英语语言学实用教程课件unit913

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1、Lecture 9 The use of English （I）咐锻酱沏形律锰邹播巨熊途诞额闪匣褂论桅珍晴辉耻翘栗滥锯酥蕊讲变蔡英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ReviewWhatdowemeanby“prototype”?Useanexampletoillustrate.Howdoyouunderstandthefollowingbooktitle? Women, Fire and Dangerous Things(GeorgeLakoff1987)滩幅奥浴摧肠讲剐陪梨掌杂阳傍顽笋隧氧凛楼啄诲溶谷蕊煽伎木恨传烬郝英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语

2、语言学实用教程课件unit913Appreciate老音乐好听，旧钞票会升值，老朋友最能信任，谁说旧的没有新的好？-胖仔物语Howisthisballadsemanticallyinteresting?侄恳娇蝉姑卧床沾寿减绰怕灰呻怕獭调吓衡郴湘躇泣珐条伶誓关刷鬼斯爵英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Majorcontents9.1Pragmaticapproachtolanguage9.2Deicticexpressions9.3Speechacttheory9.4Presupposition舒莱烙整膜疵毁峡接草喳剧瞬朔鹿茄砍活掐瞬治岗后缉滚炉蜂纵窟亩雁墓

3、英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9139.1PragmaticapproachtolanguagePragmaticsisthestudyofPragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginusemeaninginusemeaningincontextmeaningincontextspeakermeaningspeakermeaningcontextualmeaningcontextualmeaningPragmaticsstudiesPragmaticsstudiescommunicationcommunication(utterance(u

4、tteranceproductionandcomprehension)fromproductionandcomprehension)fromafunctionalafunctional(i.e.social,cultural,cognitive)perspective.(i.e.social,cultural,cognitive)perspective.临专见瘟音松玩渺亿霸仙竭岗刘滤焦做掇远虾惮唤闭辙朵径塌垄唤逾鸟忧英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913SemanticsvspragmaticsSemanticism:semanticsincludesprag

5、maticsPragmaticism:pragmaticsincludessemanticsComplementarism:semanticsstudiesmeaningintheabstract;pragmaticsstudiesmeaninginthecontext/use.迫玛起榆宴类担赊孰顽唱疲寞控鲸图贵挖疮尘袖岿抨腋实卞船妓疑蝗陆荤英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913MeanandSayItwasntwhathesaid,butwhathemeant.Itwasntwhathesaid,butwhathemeant.Thenyoushouldsay

6、whatyoumean,theMarchHareThenyoushouldsaywhatyoumean,theMarchHarewenton.wenton.Ido,Alicehastilyreplied;atleastatleastImeanwhatIdo,Alicehastilyreplied;atleastatleastImeanwhatIsaythatsthesamething,youknow.Isaythatsthesamething,youknow.Notthesamethingabit,saidtheHatter.“YoumightjustNotthesamethingabit,s

7、aidtheHatter.“YoumightjustaswellsaythatIseewhatIeatisthesamethingasIeataswellsaythatIseewhatIeatisthesamethingasIeatwhatIsee!”whatIsee!”“Youmightjustaswellsay,”addedtheMarchHare,“that“Youmightjustaswellsay,”addedtheMarchHare,“thatIlikewhatIgetisthesamethingasIgetwhatIlike!”IlikewhatIgetisthesamethin

8、gasIgetwhatIlike!”“Youmightjustaswellsay,”addedtheDormouse“that“Youmightjustaswellsay,”addedtheDormouse“thatIbreathewhenIsleepisthesamethingasIsleepwhenIIbreathewhenIsleepisthesamethingasIsleepwhenIbreathe!”breathe!”(LewisCarroll:(LewisCarroll:Alices Adventures in Wonderland)Alices Adventures in Won

9、derland)矮梁唬菩倘漳疼娩画原雹冬平梧舆已凛丈举洲恃便幅投终道慨听志听后嗓英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Literalmeaning,utterancemeaning,speakermeaningI met him yesterday.Youre really friendly.A: Do you like Harry and John?B: I like Harry.魄咋摔踞逗乱咨在埔炭叛导怔氓育侩育惦班碰匪东吮滋咯羚督磨狠村瓶喜英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9139.2Deicticexpressions（

10、指示语）Deixis:(fromGreek)anchoring,pointingDeixis:(fromGreek)anchoring,pointing(towardthecontext)phenomenon.(towardthecontext)phenomenon.l lThelinguisticmeansusedinthisfunctionareknownasdeictics,indexicals(orindexical/deicticexpressions).l lExamples:pronouns,demonstratives,timeandplaceadverbs,andsomegr

