《计算机专业英语第1章.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《计算机专业英语第1章.ppt（24页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、计算机专业英语第第1 章章 Introduction 本章要点本章要点 l What is the Computer and the Internet?l Words and Expressionsl How To Do：Improving Your Current Systeml How To Work：A Serverl Grammar Focus：名词、代词、形容词及副词l Text in Chinese：计算机和因特网l Reading Selection : Processorl 构词法（）l Practical Writing: 怎样写名片 What is the Computer
2、 and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet? The fast development of computers has brought Information Technology into our lives. Today nearly everybody can easily use a micro-computer together with the Internet for work and entertainment. Among the four types of computerssupercomputers,
3、 mainframe computers, mini-computers and micro-computersthe most widely used and the fastest-growing type is the micro-computers, and the other three types are solely professional computers used in large organizations. Micro-computers include desktop computers (See Figure 1-1), notebook computers (S
4、ee Figure 1-2), and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) (See Figure 1-3). PDAs are also known as palmtop computers or handheld computers.What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet? Figure1-1Figure1-2Figure1-3What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer a
5、nd the Internet? A micro-computer system involves a variety of devices called hardware essentials. * Micro-computer hardware includes the system unit(See Figure 1-4)holding the microprocessor, the memory, the expansion slots and expansion cards etc., input devices(See Figure 1-5Figure 1-7)including
6、the keyboard, the mouse, and the scanner etc., output devices(See Figure 1-8Figure 1-10) including the monitor, the printer, the speakers etc., and secondary storage devices(See Figure1-11Figure 1-13) including the hard disk, the floppy disk, and the optical disk etc. What is the Computer and the In
7、ternet?What is the Computer and the Internet? Figure1-4Figure1-5Figure1-6Figure1-7What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet? Figure1-8Figure1-9Figure1-10What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet? Figure1-11 Figure1-12 Figure1-13What
8、 is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet? The system unit is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up the computer system. Inside the system unit, the major part is the system board (See Figure 1-14) that holds the microprocessor (mainly C
9、PU), Memory (Random Access Memory & Read Only Memory), and expansion slots with expansion cards. Other components include disk drivesthe hard disk drive, the floppy disk drive and the optical disk drivesand power supply. Outside the system unit there is the floppy disk drive unit, the optical drive
10、unit (See Figure 1-15), USB ports, microphone ports etc.What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?*Inputandoutputdevicestranslatedataandprogramsbetweenlanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstandandthatthecomputercanrecognizeandprocess.Secondarystoragedevicesaredesignedtoholdda
11、taandprogramsevenafterthepowertothecomputersystemisturnedoff.Theimportantkindsofsecondarymediaarefloppy,hard,andopticaldisks.OpticaldisksarecommonlyknownasCDs(CompactDiscs)andDVDs(DigitalVersatile/VideoDiscs).Figure1-16Usingcablesandsatellites,electronicnetworksestablishcommunicationsamongcomputerst
12、hroughouttheworld.TheInternetisaworldwidenetworkforcountlessconnectedcomputerstoshareinformationandmakecommunications.(SeeFigure1-16)*TheWorldWideWeborWWWisanInternetservicethatprovidesaneasy-to-usemultimediainterfacetoconnecttotheInternetandtoaccessnumerousresourcesavailableontheInternet.Userswitht
