《医学英语课件：hematology Chapter》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《医学英语课件：hematology Chapter（64页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 7 Blood and Immunity温州医科大学附属二医消化内科温州医科大学附属二医消化内科陈陈 浩浩12014年医学专业英语考试题型(仅供参考，今年可能有变化)l英译中10个英语单词2分=20分l中译英10个中文单词2分=20分l单选题10个2分=20分l英译中4句英语句子5分=20分l段落中译英1段中文20分2Inthispassageyouwilllearn:Compositionofbloodplasmaandfunctionsofthe3typesofbloodcellInformationonimmunityAssociatedmedicaltermsAbbre
2、viationsusedinbloodstudies3Bloodiscomposedofcells,orformedelements,suspendedinaclear,straw-coloredfluidcalledplasma.Cells:ErythrocytesLeukocytesPlateletsorthrombocytes(clottingcells)General Information490%ofplasmaiswater.Theremaining10%containsnutrients,electrolytes(dissolvedsalts),gases,albumin(apr
3、otein),clottingfactors,antibodies,wastes,enzymes,andhormones.General Information5General Information6Oxygenfromthelungsandnutrientsfromthedigestivetractareabsorbedintobloodfortransporttothetissues.Carbon dioxideandotherwasteproductsofcellularmetabolismareabsorbedfromthetissuesfortransporttotheorgans
4、ofelimination.Thebloodalsotransportshormonesfromendocrineglandstotheirtargetorgans.General Information7Majorfunctions:TocarryO2fromthelungstothetissues,andtocarryCO2fromthetissuestothelungs.O2isboundtohemoglobin,whichconsistsofaniron-containingpigmentcalledhemeandaproteinpartcalledglobin.Erythrocyte
5、s8Erythrocytesaresmall,disk-shapedcellswithnonucleus.Erythrocytesoriginateinthebonemarrow,andtheirproductionisstimulatedbyahormonecallederythropoietin,whichissecretedbythekidney.Erythrocytes9MajorFunction:Toprotectthebodyfrombacteriaandotherpotentialharmfulforeignsubstances.Leukocytesshowverypromine
6、ntnucleiwhenstained.Leukocytes105differenttypes:3typesofgranulocytes(eosinophil,basophil,andneutrophil)2typesofagranulocytes(monocyteandlymphocyte)Leukocytes11Granulocytesarecharacterizedbythepresenceofvisibleparticle(granules)intheircytoplasmandbytheirmulti-lobednuclei.Becauseoftheiroddlyshapednucl
7、ei,granulocytesaresometimescalledpolymorphonuclearleukocytes(PMN).Leukocytes12The3typesofgranulocytesarenamedforthetypesofdyetheytakeupinlaboratorytests.Leukocytes13Eosinophilstakeuparedacidicdyecalledeosin;theirmainfunctionistodetoxifyforeignproteins,especiallythosecausingallergicreactions.Leukocyt
8、es14BasophilstakeupalkalinedyesTheirmainfunctionistorelease:1.Histamines(chemicalsthatinitiateinflammation)2.Heparin(ananti-clottingchemical)Leukocytes15Neutrophilstakeupbothacidicandalkalinedyes;theyarephagocyticcells,responsibleforingestinganddestroyingbacteriaandotherforeignparticles.Leukocytes16
9、Agranulocytesarecharcaterizedbythepresenceofasinglelargenucleus.2types:monocytes&lymphocytesLeukocytes17Monocytesarephagocyticcells.Manymonocytestraveltothetissuesandbecomelargerphagocyticcellscalledmacrophages.Lymphocytesmatureinthelymphnodesandcirculateinboththebloodandlymphaticsystems.Leukocytes1
10、8Leukocytesprotectusagainstforeignsubstances.1.Engulfforeignmaterialbytheprocessofphagocytosis2.Functionaspartoftheimmunesystem.Themostnumerousleukocytesareneutrophils(polymorphs).Leukocytes1920Arecellfragmentsfromgiantmultinucleatedcellscalledmegakaryocytes.Plateletsareimportantinthepreventionofblo