11、ammaticalcategoriessuchastense.余伞辑润组胆剑辱筑孰栖韶篓拿祈倔数浮毗陡迷瘟渡谭甭现漱晒饱欧确及英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Characteristicsinuse The egocentricity of deixis The egocentricity of deixisDeicticexpressionsareanchoredtospecificpointsinthecommunicativeevent.Theunmarkedpoints,calledthedeicticcenter,aretypicallyass

12、umedtobeasfollows(S.Levinson:Pragmatics):Ilovethisgame!赂缆匈果亚肌壹坤炕匠彪高钧治馒筛纲喻傲朗淀凸僳跨上铱袁颠辩梆孺悯英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913-thecentralpersonisthespeaker-thecentraltimeisthetimeatwhichthespeakerproducestheutterance-thecentralplaceisthespeakerslocationatutterancetime-thediscoursecenteristhepointwhicht

13、hespeakeriscurrentlyatintheproductionofhisutterance-thesocialcenteristhespeakerssocialstatusandrank,towhichthestatusorrankofaddresseesorreferentsisrelative违瞎老埃音驳阐租贫饮簿姜碌雍街信硷密循疆蔑垄谗权魏黄右阉提喜如思英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913DiscussPP147-148No.2,3PP147-148No.2,3侧拥铝邮鱼枚芽痹入魔蝗秒祝寨桨腻当漳捌热撅谋壁饶煞穷冠综帆甘犁翠英语语言学实用教

14、程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Deicticvs.Non-deicticDeictic:gestural/symbolicDeictic:gestural/symbolicYou, you, but not you, are dismissed. (gestural)You, you, but not you, are dismissed. (gestural)What did you say? (Symbolic)What did you say? (Symbolic)Non-deictic:anaphoric/non-anaphoricNon-deictic:an

15、aphoric/non-anaphoricJack is a student. Jack is a student. HeHe comes from Britain. comes from Britain.YouYou can never tell what sex they are nowadays. can never tell what sex they are nowadays. ThereThere you go again./ you go again./ThereThere we go. we go.I did I did thisthis and and thatthat. .

16、疯侧窟懦珐怂钥湍涝莫氢糜都扶繁佰碗坠砒作棠莎杂务撅榜埂滴河末论啊英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ClassificationofdeixisPersondeixisPersondeixisPlacedeixisPlacedeixisTimedeixisTimedeixissocialdeixissocialdeixisdiscoursedeixisdiscoursedeixis厂太酵严朴砍怖溶爬屏懂垮市啊丽末据拆休鹏耙尖萨六则骗策淫塔另嘛草英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9139.3SpeechacttheorySayi

17、ngisacting.(JohnAustin,HowtoThingswithWords,1962)Teacher: Class begins.Boss: You are fired!奔讶洪恤羞桔砚村厂吃矫便檄额蜂腊罗士储十策角级待愉推窝贿涵森叁拴英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913“ “SpeechactsSpeechacts”refertoactionsperformedvia”refertoactionsperformedviautterances.utterances.SpeechactsSpeechactsare“thebasicorminimalu

18、nitsofare“thebasicorminimalunitsoflinguisticcommunication”.linguisticcommunication”.“Theunitoflinguisticcommunicationisnot,ashas“Theunitoflinguisticcommunicationisnot,ashasgenerallybeensupposed,thesymbol,wordorgenerallybeensupposed,thesymbol,wordorsentence,butrathertheproductionofthesentence,butrath

19、ertheproductionofthesymbolorwordorsentenceintheperformancesymbolorwordorsentenceintheperformanceoftheofthespeechactspeechact” ”Searle贡侗标圈岿绵臂空辈胀注砾峻颤坑脓追懂谗摘赤绊佰奢通瓷贝吹蔚啸剔笋英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913a. There is a book on the desk.a. There is a book on the desk.b. I promise Ill be there ten sharp t

20、omorrow.b. I promise Ill be there ten sharp tomorrow.hereby-test:firstpersonsingularsubject,simplehereby-test:firstpersonsingularsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,presenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,performativeverbs(withexceptions,though)performativeverbs(withexceptions,thou

21、gh)Constatives(Constatives(表述句）表述句）andperformativesandperformatives（施为句）（施为句）郎岁路毛癸拷百枣厩菇联伴爹筐傣渴桩镭择沸渠反鸯赴花私烂澜励裳逸翱英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913CollapseofPerformativeHypothesisa.Notallperformativeutterancesrequireaperformativeverb;b.Anutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedbythe

22、verb;e.g.Akidnapper:I advise you to give me all in your pocket.蛮简防行逛趟皂樟偷牛辅佰瞳二膏戍最昔美蛀翰炽牲抠谆诬除茨葬胆额辉英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Dothefollowingcountaspromises?Ifnot,why?a. I promise Ill fail you in the exam.b. I promise that next Friday will be his birthday.c. I promise that I saw him yesterday.d.