13、heircomputersloggedontotheInternetcanshareinformationwithothers,sendE-mail,useinstantmessagetochatwithfriends,conductcommercialtransactions,etc.Withamodem,anInternetconnectionandabrowser,yourPCisreadyforyoutosurftheInternetandsendE-mail. What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and
14、 the Internet? Notes:1“Micro-computerhardwareincludesthesystemunitandtheopticaldisketc.”本句中由破折号引导的4个现在分词短语分别作：thesystemunit,inputdevices,outputdevices,secondarystoragedevices的同位语，对其补充说明。2“Inputandoutputdevicestranslatedataandprogramsbetweenlanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstandandthatthecomputercanrecogni
15、zeandprocess.”本句中两个由that引导的定语从句共同修饰languages.意为：人能够理解的语言和计算机能够识别和处理的语言。3“TheWorldWideWeborWWWisanInternetservicethatprovidesaneasy-to-usemultimediainterfacetoconnecttotheInternetandtoaccessnumerousresourcesavailableontheInternet.”本句中由that引导的定语从句修饰anInternetservice，在该定语从句中toconnecttotheInternet和toacc
16、essnumerousresources两个动词不定式短语同作interface的后置定语，availableontheInternet又作resources的后置定语。意为：环球网（万维网）属于因特网的一种服务系统，它提供了使用简便的多媒体界面来连接因特网和存取因特网上的大量资源。What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?GrammarFocus：名词、代词、形容词及副词名词：可以分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称。普通名词是一类人或东西，是一个抽
17、象概念的名词。代词：形容词和副词都有级的变化。用来代替名词、数词、短语或从句的词叫代词。按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词和不定代词等。形容词及副词：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、介词短语或其他副词。形容词和副词都有级的变化。同等比较句型：1）肯定句式：“A+谓语+as+adj./adv.原级+as+B”表示A与B一样。2）否定句式：“A+谓语+notas(so)+adj./adv.原级+as+B”表示A与B不同，或A不如B。比较级常用句型：1）“A+谓语+adj./adv.比较级+than+B”表示A比
18、B更2）“whichis+adj./adv.比较级,AorB?”表示两者之间选择。3）“adj./adv.比较级+and+adj./adv.比较级”表示越来越4）“the+比较级the+比较级”表示越越 What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?最高级常用句型：1）“adj./adv.最高级+of（in）+比较范围”表示“在（范围）中，最”2）“oneofthe+adj.最高级+名词复数”表示“其中之一”。3）“thisis/wasthe+adj.最高级+单数名词或不可数名词+that
19、定语从句”表示“这是最”倍数表示法：Ais+基数词+times+as+adj.+asB.Yourhouseistwiceaslargeashis.Ais+基数词+times+比较级+thanBYourhouseisthreetimeslargerthanhis.Ais+基数词+timesthesize(length)ofBYourhouseisonethirdtheheightofhis. What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?TextinChinese：计算机和因特网计算机的飞速
20、发展已将我们的生活带入信息技术时代。今天，几乎每个人都能很容易地使用计算机和因特网来工作和娱乐。在4种类型的计算机巨型计算机、主机计算机、小型计算机和微型计算机中，微机是最广泛使用和发展最快的计算机类型，其他3种计算机只作为专业计算机应用与大型组织或机构中。微型计算机包括台式、笔记本便携式和个人数字助手。个人数字助手又称为掌上微机。微机系统装备的各种设备称为硬件。微机硬件包括：系统装置包括微处理器、内存储器、扩充卡槽等，输入设备包括键盘、鼠标、扫描仪等，输出设备包括监视器、打印机、音箱等，二级存储设备包括硬盘、软盘、光盘等。系统装置容纳着多数构成微机系统的电子元件。系统装置内部最主要部分是主板
21、。主板上有微处理器、内存储器（随机存储器和只读存储器）和扩展卡槽。其他部件包括磁盘驱动器（硬盘驱动器、软盘驱动器）和光盘驱动器，以及电力供应设备。 What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?系统装置外部有软盘驱动装置、光盘驱动装置、系统装置外部有软盘驱动装置、光盘驱动装置、USB 端口、麦克风、耳机端口、麦克风、耳机端口等。端口等。输入和输出设备是人机间语言翻译的中介，将人类语言翻译为计算机识别和输入和输出设备是人机间语言翻译的中介，将人类语言翻译为计算机识别和处理的语言输入，再将计算
22、机语言翻译为人能理解的语言输出。处理的语言输入，再将计算机语言翻译为人能理解的语言输出。二级存储设备用于存储数据和程序，即使计算机断电数据也不会失去。重要二级存储设备用于存储数据和程序，即使计算机断电数据也不会失去。重要的二级存储器包括：软盘、硬盘、光盘。光盘即的二级存储器包括：软盘、硬盘、光盘。光盘即CD和和DVD，使用激光技术，使用激光技术，在二级存储设备中拥有最大的存储容量。在二级存储设备中拥有最大的存储容量。数据。计算机系统中，数据指以电子信号形式存入文档的数据，例如，电子数据。计算机系统中，数据指以电子信号形式存入文档的数据，例如，电子文本，电子表格，电子幻灯片等。文本，电子表格，电
23、子幻灯片等。网络和因特网。电子网络使用电缆和卫星在全球范围建立计算机之间的通信。网络和因特网。电子网络使用电缆和卫星在全球范围建立计算机之间的通信。因特网是遍及世界的网络，为世界上无数计算机提供网络连接、共享信息和因特网是遍及世界的网络，为世界上无数计算机提供网络连接、共享信息和通信。万维网是因特网的一个服务器，它为连网的计算机提供简便的多媒体通信。万维网是因特网的一个服务器，它为连网的计算机提供简便的多媒体界面，让计算机能够读取因特网上大量的资源。将计算机连接到因特网的用界面，让计算机能够读取因特网上大量的资源。将计算机连接到因特网的用户可与他人共享信息，发送电子邮件，与朋友聊天，网上买卖交
24、易等。只要户可与他人共享信息，发送电子邮件，与朋友聊天，网上买卖交易等。只要你的个人微机安装了调制解调器、浏览器并连接了因特网就可以在网上冲浪你的个人微机安装了调制解调器、浏览器并连接了因特网就可以在网上冲浪了。了。 What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?ReadingSelection:ProcessorAprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.Everyprocessorcomeswit
25、hauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessorsinstructionset.Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.Ifanoperandreferstodatainthecomputersmemory,itiscalledanaddress.Theprocessorsjobistoretrieveinstruct
