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1、AmericanSpaceandChinesePlaceArchitecturemirrorsthematerialandaestheticstandardsofasociety.Classicalarchitectureisnoexception.2010-11-241nAmericanshaveasenseofspace,notofplace.GotoanAmericanhomeinexurbia,andalmostthefirstthingyoudoisdrifttowardthepicturewindow.Howcuriousthatthefirstcomplimentyoupayyo
2、urhostinsidehishouseistosayhowlovelyitisoutsidehishouse!Heispleasedthatyoushouldadmirehisvistas.Thedistanthorizonisnotmerelyalineseparatingearthformsky,itisasymbolofthefuture.TheAmericanisnotrootedinhisplace,howeverlovely:hiseyesaredrawnbytheexpandingspacetoapointonthehorizon,whichishisfuture.2010-1
3、1-242n美国人有很强的空间感，但地域感较弱。如果美国人有很强的空间感，但地域感较弱。如果你去住在郊外的美国人的家里做客，你要做的你去住在郊外的美国人的家里做客，你要做的第一件事几乎总是不由自主地走到窗前。说起第一件事几乎总是不由自主地走到窗前。说起来真是奇怪，你在主人屋内首先称赞他屋外景来真是奇怪，你在主人屋内首先称赞他屋外景色多么美。主人很高兴你会欣赏他户外的远景。色多么美。主人很高兴你会欣赏他户外的远景。那遥远的地平线不再只是天地的分界线，更是那遥远的地平线不再只是天地的分界线，更是未来的象征。美国人不会扎根在某地，不论那未来的象征。美国人不会扎根在某地，不论那儿多么舒适：他们的目光越
4、过广袤的天地，落儿多么舒适：他们的目光越过广袤的天地，落在地平线上的一点，那儿是他们的未来。在地平线上的一点，那儿是他们的未来。2010-11-243TheCastlesthedistanthorizonisnotmerelyalineseparatingearthfromsky,itisasymboloffuture.2010-11-244Thevistas:远景2010-11-245His eyes were drawn by the expanding space A large expanse of open ground2010-11-246AvastexpanseofnSheloo
5、kedovertheexpanseofland.q她注视着这片广袤的土地。n白雪皑皑qanexpanseofwhitesnown下了一场大雪，田野上白茫茫一片。qAftertheheavysnow,thefieldswereavastexpanseofwhiteness.n一片苍茫的海天景色qavastexpanseofseaandskyn万里长空qthevastexpanseoftheskyn平畴千里qavastexpanseofcultivatedlandn在广漠的沙滩上qonthebareexpanseofthebeachn浩瀚的沙漠qavastexpanseofdesertn一泓秋水q
6、anexpanseoflimpidwaterinautumn2010-11-247Thegateofacastle2010-11-2482010-11-2492010-11-24102010-11-2411四合院-Siheyuan2010-11-2412ResidencewithQuadrangleCourtyards2010-11-24132010-11-2414PrivateGardensnPrivategardensbuiltbythewealthywerecompactanddelicate,particularlythoseinthesoutherncitiesofSuzhou,Ha
7、ngzhou,WuxiandYangzhou.Theseofferasmanyviewsaspossiblewithinalimitedspace.Therethetouristcanseegrotesquerockeryformations,lotus-coveredpondscrossedbyelegantbridges,gracefulminiaturepagodasandrichly-decoratedpavilions.2010-11-24152010-11-2416n见山亭（采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。）2010-11-2417Spiritwall照壁2010-11-2418nHuma
8、ninistic GeographyProf. Yi-Fu Tuan, 段义孚教授段义孚教授Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of ScienceFellow of the British AcademyFellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences2010-11-2419Ethnocentrism种族中心主义；种族优越感n：,nsntrzmn.nItmeanstheemotionalattitudeorbeliefthatonesownethni
9、cgroup,nationorcultureissuperiortoallothers.2010-11-2420Quadrangle四合院nafour-sidedenclosureespeciallywhenitissurroundedbybuildings.Itusuallycontainsmainentranceandbackdoor,southroom,principalroom,east-wingrooms,west-wingrooms,severalsiderooms,roomsforfamilydependantsanddoormansroom.2010-11-24212010-1
10、1-2422n人文地理学领域中，站在人的主观立场上深入论述人类的空间与地方感知经验的一个重要代表是段义孚n地方代表了安全,是经由经验建构的意义中心,它可以是家邻里城市,也可以是区域或国家.它是一种感觉(perception)的反映，是一组普遍流行却不可证实的事物。不是物质文明的特征，而是人类对物质文明的感觉。n空间代表了自由n我们总是习惯抓住其中的一个而又向往另一个2010-11-2423n美国人在阅读经过翻译的中文诗歌时可能会觉得很吃惊，甚至会对这种频繁出现的乡愁别情感到厌烦。要理解这种感情之深刻，就必须了解中国人对安居乐业和着地生根的渴望，因为人们经历了太多的战争灾难，流离失所，还有水灾旱