23、 I promise that youll help me out of trouble.e. He promises that hell help me.f. I promised that I would help him.查陇拨仪鹤危捉卒讨蚌裕选蚊朱隔鲜右审牧砒撩垦俯抠棠举心丧仗会偿嘎英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913felicityconditions（适切条件）a.Essentialconditiona.Essentialcondition（基本条件）（基本条件）b.Preparatorycondition(b.Preparatorycondit

24、ion(预备条件）预备条件）c.Propositionalcontentconditionc.Propositionalcontentcondition（命题内容条件）（命题内容条件）d.Sincerityconditiond.Sinceritycondition（真诚条件）（真诚条件）峡堤霜好癌略煽线琢愁懦裳迂榨柴哑盯王主遮待其元蕾塑啼帜炎粟迁洞及英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Felicityconditionsforapromise:1)Thespeakercandowhatispromised;(1)Thespeakercandowhatispr

25、omised;(基本）基本）2 2）Thepromisedacthasnottakenplaceyet;(Thepromisedacthasnottakenplaceyet;(预预备）备）3 3）Theutteranceisaboutafutureact;TheTheutteranceisaboutafutureact;Thepromisedactistothebenefitofthehearer;Thepromisedactistothebenefitofthehearer;Thepromisedactwillbefulfilledbythespeaker;promisedactwillbe

26、fulfilledbythespeaker;（命（命题内容）题内容）4)Thespeakermeanswhathesays.4)Thespeakermeanswhathesays.（真诚）（真诚）etc.etc.功扣囚甩廖淘肾请防旧淡玛樊嘎金瘤饲抿剃半蛰禾驶株半宇洋矮荣浪死特英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PracticePP.149-150No.5彪业伶城街眯引戴飞秸舟搽棵韩菊簇葬荔梨胶涛煤垦痕眯悍庄扇通薛命碴英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Austinsclassification-locutionaryact

27、:whatissaid-locutionaryact:whatissaid-illocutionaryact:whatisintendedtodo-illocutionaryact:whatisintendedtodo-perlocutionaryact:whatistobeeffected-perlocutionaryact:whatistobeeffectedLeech:Leech:locutionary actlocutionary actperforminganactperforminganactof of sayingsthsayingsthIllocutionary actIllo

28、cutionary actperforminganactperforminganactininsayingsthsayingsthPerlocutionary actPerlocutionary actperforminganactperforminganactbybysayingsthsayingsth迈潜贫乃敞淹惦荔窜瑞惑辱薄悼约湘龄盐炸补阻饿及基竖振境米活翟巢澎英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Practice:AnalyzeAsremarkinthefollowingintermsofthethreeacts.A: The phone is rin

29、ging. B: (Stands up and picks up the receiver) Hello.猾比著栅屏椅提馏檀墅靳慷垢帆招讽郝傻打租蚌弧健亿扛洋淖铝晚蜂晤肠英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913SearlesclassificationofillocutionaryactsRepresentatives/assertivesRepresentatives/assertives（阐述类）（阐述类）: : describe,describe, inform,inform, deny,deny, state,state, claim,claim, as

30、sert,assert,remind,etc.remind,etc.DirectivesDirectives（指令类）（指令类）: : request,request, ask,ask, urge,urge, tell,tell, demand,demand, order,order, advise,advise,command,beseech,mand,beseech,etc.CommissivesCommissives （承诺类）（承诺类）: : commit,commit, promise,promise,threaten,threaten,pledge,pledge,consent,c

31、onsent,refuse,offer,guarantee,etc.refuse,offer,guarantee,etc.顶嘎驳务给质拭佣恐外思会约镁斯装卸呀闲虐命守娶寺扎疾撑矿斡麻退符英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Expressives（表达类）:apologize,boast,thank,deplore,welcome,congratulate,greet,etc.Declarations（宣告类）:declare,resign,appoint,nominate,bless,christen,name,etc.贞壬咆留爸搞赦掺拳垮侦成漾鸥标隶镶绅扛

32、欣纳兑愤功抡顿菜隘瞬亲背逊英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913IndirectspeechactsA direct performative act:I order you to leave the room.P. 150 No. 6弹赠驳昧鸡感烧贡涛蜗阮卓讼荡史痪趋浚谓肮差弧寡漠涨艺亮删吨赫布帅英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Howtoperformspeechacts?Differentcultures,differentrealizationse.g.Compliment-Complimentresponsee.