26、ionsandoperandsfrommemoryandtoperformeachoperation.Havingdonethat,itsignalsthememorytosendittothenextinstruction.Thisstep-by-stepoperationisrepeatedoverandoveragainatawesomespeed.Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessorswork.Aprocessoriscompose
27、doftwofunctionalunitsacontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunitandasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters. What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.Itmakestheconnections
28、betweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhatever
29、arithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstruction.Aregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobee
30、xecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.IntheALU,registersstoredataitemsthatareadded,subtracted,multiplied,divided,andcompared.Otherregistersstoretheresultsofarithmeticandlogicoperations.Animportantfactorthataffectsthespeedandperformanceofaprocessoristhesizeoftheregisters.Thewordlengthdescribesthesiz
31、eofanoperandregister.Iftheoperandregistersofaprocessorare16bitswide,theprocessorissaidtobea16-bitprocessor. What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?构词法（）对于一个不熟悉的单词，我们可以通过上下文来知道其意思，同时我们知道许多英语单词是由英语、古希腊语、拉丁语合成。如果知道这些词的各个组成部分，就可以通过英语单词的各组成部分的含义猜出不熟悉的英语单词了。学习英语构词法就是通过
32、研究单词构造来帮助你学习英语单词，这对扩大英语词汇量具有重大意义。一般来说，比较复杂的英语单词可由三部分组成：前缀（prefix）、词干（stem）或词根（root）、后缀（suffix）。也就是说，固定的基础词部分叫词干或词根，它是有意义的，是能存在的词的最小单位。在词干或词根前的称前缀，在词干或词根后的称后缀。例如，microcomputer一词里，micro-是词的前缀，表示“微小的”；comput是词的词干或叫词根，表示“计算”；-er是后缀，表示“者”。如果我们知道词干或词根的含义，再知道典型的前缀、后缀的意义，就不必查阅字典，也可以准确地判断该词的意义了。学习少量的构词成分能有多大
33、的作用呢？对此，人们曾经做过估计，掌握了本书中的基本构词法，就可能悟出多达14000个左右单词的意义。很显然，学会构词法是增大英语词汇量的捷径。 What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?英语构成新词主要有以下三种形式。转化（Conversion）：即由一个词类转化为另一个词类，而词的原型不变。1）动词转化为名词例如：towater（浇水）somewater（水）toexcuse（原谅）anexcuse（借口）totry（尝试）tohaveatry（试一下） todream（做梦）ad
34、ream（梦想）2）名词转化成动词例如：ahouse（房屋）tohouse（居住）amail（邮件）tomail（邮寄）abridge（桥）tobridge（度过）anurse（护士）tonurse（护理）3）形容词转化为动词例如：slow（慢慢的）toslow（减速） empty（空空的）toempty（倒空）warm（暖暖的）towarm（使暖和）dirty（脏脏的）todirty（弄脏）合成（Compounding）：即由两个（或两个以上）词合成另一个新词。合成的组成形式有时是用连字符“-”连在一起的，有时是直接连在一起的。 What is the Computer and the In
35、ternet?What is the Computer and the Internet?1）合成形容词例如：good-looking（好看的）high-level（高级的；高水平的）new-born（新生的）heartfelt（由衷的）first-rate（一流的）happy-go-lucky（无忧无虑的）2）合成名词例如：input（输入量）shorthand （速记）output（输出）handwriting （书法）3）合成动词例如：overthrow（推翻）blacklist（列入黑名单）eavesdrop（偷听）sleep-walk （梦游）派生（Derivation）：即由一个词
36、根或词干加词缀（前缀或后缀）构成新词。1）加前缀例如：happy（高兴的）unhappy（不高兴的）write（写）rewrite（重写）conductor（导体）semi-conductor（半导体）What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?2）加后缀例如：use（使用）useful（有用的）real（真的）really（真实地）work（工作）worker（工人）move（搬动）movement（运动）friend（朋友）friendship（友谊）collect（收集）colle
37、ctive（集体的）3）加前缀和后缀例如：pay（付款）repayment（偿还；报答）honest（诚实的）dishonestly（不诚实地）value（价值）invaluable（无价值的）port（港；口岸）transportation（运输工具）new（新的）renewable（可更换新的）truth（真实）untruthful（爱说谎的；不真实的） What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?DeAnOrientAlinternAtionAlStudiesCollegeZhAn
38、 YongProfessor of English 551 SichuAn RoAd shAnghAi 200066,P.R.ChinATel: 021-65781566 FAx: 021-67856800E-mAil: ZhA名片：名片是以一种简捷、明确的提供个人信息的方式。它包括个人的单位、职位、职称、地址、联系方式等。它已成为信息时代人们社会交流的一种方式。名片样张： 中澳西亚国际贸易有限公司中澳西亚国际贸易有限公司 汪汪 岭岭 经经 理理 地址：上海南京西路510号电话：021-89736510邮编：200055E-mAil: wAnglinghotmA What is the Com
39、puter and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?Accordingtothefollowinginformation,designaChineseandEnglishnamecard.IwasveryexcitedwhenIfoundyouradforatechnicalserviceengineerontheInternet.IhavebeenworkingintheShangTongElectricalCompanyforeightyears.IholdaCertifiedElectricalEngineerCertificate.IwouldappreciateitifIcouldgetaninterview.Willyoupleasecallmeat010-8769541orwritetoRoom208,FriendshipBuilding,DengxikouRoad.Beijing,P.R.China100055.Y.Thankyou. What is the Computer and the Internet?What is the Computer and the Internet?
