through empty mid-1960s - until at last, in 1968, Through empty mid-1960s - until at last, in 1968, they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph.they were able to savo
53、r the sweet taste of triumph.他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，好不容易挨到一九的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，好不容易挨到一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。2 2、Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中
54、吸取教训更好。从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。3 3、The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.their own mistress.仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。4、 At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a secon
55、d term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，不是丰功伟业就是灾难重重。5、 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.历史使人明智，诗歌使人遐想，数学使人精细，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。6、The old man said, “
56、they say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”老人说，“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许和我们现在一样穷。”（2 2）省略译法：）省略译法：所谓省略译法，就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要所谓省略译法，就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。英语是形合语的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。英语是形合语言，重形合言，重形合(hypotaxis)(hypotaxis)，即词与词、分句与分句之间，即词与词、分句与分句之间都用明确的关联词等语法词表示出来。汉语是意合语言，都用明确的
57、关联词等语法词表示出来。汉语是意合语言，重意合重意合(parataxis),(parataxis),即分句短语按顺序排列，少用关联即分句短语按顺序排列，少用关联词，少用关系副词等，往往比较简洁。因此在英译汉时，词，少用关系副词等，往往比较简洁。因此在英译汉时，减词译法的使用也很普遍。减词译法的使用也很普遍。But its the way I am, and try as I might, I am But its the way I am, and try as I might, I am not able to change it.not able to change it.但我就是这个脾气
58、，虽几经努力，却未能改变。但我就是这个脾气，虽几经努力，却未能改变。He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast upon his eyes, but said nothing.cast upon his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for John rose gloomily as
59、 the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.he was thinking of his ailing mother.火车停了，约翰想起了病中的母亲，郁郁的站了起火车停了，约翰想起了病中的母亲，郁郁的站了起来。来。翻译练习在翻译下列句子时请使用增补法或省略法。在翻译下列句子时请使用增补法或省略法。1 1、Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakne
60、ss, thrift avarice.weakness, thrift avarice.2 2、After the football match, hes got an important After the football match, hes got an important meeting.meeting.3 3、Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in
61、 the universe is that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.that of light.4 4、The journey which has brought me to Peking has been The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long a very long one. Long when measured in miles.
62、 Long when measured in time.when measured in time.5 5、Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.and writing an exact man.6 6、It is better to do well than to say well.It is better to do well than to say well.7 7、In Sep
63、tember 1939, the Second World War broke out.In September 1939, the Second World War broke out.8 8、If you write to him, the response would be absolute If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void.silence and void.9 9、Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a Anyone who
64、does not recognize this fact is not a materialistmaterialist1010Sunday is the day when I am least busy.Sunday is the day when I am least busy.（3 3）正译与反译）正译与反译从广义上说，任何反说转正说和正说转反说以及任何相反概念的转译都属于这种译法。如hunger march-反饥饿游行，terror war-反恐战争，dust mask-防尘罩，tear test-抗拉扯实验, the head of the story-故事的后面等都属于广义的正反译
65、法。而今天讨论的主要指带有否定词的正反翻译。英语中含有no，not，never，none，un-，-less，im-，in-，ir-等成分的词句，都被视为否定表达，简称反说。相反，英语中不含这些成分的词句称为肯定说法，简称正说。汉语中含有“不”，“没”，“未”，“休”，“莫”，“非”，“否”，“勿”等也都是否定表达。在翻译中通常都可以保留原文的否定表达，但有时为了表达更为顺畅，符合目的语的表达方法，或为了增强语言效果，有时反说正译，或正说反译。a.a.反说正译：反说正译：Dont lose time in posting this letter. The significance of the
66、se incidents wasnt lost on us.这件事引起了我们的重视。 Elliott was too clever not see that many of the persons who accepted his invitation did so only to get a free meal and that of these some were stupid and some worthless.艾略特是一个聪明人。他定能看得出许多接受他邀请的人只是为了来吃一顿不花钱的饭。他知道这些人有的愚不可及，有的则微不足道。Hitlers undisguised effort t
67、o persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation.希特勒对犹太人的露骨迫害行为受到全世界的谴责。 b. b. 正说反译正说反译英语中很多词本身就含有否定意义，beyond, absent, stop, bad, avoid, exclude, except, doubt, resistant, refuse, few, little, 这类词在翻译中要译出它的含有的否定意义。 Children were excluded from getting in the building.孩子不许进入这幢楼房。I have fallen behi
68、nd with my correspondence.我有一些信件没有及时答复。Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep.他衣服也不脱往床铺上横着一躺，很快就睡着了。Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers.卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去，还不就是为了这个缘故，因为你知道，他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。翻译练习在翻
69、译下列句子时请使用正反译法。在翻译下列句子时请使用正反译法。1 1、The world today is far from peaceful.The world today is far from peaceful.2 2、Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite other new masters.other new masters.3 3、Mr. White has refr
70、ained from making any official comment on the Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country.coup in that country.4 4、Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?5 5、His arrival three days in advance is bey
71、ond our expectation.His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.6 6、The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.deserted him.7 7、The window refuses to open.The window refuses to open.