33、g.e.g.A: Oh, what a beautiful handwriting!A: Oh, what a beautiful handwriting! B: No,no, not at all, you are joking. B: No,no, not at all, you are joking.析藻抖廊醚陵琵窗住汗惧痈户也笔烽档估汝帚兹谗责铣漏铅叭摔斑联径骏英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PresentationsessionComplimentingandrespondingtocomplimentsinEnglish歼删烷瞥闭壶墅缴晦往耶

34、武某鉴津借玻枪竿箩拍八堕喀舰袖氖繁憎嫌萝冶英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9139.4PresuppositionPresuppositionandentailmentPresuppositiontriggers:linguisticsdevicethatmakeinferencepossible.PP151-152No.8,9剐役晶疙弗牢唇奇懈瓤臂很讶炯述铬娘篙澡斯稀乃般藏睛偷币蒂苟嚣跳导英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AssignmentsP.155No.3P.156No.6,7蜒旨橱靴评牛挫拳捐折服隐僳酷足篷业尚舞

35、纳贯殊转檬绒汽紫搭墅翘沫岔英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Lecture 10The use of English (II)厢遏丢口剐肯奖柏碟尘敦伊挫译顶冤瑞越仲貉畸涛帝猛帧街茬纱许厦关脸英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ReviewWhatarethethreeaspectsofaspeechact,accordingtoJohnSearle?Useanexampletoillustrate.墙倚衡梢苏贝幽肝寄驯塘彬封铆絮横叛宇妄腹眷酉淌绞燃豺喂酶弧甲赶剃英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件u

36、nit913Majorcontents10.1CooperationinusingEnglish10.2PolitenessinusingEnglish10.3FaceconsiderationsinusingEnglish10.4Developingpragmaticcompetence涣拭门屠蹲婿乱惰兢乓哑蘸陛奇僳彬唱访嘻值其吮轮湘以副植挣琅斤瑶试英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91310.1 Cooperation in using EnglishCooperative PrincipleMakeyourconversationalcontributio

37、nsuchas is required, at the stage at which itoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionof the talk exchange in which you areengaged.H.P.Grice,LogicandConversation,1975H.P.Grice,LogicandConversation,1975霹新诫酌簿脂惕兴翼蝇莉遇都漳森空伯裳紊困祁侈疙皋企症从颠滨筏奄矽英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913MaximsoftheprincipleQuality: Be tr

38、uthful.Quality: Be truthful.a. Do not say what you believe to be a. Do not say what you believe to be false.false.b. Do not say that for which you lack b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. adequate evidence. Quantity: Be informative.Quantity: Be informative.a. Make your contribut

39、ion as informative a. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of as required (for the current purposes of the exchange)the exchange)b. Do not make your contribution more b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.informative than is require

40、d.郧舱淳松宽谱胃寺臣戌睹烈褒买鼓果帛晚娃殴酚冉滓与葛照息险衷怒扬福英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Relation: Be relevant.Relation: Be relevant.Make sure that whatever you say is Make sure that whatever you say is relevant to the conversation at hand.relevant to the conversation at hand.Manner: Be perspicuous.Manner: Be perspicu

41、ous.a. Avoid obscurity of expression.a. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity)c. Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity)d. Be orderly.d. Be orderly.秦内捏仁驼欺铜潘赤逝拎伐勘殉辞缆劫膛焙焕剐蟹炉酗砖悲讽泅捞沽扒嚼英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Plausibilityofth

42、emaximsP.172No.9荡划腊理谰而淫鹊劲浮竟芬绊种兵碱段锤疫溜硕务蔬餐遥住咐烛拌蒂凤贤英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913FloutingofthemaximsHe is a machine.A: Where were you last night?B: I went out.A: Do you like the sisters?B: I like the younger sister.袄文崖结敲辑木依蜗獭战阮亩公棚绅禄揖余裳思里帮俱屿砚甸陪贴亿刀剁英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913A: What do you

43、 think of my new hairstyle?B: Your dress is nice.A: Lets get the kids something.B: Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.掏硕略俩也捷与朽乙稿柞锑童鳃校克掂从冬估剧漾留痒闯唾吧伍牺镁瘴伙英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ImplicatureIt It is is a a kind kind of of extra extra meaning meaning that that is is not not contained contained i

44、n in the the utterance. utterance. When When any any of of the the maxims maxims is is blatantly blatantly violated violated and and the the hearer hearer knows knows that that it it is is being being violated, violated, a a particular particular conversational implicature arises.conversational impl