11、odloss,aprocesstermedhemostasis.Platelets(Thrombocytes)21Themainfunctionofplateletsistoinitiatebloodclottingatsitesofvascularinjury,preventingbloodloss.Thefinalreactionistheconversionoffibrinogentothreadsoffibrinthattrapbloodcellsandplasmatoproducetheclot.Platelets(Thrombocytes)22Plasmaistheliquidpa
12、rtofthebloodConsistsofwater,dissolvedproteins,sugar,salts,hormones,andothersubstances.4majorplasmaproteinsAlbuminGlobulinFibrinogenProthrombinPlasma23Albuminmaintainstheproperwatercontentoftheblood.Globulincontainsantibodies.Immunoglobulinsareaspecifictypeofgammaglobulin,akindofthethreeglobulinsinpl
13、asma(alpha,beta,andgamma).Plasma24Providesthebodysspecialdefenseresponseagainstforeignorganisms.Includes:1.Lymphoidorgans(lymphnodes,spleen,andthymusgland)2.Theirproducts(lymphocytesandantibodies)3.Macrophages(phagocytes)Immunesystem25Whenbacteriaenterthebody,phagocytessuchasneutrophilsmigratetothes
14、iteofinfectionandingestthebacteria.Theyreleaseproteinsthatattractotherimmunecellsandcauselocalinflammation.Macrophagesfromlocaltissueandfromthebloodstreammovetoclearawaythedeadcellsanddebrisastheinfectionsubsides.Immunesystem262typesoflymphocytes1.Tcells(Tlymphocytes),matureinthymus glandandattackfo
15、reigncellsdirectly.2.Bcells(Blymphocytes),matureinlymphoidtissueandproduceantibodiesthatinactivateantigens.Immunesystem27SomeTcells(T8cells)arecytotoxicorkillercells;theyactdirectlyoncellsbearingantigen(tumorcellsandtissuetransplantedfromanorgandonor).OtherTcellsproducechemicalscalledlymphokines(suc
16、hasinterferonsandinterleukins)thathaveatoxiceffectuponcellsorbacteria.Immunesystem28AnotherspecificclassofTcells,calledhelper cellsorT4 cells.Theycanstimulateantibodyproduction.Othersregulatetheamountofantibodiesproduced,actingassuppressor cellsthatinhibittheactivityofBcells.Immunesystem29PassageTwo
17、DiseasesoftheBloodandImmunity30Inthispassageyouwilllearn:MajordisordersofbloodMajordisordersofimmunity,especiallyAIDSAssociatedmedicalterms31AnemiaAdecreaseintheamountofhemoglobinintheblood.Itmayresultfromtoofewredbloodcells,cellsthataretoosmall,ortoolittlehemoglobininthecells.32Keytestsindiagnosing
18、anemiaare1.MCV(meancorpuscularvolume)2.MCHC(meancorpuscularhemoglobinconcentration).Countsofreticulocytesarealsoimportant.Symptoms:fatigue,shortnessofbreath,heartpalpitation,pallor&irritability.Anemia33Themostcommontypeofanemiaisiron-deficiencyanemiacausedbyalackofiron,whichisrequiredforhemoglobinpr
19、oduction.Othertypesofanemiainclude:AplasticanemiaHemolyticanemiaPerniciousanemiaSicklecellanemiaThalassemiaAnemia34Aplasticanemiaresultsfromdestructionofthebonemarrowandaffectsallbloodcells(pancytopenia).Pancytopeniaoccursasstemcellsfailtoproduceleukocytes,platelets,anderythrocytes.Anemia35Hemolytic
20、anemiaiscausedbyreductioninredbloodcellsduetoexcessivedestruction.Oneexample:Congenitalspherocyticanemia(hereditaryspherocytosis)Anemia36Theexcessivehemolysisleadstojaundicebecauseofaccumulationofbilirubininthecirculatingbloodstream.Insomecases,hemolyticanemiaisduetoproductionofautoimmuneantibodiest