72、窗户打不开。窗户打不开。8 8、The explanation is pretty thin.The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释站不住脚。这个解释站不住脚。9 9、Such a chance denied me.Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这个机会。我没有得到这个机会。1010、He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他他7575岁了，可是并不显老。岁了，可是并不显老。（4）转性译法：在翻译中，
73、将原文中的某一词类转换为译文的另一词类，如在英译汉中，将英语的名词译成汉语的动词，英语的形容词译成汉语的副词等等，这种翻译方法就叫做转性译法（conversion）。英汉两种语言中词类不尽相同，各词类的使用频率、使用方式也不尽相同，因此，原来英语中属于某种词类的词，在译成汉语时可以转为或必须专为另一种不同的词类。在英译汉时有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则不能机械地把原文词类“对号入座”，否则会使译文佶屈聱牙，甚至逻辑混乱。One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploi
74、tation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人相继表示要打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放全世界被压迫的人民。His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。The overthrow of the Caetano dictatorship has demonstrated again the futility of the colonial wars.卡埃塔独裁统治被推翻，再一次证明进行殖民战争是
75、枉费心机。翻译练习在翻译下列句子时请注意词性或语态的转变。在翻译下列句子时请注意词性或语态的转变。1 1、We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.2 2、No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a num
76、ber of people of the old generation back 36 years ago.a number of people of the old generation back 36 years ago.3 3、Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.Arctic Ocean, mak
77、ing careful observation on the way.4 4、Independent observers have commented favorably on the Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.achievements you have made in this direction.5 5、Traditionally, there had always been good relations between
78、 Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.them. 6 6、他因为迟到而向老师、他因为迟到而向老师道歉道歉。 7 7、从这篇文章中你能得出什么、从这篇文章中你能得出什么结论结论。 8 8、If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range o
79、f thesuggest another airport within the range of theaircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing. aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing. 9 9、It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
80、pf a good fortune must be in want of a wife.in possession pf a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 10 10Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.Arab common market.（5）分句与合句英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合，连接
81、词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的分句合句转换，以确保译文通顺流畅 a、分句法The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy. 捷报传来，举国欢腾。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the peopl
82、e I met.(拆开定语从句) 我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句)只要她眼睛里含情脉脉，举止里透漏着娇柔，思想里洋溢着善良和希望，这就够了。After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admires backstage as
83、he always does.(拆开状语从句)他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。 音乐会结束了以后，他提出要像往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。 b. 合句法既有分句，就有合句，这是英汉两种语言在词汇，语法以及修辞方面的差异造成的。相比较而言，在英译汉时，分句法比合句法更为常见。但有时候也会见到把英语的两个单句，复合句和并列句压缩糅合在一起翻译的情况。这样处理比较符合汉语语言的洗练简洁的特点，从而避免译文的拖泥带水和罗嗦的缺点。His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.他的
84、目光傲慢冷酷，呆滞无光，淡漠无情。The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends may be delightful, but it will tend to keep us wide awake. 很晚的引人入胜的电视节目，激烈的棋赛或跟朋友热烈的聊天，往往会使人过于兴奋，久久不能入睡。(主从复合句的合译)练习运用分句与合句的翻译技巧翻译下列句子： 1 In the doorway lay at least
85、 twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.2 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?3 Alchemists made resultless efforts to transform one metal into another.4 The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation.5 She was not ugly; she had
86、 simply a plain dull, gentle, countenance.6 6 The book is so lovely that I was simply taken away.The book is so lovely that I was simply taken away.7 7 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adve
87、nture over the love of ease.timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.8 8 In her face were two sharply blended the delicate features In her face were two sharply blended the delicate features of her mother, a coast aristocrat of French descent, and the of her mother, a coast aris
88、tocrat of French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father.heavy ones of her florid Irish father.9 9 There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite use, deviation from which majorit
89、y of words in ordinary polite use, deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.1010 Three rains had passed, and it was that lean season when Three rains had passed, and it was that lean season when the villages store of grain and other dried foods from the the villages store of grain and other dried foods from the last harvest was almost gone.last harvest was almost gone.