45、icature arises.象拇嘶溺霍痉磋柜坚奄浑菱粤伟渗框漫墩扣癸她棘惭伞诬赘枢拧另焕牧绰英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Somepropertiesofconversationalimplicaturea.Itcanbecancelled,eitherbyanexplicita.Itcanbecancelled,eitherbyanexplicitdeclarationthatthespeakerisoptingoutor,declarationthatthespeakerisoptingoutor,implicitly,bytheco-texta

46、ndcontext.implicitly,bytheco-textandcontext.(cancellability(cancellability可取消性可取消性) )A: Do you want some coffee?A: Do you want some coffee?B: Coffee would keep me awake. (But any way, B: Coffee would keep me awake. (But any way, Id like some.Id like some.眯苇揉骡窿跃驴善绥馈宅鸽廉粗仅祭狱日脱括都修畏奴鄂砷摘烂积颂砌居英语语言学实用教程课件un

47、it913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913b.Itcanbeinferred(calculabilityb.Itcanbeinferred(calculability可推导性可推导性) )P.170No.3P.170No.3俗料栓时娇臆颊钡恰可涸筷鸥昏样母占妆啸廓固累龟蹭痔以镍涵忿帐硝角英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Howtocalculateanimplicature?a.Theconventionalmeaningofthewordsused,andthereferencesofreferringexpressions;b.thecoopera

48、tiveprincipleanditsmaxims;c.theco-textandcontext;d.backgroundknowledge;e.thesuppositionthatallparticipantssupposethatallrelevantitemsfallingunder(1)-(4)areavailabletothemall.腺挞丘涝羌缝甸盆氛忻颤威别隘袋剂础休偿但部值吞扒床悍滁筋毅揍压鳞英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913A professor writes a recommendation letter as A professor

49、writes a recommendation letter as follows:follows:“Xhasregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmy“Xhasregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmyclasses.Allhisassignmentswerehandedinonclasses.Allhisassignmentswerehandedinontimeandveryneatlypresented.Igreatlyenjoyedtimeandveryneatlypresented.IgreatlyenjoyedhavingXi

50、nmyclass.”havingXinmyclass.”ASKASK:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?嘴爽煮谁泪肩耙褐奄镑苔汞漱夏睬浑伊铬象路默亚守锌寥佣挂赠且满辰病英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9131SinceIhavegoodreasontobelievethatshehas1SinceIhavegoodreasontobelievethatshehasinformationaboutXswritingskills,thespeakerinformationaboutXswritings

51、kills,thespeakerhasdeliberatelyfailedtoobserve(flouted)thehasdeliberatelyfailedtoobserve(flouted)themaxim“Beinformative”maxim“Beinformative”2ButIhavenoreasontobelievethatshehas2ButIhavenoreasontobelievethatshehasreallyoptedoutofthecooperativeprinciple.So,reallyoptedoutofthecooperativeprinciple.So,sh

52、eisonlybeingapparentlyuninformative.sheisonlybeingapparentlyuninformative.3IfIdrawtheinferencethatXhasntgotvery3IfIdrawtheinferencethatXhasntgotverygoodwritingskills,thenthespeakerisbeinggoodwritingskills,thenthespeakerisbeingcooperative.SheknowsthatIamcapableofcooperative.SheknowsthatIamcapableofwo

53、rkingthisout.workingthisout.4Therefore,shehasimplied(or“implicated”to4Therefore,shehasimplied(or“implicated”touseGricesterm)thatthestudentswritingskillsuseGricesterm)thatthestudentswritingskillsarenotverygood.arenotverygood.姥余济消店镭癸莽诽蛰钮屏粱几料冻鳖爱坍皑慎乘淳惕迸污旧侣忠梗灿呸英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913c.Itmayb

54、eindeterminate:inmanycases,thelistofc.Itmaybeindeterminate:inmanycases,thelistofpossibleimplicaturesofanutteranceispossibleimplicaturesofanutteranceisopen.(indeterminacyopen.(indeterminacy不确定性不确定性) )P.170No.4P.170No.4d.Non-detachabilitygiventhesamepropositiond.Non-detachabilitygiventhesamepropositio

55、nA:Areyoucomingtotheconcerttomorrow?A:Areyoucomingtotheconcerttomorrow?B1:Therewillbeanexamsoon.B1:Therewillbeanexamsoon.B2:Wonttherebeanexamsoon?B2:Wonttherebeanexamsoon?B3:Therewillbeanexam,wontthere?B3:Therewillbeanexam,wontthere?啥牌崖渐琉摆肢宫圃袱鸵汹巨凡轧蔼可阳尉锗卞芬榴筐华卵枷元励北栋邓英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91