11、灾等自然灾害。强制搬迁让中国人意识到了因此带来的损失，而大部分美国人搬家都出于自愿，对他们来说，对过去的怀念之情仅限于对一去不复返的童年时代的向往”。2010-11-2424Newwords&Expressionsnexurbian.thegeneralizedregionofexurbs都市周围郊都市周围郊外住宅区外住宅区nexurbn,.aregionorsettlementthatliesoutsideacityandusuallybeyonditssuburbsandthatoftenisinhabitedchieflybywell-to-dofamiliesnOrigin:qex+s
12、uburbqFirstKnownUse:19552010-11-2425Vista远景nadistantviewthroughoralonganavenueoropening:prospectqagorgeousvistaofthemountainsfromthefrontwindownalargenumberofthingsthatmaybepossibleinthefutureqComputershaveopenedup(whole)newvistasforscientificresearch.nSynonyms:command,lookout,outlook,panorama,persp
13、ective,prospect,view2010-11-2426enclose用（墙、篱笆等）把用（墙、篱笆等）把围起来围起来enclosurenenclosure:anareathatissurroundedbyawall,fence,etc.:anenclosedspace封闭式空间qDuring the day the horses are kept in an enclosure.qa garden enclosureqAquadrangleisafour-sidedenclosureespeciallywhenitissurroundedbybuildings.2010-11-242
14、7Keywords&usefulexpressionsnMiniature:somethingsmallofitskind小型的、缩微模型；微型复制品nAmbiance：afeelingormoodassociatedwithaparticularplace,person,orthing:atmosphere环境；格调；气氛nTerrestrial：/trstrijl/relatingtooroccurringontheearthterrestriallifeforms地球的，陆地的nWanderlust:verystrongorirresistibleimpulsetotravel漫游癖;旅
15、行癖nAlien:strange,foreign,notcompatible陌生的，外国的、格格不入的nPecuniary:financial金钱的,金钱上的nNostalgia:pleasureandsadnessthatiscausedbyrememberingsomethingfromthepastandwishingthatyoucouldexperienceitagainqAwaveofnostalgiasweptovermewhenIsawmychildhoodhome.qHewasfilledwithnostalgiaforhiscollegedaysqnostalgic, no
16、stalgically2010-11-2428nbe taken aback 大吃一惊大吃一惊nput off:turnoff,feelintensedislikeordistaste;takeawaytheenthusiasmof让人反感，失去热情qHespentthefirstpartofthearticletalkingabouthandednessinmusicinsteadofsport,whichIhavetosayalmostputmeofffromreadingfurther.2010-11-2429Sentiment情操情趣ntender, romantic, or nost
17、algic feeling or emotionqItsnotabeautifulwatch,butIwearitforsentimentbecauseitismyfathers.qAdmiration, patriotism and loyalty are sentiments. emotion，feeling，passion，affection，sentiment这些名词的共同含义是“感情”或“情感”之意。emotion普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。feeling普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。passion指极强
18、烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。affection指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。sentiment一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。2010-11-2430sentimentalitynn.多感情,多愁善感,感伤癖nextravagant or affected feeling or emotion,the quality of state of being sentimental especially too excess or in affectationnSynonym:maudlin,soupiness,sloppinessnSentimental,mau
19、dlin,soupy,sloppy2010-11-2431lamentna cry of sorrow and griefn悲叹,悔恨,恸哭,挽歌,悼词nv.grieve(for),mourn,wail(for)nShortpleasure,longlament.n【谚】痛快一时，痛苦一世。na.lamentablenSynonym:aching,agonized,anguished,bemoaning,bewailing,bitter,deploring,doleful,grieving,heartbroken,mournful,lugubrious,plaintive,plangent,r
20、egretful,rueful,sorrowful,sorry,wailing,weeping,woeful2010-11-2432promptnV.give an incentive for actionqHis curiosity prompted him to ask questions.qmotivate，drive，promptq这些动词均含“促使，驱使”之意。motivate强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。drive侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。prompt与motivate近义，强调起因。2010-11-2433Exile使背井离乡1. voluntarily abs