21、hatdestroytheredbloodcells.Anemia37Perniciousanemiaisakindofnutritionalanemiaresultingfromthelackofasubstance,intrinsicfactor,producedinthestomach,whichaidsintheabsorptionofvitaminB12fromtheintestine.MegaloblastsAnemia38SicklecellanemiaAhereditaryconditionwithabnormalshapeoferythrocytes&hemolysis.Sy
22、mptoms:ArthralgiasAcuteattacksofabdominalpainUlcerationoftheextremities39Sicklecellanemia40ThalassemiaAninheriteddefectintheabilitytoproducehemoglobin,usuallyappearinginMediterraneanpopulations.Itaffectstheproductionofhemoglobinandisdesignatedasoraccordingtothepartofthemoleculeaffected.41Coagulation
23、Disorders42ThrombocytopeniaThemostcommoncauseofcoagulationproblems.petechiae,ecchymosis&purpura.43Petechiae44Ecchymosis45Purpura.46DIC(disseminatedintravascularcoagulation)Widespreadclottinginthevesselsthatobstructscirculationtothetissues.47HemophiliaAhemorrhagicdiathesisoccurringin2mainforms.Itisch
24、aracterizedby1.Subcutaneous&intramuscularhemorrhages2.Bleedingfrommouth,gums,lips&tongue3.Hematuria4.Hemarthrosis48NeoplasmsLeukemiaisacancerousdiseaseofthebonemarrowwithmalignantleukocytesfillingthemarrowandbloodstream.49AcuteMyelogenous(myelocytic)Leukemia(AML)Immaturegranulocytes(myeloblasts)pred
25、ominatePlateletsanderythrocytesarediminishedbecauseofinfiltrationandreplacementofthebonemarrowbylargenumbersofmyeloblasts50AcuteLymphocyticLeukemia(ALL)Immaturelymphocytes(lymphoblasts)predominateItisseenmostofteninchildren&adolescents51ChronicMyelogenous(myelocytic)Leukemia(CML)Bothmatureandimmatur
26、egranulocytesarepresentinthemarrowandbloodstream52ChronicLymphocyticLeukemia(CLL)Abnormalnumbersofrelativelymaturelymphocytespredominateinthemarrow,lymphnodes&spleen53MultipleMyelomaAmalignanttumorofthebonemarrowAprogressivetumorofantibody-producingcells(plasmacells)OverproductionofImmunoglobulins&B
27、enceJonesprotein54LeadstoOsteolyticlesionsHypercalcemiaAnemiaRenaldamageIncreasedsusceptibilitytoinfectionMultipleMyeloma55AllergyAharmfuloverreactionbytheimmunesystemAnanaphylacticreactionCommonallergensPollenAnimaldanderDustFoods56Responses:ItchingRednessTearingoftheeyesSkinrashAsthmaSneezingUrtic
28、aria(hives)Allergy57Urticaria(hives)58ImmunodeficiencyCongenitalorAcquiredClassifiedasantibody,cellular,combineddeficiency,orphagocyticdysfunctiondisorders591.Antibodyimmunodeficiencies:Hypo-ordysgammaglobulinemiaRecurrentbacterialotitismediaSinopulmonaryinfections2.Cellularimmunodeficiencies:Recurr
29、entinfectionswithlow-gradeoropportunisticpathogensGraft-versus-hostreactionsfollowingbloodtransfusionSeverediseasefollowingimmunizationwithlivevaccineImmunodeficiency60Phagocyticdysfunctiondisordersmaybe1.Extrinsic(e.g.suppressionofthenumberofphagocytesbyimmunosuppressiveagents,ordysfunctioncausedby
30、corticosteroids)2.Intrinsic(relatedtoenzymedeficiencies)Immunodeficiency61AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)Anepidemic,transmissibleretroviraldiseaseduetoinfectionwithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)62AIDS-RelatedComplexAcomplexofsignsandsymptomsrepresentingaseverestageofHIVinfection,characterizedbychronicgeneralizedlymphadenopathyassociatedwithfever,weightloss,prolongeddiarrhea,minoropportunisticinfections,cytopenias,andT-cellabnormalitiesassociatedwithAIDS.63THANK YOU64