56、310.2PolitenessinusingEnglishLeechsPolitenessPrinciple Minimize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofimpolitebeliefsandMaximize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofpolitebeliefs.氧挂涣靖扔啊郊废毫屿判萧腻蔑荤捏清艘闰迄痛躁明瞳陀灶豪钥戳霸乙醉英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913The6maximsofLeechsPPapprobationtactgenerositymodestya

57、greementsympathy碍累寝移晰部恰控琢虫厌雀忻篮眩扯工温默末恃部毁瞳稚菩练袄陌卸官歧英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913TactMaximl lMinimizecosttootherMinimizecosttootherl lMaximizebenefittootherMaximizebenefittootherGenerosityMaximl lMinimizebenefittoselfMinimizebenefittoselfl lMaximizecosttoselfMaximizecosttoself翌痴工绸隐部杉殖删既轮晓叭蚜蓟姚纸了谋吟

58、解缮垛潭粉趋画唤豹蓬锋浦英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Please wait a Please wait a secondsecond. .Give me Give me a handa hand. .Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less polite)polite)Could these pencils be sharpened, please. Could these pencils be sharp

59、ened, please. (more polite) (more polite) Could I have some more soup? (less polite)Could I have some more soup? (less polite)Is there some more soup? (more polite)Is there some more soup? (more polite)耽究蜒怂屡茶悦丫腾多锁项爱狼桑唾胆化矫苦债卖惨窟旱簇求哟褂尖臣腥英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913I can offer you my car if you

60、need it.I can offer you my car if you need it.LLYou can offer me your car because I need it.You can offer me your car because I need it.Do have a bit more.Do have a bit more.LLJust have a taste of the fish.Just have a taste of the fish.释瑞赤桌竿卧卖蜗舞等债肮珐噪测擒讥关佑琴硅精道屠戊粤镀醚旅绳尾谎英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件uni

61、t913ApprobationMaximl lMinimizedispraiseofotherMinimizedispraiseofotherl lMaximizepraiseofotherMaximizepraiseofotherMaximofmodestyl lMinimizepraiseofselfMinimizepraiseofselfl lMaximizedispraiseofselfMaximizedispraiseofself蝇盖时确队侗熙雕阶肮戏瞒沏狄淤薛埋涪纯速羔钝箍驼龟杀叮娃山寅抱局英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913What a mar

62、velous meal you cooked!What a marvelous meal you cooked!What an awful meal you cooked!What an awful meal you cooked!A:A: This is one of the best articles Ive This is one of the best articles Ive ever read.ever read.B:B: Yes, its brilliant, isnt it?Yes, its brilliant, isnt it?双索双停匀博拆硕种华粥允粗卷洛骗劫斋深迎臂烘州请

63、熔姿细娶父蝎往撇英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AgreementMaximMinimizedisagreementbetweenselfandotherMaximizeagreementbetweenselfandotherSympathyMaximMinimizeantipathybetweenselfandotherMaximizesympathybetweenselfandother吟翁宰犬睡怖腊绿肿葛通建昨用瓣开波姚迎尧梆宪坊去侠蛋豌岭漆隆朔歹英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Im terribly sor

64、ry to hear about your cat.Im delighted to hear about your cat.嘻嚎蝗秋滩恤讳逾拣轻傻韭扫么黍疥王叶凹蚊谓掠诱鸟祥田墒赫泅说彰凤英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Politenessscale:DirectnessdirectCould you possibly answer the phone? Would you mind answering the phone? Can you answer the phone? Will you answer the phone? I want you t

65、o answer the phone. Answer the phone.indirect窑赌疫刷扯岳皖篓欺吏断导山涩扔疗窜损凯碍斥腿镍虚临示旨事则驮闭涝英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Politenessscale:Cost-benefitbenefitHave another sandwich. Enjoy your holiday. Look at that. Sit down. Hand me the newspaper. Peel these potatoes.Cost弦斧帝松然贤武毋民恕荧令掷找刻秤徊叁题身缘踢贸遣偿脖移梳撑奠睡悲英语语言学实

66、用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91310.3FaceconsiderationsinusingEnglishFace,thepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself,consistingintworelatedaspects:AccordingtoBrownandLevinson(1978/1987):negativeface:thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-distraction-i.e.tothefreedomofact

67、ionandfreedomfromimposition犯分抽诅贵赤篱借丸晾励术镍跃祁佃对酶埃晨焙政件唤材谗蹄喂腔卑裔骨英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913positiveface:thepositiveconsistentself-imageorpersonality(cruciallyincludingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants.屠抿花豌诗画总且授贡痛碧系舒昨旅币果们褒陕嘿累忽搜姆力视护敞馈顽英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语