21、ent from home or country 放逐放逐 synonym: expatriate2. expelled from home or country by authority 流放流放nexile，expeln这两个动词均有“驱逐出境，放逐”之意。exile指政府强迫某一公民离开祖国或流放到某地，但不一定含耻辱意味。expel含义广，可指驱逐出境或取消某一资格，含耻辱意味。2010-11-2434voluntary, intentional, deliberate, willingnmeandoneorbroughtaboutofonesownwill.n nvoluntary
22、voluntary impliesfreedomandspontaneityofchoiceoractionwithoutexternalcompulsion.intentional intentional stressesanawarenessofanendtobeachieved.n ndeliberatedeliberateimpliesfullconsciousnessofthenatureofonesactanditsconsequences.n nwillingwillingimpliesareadinessandeagernesstoaccedetooranticipatethe
23、wishesofanother.2010-11-2435nTosummonorsignaltypicallywithawaveornod.nToappealinviting,attractqFromthetimehewasachild,thewildernesstohim.qThenaturepreservebird-watchers,whovisitfromaroundtheworld.qWhenmythoughtsbeckonmytiredbodyhomewardIwillresistthetemptationtodepart.2010-11-2436道德经TAOTECHINGbyLAOT
24、ZUn第八十章n小国寡民。使有什伯之器而不用，使民重死而不远徙。虽有舟舆，无所乘之；虽有甲兵，无所陈之。使民复结绳而用之。n甘其食，美其服，安其居，乐其俗。邻国相望，鸡犬之声相闻。民至老死，不相往来。nn“Thoughtheremaybeanothercountryintheneighborhoodsoclosethattheyarewithinsightofeachotherandthecrowingofcocksandbarkingofdogsinoneplacecanbeheardintheother,yetthereisnotrafficbetweenthem;andthroughth
25、eirlivesthetwopeopleshavenothingtodowitheachother.2010-11-2437NostalgiaArecurrentthemeinChinesepoetry乡愁中国诗歌中经久不衰的主题nrecurrent:returningorhappeningtimeaftertimenSynonyms:continual,on-and-off,periodic,periodical,intermittent,recurringqNearlyeveryonehasdayswhentheyfeelsleepy.Butforsomepeople,excessives
26、leepinessactuallygetsinthewayofdailywork,childcare,andevenleisureactivities.Thisisknownashypersomnia,recurrentsleepinessthatmakespeoplewanttonaprepeatedly,evenatwork.2010-11-2438NostalgiaArecurrentthemeinChinesepoetry2010-11-2439乡愁余光中小时侯小时侯 乡愁是一枚小小的邮票乡愁是一枚小小的邮票 我在这头我在这头 母亲在那头母亲在那头 长大后长大后 乡愁是一张窄窄的船票乡
27、愁是一张窄窄的船票 我在这头我在这头 新娘在那头新娘在那头后来啊后来啊 乡愁是一放矮矮的坟墓乡愁是一放矮矮的坟墓我在外头我在外头 母亲在里头母亲在里头 而现在而现在 乡愁是一弯浅浅的海峡乡愁是一弯浅浅的海峡 我在这头我在这头 大陆在那头大陆在那头 2010-11-242010-11-244040静夜思李白床前明月光，床前明月光，疑是地上霜。疑是地上霜。举头望明月，举头望明月，低头思故乡。低头思故乡。2010-11-242010-11-244141回乡偶书贺知章少小离家老大回，少小离家老大回，乡音无改鬓毛衰。乡音无改鬓毛衰。儿童相见不相识，儿童相见不相识，笑问客从何处来笑问客从何处来 。2010
28、-11-242010-11-244242天净沙秋思马致远枯藤老树昏鸦，枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯 2010-11-242010-11-244343Autumn ThoughtsDry vine, old tree, crows at dusk.Low bridge, stream running, cottages,Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,The sun westeringAnd one with breaking heart at the skys edge.(
29、 tr. Cytril Birch )2010-11-242010-11-244444AutumnCrows hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine the day is about done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind mo
30、aning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home.(tr.翁显良)2010-11-242010-11-244545AutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlethomes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamand
31、roams.(tr.赵甄陶)2010-11-242010-11-244646AmericanSpacevs.ChinesePlaceAmerican spacehopeRootlessnessAresultofidealsweadmireSocialmobility&optimismaboutfutureChinese placeachievement&stabilityRootednessLocation in space and position in societyTo be tied to placeTo be bound to ones station in lifeWith lit
32、tle hope of betterment2010-11-242010-11-244747Understandingmeaningwhatisthewritertryingtosay?nHowdoesthewriterseeadifferencebetween“space”and“place”?nHowdohousesrevealaboutAmericanandChinesevaluesandculture?nHowhashistoryinfluencedthewayAmericansandChineselive?WhateventsshapedtheChinesedesiretobe“ro
33、oted”inoneplace?nWhatnegativeaspectsdoesTuanseeintheChinesesenseofplace?2010-11-2448Evaluatingstrategy:Howdoesthewritersayit?nTuanspendsmostofhisessaydescribingChinaratherthantheU.S.Doesthismakesense?Shouldacomparisonandcontrastessayalwaysdevoteequalspacetobothsubjects?Whyorwhynot?nTuanusesoneitemto
34、focushiscomparison.Isthisaneffectivedevice?Whyorwhynot?nWhatimpactdoesthefinalparagraphhave?2010-11-2449Appreciatinglanguage:Whatwordsdoesthewriteruse?nTuanusestheword“rootlessness.”Doesthisseemlikesomethingnegativetomanypeople?Doesbeing“rootless”suggestalackofvalues?nTuanusestheGerman-derivedword“w
35、anderlust”inanarticleaboutAmericanandChina.Doesthismakesense?2010-11-2450WritingntwogeneralformatsforcompareandcontrastpapersqTheblock,divided,orwhole-to-wholeformatqThealternating,integrated,orpoint-bypointformat2010-11-2451nTheblock,divided,orwhole-to-wholeformatevaluatesSubjectAinitsentiretyandth
36、enSubjectBinitsentirety.Thisformatcanresultintwoseparatepapers,joinedbyanawkwardtransition.Followthetipsbelowtodevelopaseamlessandunifiedpaperusingtheblockformat2010-11-2452nThealternating,integrated,orpoint-bypointcomparisonexploresonepointofsimilarityordifferenceabouteachsubject,followedbyasecondp
37、oint,andsoon.2010-11-2453SampleBlockFormatOutline:I.Introduction/thesisII.PoetsUseofLineA.WhitmanB.GinsbergIII.VoiceofFirstPersonSpeakerA.WhitmanB.GinsbergVisionofAmericaI.WhitmanII.GinsbergA.Discussion/analysisB.ConclusionSampleIntegratedFormatOutline:I.Introduction/thesisII.Whitmans“SongofMyself”A
38、.UseofLineB.VoiceofFirstPersonSpeakerC.VisionofAmericaIII.Ginsbergs“Howl”A.UseofLineB.VoiceofFirstPersonSpeakerI.VisionofAmericaIV.Discussion/analysisA.Conclusion2010-11-2454Transitional Markers to Indicate Comparison and ContrastnoftenplacedatornearthebeginningofasentenceorparagraphnWordstoindicate
39、comparison:incomparison,similarly,likewise,inthesameway,parallelto,correlate,identically,akinto,consistentwith,also,too,analogousto,correspondinglynWordstoindicatecontrast:incontrast,however,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,although,counterto,onthecontrary,conversely,ratherthan,inoppositionto,oppositeof2
40、010-11-2455WritingsuggestionsnIfyouarefamiliarwithadifferentcultureordifferentpartofthecountry,useasinglepointofreferencetoshowdifference.YoumightcompareBeijingandShanghaicabdrivers,NorthernandSouthernrestaurantsornCollaborativewriting:Discussthedifferencesbetweenhighschoolandcollegewithagroupofstudents,thenselectasinglepointanddevelopashortcomparisonparagraph.2010-11-2456