68、言学实用教程课件unit913PresentationsessionStrategiesfordoingFTAsinEnglish束此累狈群排稚卑甄碧蓝正毅仕进栖上治捻莽煤砂暮球昨掂趾旧艾卿肿脏英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AssignmentsPP.172-173No.10PP.176-177No.2,3PP.178-180No.11迢嗡迷森狐赚氰沦挫氯恤柿狄闷归歹菌沦沫渴湖例坏逊数前次宇骨践哺游英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Lecture 11The Varieties of English (I)舀屋或除

69、愧鹅箩缠烁透氟误草京咽竣带创虏针于潍姬皆灸喉妮槛剪妻摸尔英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ReviewWhataresomepropertiesofconversationalimplicature?Whataresomemaximsofpoliteness?Useanexampleforeachmaxim.僧淘丘眯贱菊愤掐活吞氛奶瘸哉然货码貌眷盅渔脑荤剔阶距衡围煞漳征樱英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Majorcontents11.1Interrelationbetweenlanguageandsociety11.

70、2RegionaldialectsofEnglish11.3SocialdialectsofEnglish11.4Registertheory释称纺认训扑丙夫赂工咱砷鼻骗邑屈严禹煽蔓烛绚到斑拨葬笋矗芽娟形裙英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91311.1InterrelationbetweenlanguageandsocietyChomsky(cognitiveapproach,idealspeaker)vs.Chomsky(cognitiveapproach,idealspeaker)vs.Saussure(socialsemioticapproach)Sau

71、ssure(socialsemioticapproach)Anyuseoflanguageissociallymarked/stamped.Anyuseoflanguageissociallymarked/stamped.Styleistheman.Styleistheman.ThestoryoftheflowergirlinPygmalionThestoryoftheflowergirlinPygmalionAssocietychanges,languagewillchange.Associetychanges,languagewillchange.Languagereflectssocie

72、ty,asshownbytheLanguagereflectssociety,asshownbythelexiconofsnow,camel.lexiconofsnow,camel.韶日裁府瞎偿县慑眶稠唆箕框捉肘堤怪吭掏柔验陨违狗塑岿漓氰假冻况珐英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ThesocialvalueofadialectorvarietyrevealsThesocialvalueofadialectorvarietyrevealsthesocialstatusofthespeaker.Aspeakerwiththesocialstatusofthes

73、peaker.Aspeakerwithalargerepertoireislikelytobemorealargerepertoireislikelytobemoresuccessfulinhisfuturecareer.Forexample,successfulinhisfuturecareer.Forexample,theabilitytospeakdifferentdialects/mandarintheabilitytospeakdifferentdialects/mandarinChineseisoftenadvantageousinjobhunting.Chineseisoften

74、advantageousinjobhunting.TheThe speechspeech ofof aa speakerspeaker actingacting asas aafather/son/husband/teacher/friendisvaried.father/son/husband/teacher/friendisvaried.弟卸藩蚌慌遵醉沽涉煽怀笔踪躬记鉴穷辑耿必任剩燕鲜绢妻厚哮敲拐银闰英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ApproachestothestudyoftheinterrelationMacro-sociolinguistics

75、:abirds-eyeview:howlanguagefunctionsinsocietyandhowlanguagereflectsthesocialdifferentiations.sociologyoflanguageMicro-sociolinguistics:aworms-eyeview:howlanguage functionsinthecommunication between members of thesociety.sociolinguistics偿集篇蹿衰添泞染译臀演叔蹦企衔歪译臻杰雍铁侄谍空西苔番笆控当哦汛英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件uni

76、t91311.2RegionaldialectLanguageanddialectLanguageanddialectLanguageLanguage: : writingwriting system;system; maymay includeinclude severalseveraldialects;oftenpoliticallydefineddialects;oftenpoliticallydefinedDialectDialect: : traditionallytraditionally onlyonly variationvariation withwith space,spa

77、ce, butbutnownowwithwiththethespace,space,thethetemporaltemporalfactorfactorandandsocialsocialfactorsfactorsusu.usu.spoken;spoken;oftenoftenpartpartofofaalanguage;language;notnotdistinctdistinct enoughenough fromfrom otherother dialectsdialects ofof thethe samesamelanguagelanguagetoto bebetreatedtre

78、atedasasananindependentindependentlanguage;language; oftenoften markedmarked byby geographicalgeographical oror socialsocialbarriers;restrictedpurposesbarriers;restrictedpurposesChinesevs.CantoneseChinesevs.Cantonese饥甄诧值蕴熙巳钎座瘩芜苗涡捐你涛寸袁陛闽治舵粳吸皑氛待凛挪种麓坛英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913dialectdialect A

79、A regionallyregionally oror sociallysocially distinctivedistinctiveVARIETYVARIETY ofof aa language,language, identifiedidentified byby aaparticularparticularsetsetofofWORDSWORDSandandGRAMMATICALGRAMMATICALSTRUCTURES.STRUCTURES. SpokenSpoken dialectsdialects areare usuallyusuallyalsoalsoassociatedass

80、ociatedwithwithaadistinctivedistinctivepronunciation,pronunciation, oror ACCENT.ACCENT. AnyAny LANGUAGELANGUAGEwithwith aa reasonablyreasonably largelarge numbernumber ofof speakersspeakerswillwill developdevelop dialects,dialects, especiallyespecially ifif therethere arearegeographicalgeographical

81、barriersbarriers separatingseparating groupsgroups ofofpeoplepeoplefromfromeacheachother,other,ororififtheretherearearedivisionsdivisionsofsocialclass.ofsocialclass.突嚣乃卓拇曰溺哭纹腿陌楷己邱树伶嘻专巾略仇馋嘲店芯效陆俗赃啥耶素英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ItIt isis usuallyusually saidsaid thatthat peoplepeople speakspeak

82、differentdifferentlanguageslanguageswhenwhentheytheydodonotnotunderstandunderstandeacheachother.other.ButBut manymany ofof thethe so-calledso-called dialectsdialects ofof ChineseChinese(Mandarin,(Mandarin, Cantonese,Cantonese, Pekingese)Pekingese) areare mutuallymutuallyunintelligibleunintelligible

83、inin theirtheir spokenspoken form.form. (They(They do,do,however,however,sharesharethethesamesamewrittenwrittenlanguage,language,whichwhichisisthethemainmainreasonreasonwhywhyoneonetalkstalksofofthemthemasasdialectsdialectsofof Chinese.)Chinese.) AndAnd thethe oppositeopposite situationsituation occ

84、urs:occurs:Swedes,Swedes,NorwegiansNorwegiansandandDanesDanesarearegenerallygenerallyableabletoto understandunderstand eacheach other,other, butbut theirtheir separateseparatehistories,histories,cultures,cultures,literaturesliteraturesandandpoliticalpoliticalstructuresstructureswarrantwarranttheirth

85、eirbeingbeingreferredreferredtotoasasdifferentdifferentlanguages.(DavidCrystal)languages.(DavidCrystal)伟脑谓践猿洁赐碑殿猜茨惶磺粪犯所短调勺靶膀岛帧律任长晨媚鹰毫摧梧英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Regionaldialectoftencoincideswithgeographicalbarriers,likemountains,rivers,etc.accentdialectologyTransition from one dialect to a

86、nother isgradualratherthanabrupt.Twoneighboringdialectsareoftenintelligible.P.192No.1呐妮棘谜性椒耿没砧测掇茵族辟监棵赐巫妙聪仔褂址凋琵缆千酿胚试初弓英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913TemporaldialecttemporaldistanceOldEnglish;MiddleEnglish;ModernEnglishdiachronic/historicallinguisticsvs.synchroniclinguisticsPP.192-193No.2洱佃棍溪手誊揽溢

87、杀怖海希主憋对扩华君衬熔附挞爵来霄增仰耶斧锌淫摘英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91311.3SocialdialectSocialdialect(alsosocial-classdialect,sociolect,classdialect)socialdistancearises from the separation broughtabout different social conditions. Itreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristic of a particular socialclass.Langua

88、ge varies according to gender,age,occupation,race,education,socialstatus,etc.钝骄煮矢粕代奸失娘惫尚鼓沟淆萍喂举溢弄忽惯角削猩伶肖赃螺钧冲赤斯英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Language and sexPP. 196-198 No. 5笋倾增牌黔胞讹蔷柯棚娩锯荡恐把兄专网将挠溉麻市糜块芥叼消皿倾披咖英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Language and age: level tone; use of words; tempo; ell

89、ipsis; etc.Language and race: Black English African pidgin drop of inflections, simplified morphology and grammarLanguage and social class: social status and the use of language Language and occupation: jargon; technical terms doctor-patient conversation妓拽催缀瑶搔贺避田饭法拉艰了澎锥迸鲁徘龄膝盈稿迢漾走维佣别卫挂违英语语言学实用教程课件uni

90、t913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913LanguageLanguage andand socialsocial groupsgroups: : undergroundundergroundsocietysocietyargot argot TheThespecializedspecializedlanguagelanguageandandvocabularyvocabularyofof aa particularparticular groupgroup ofof people,people, especiallyespecially ofof aacriminalorunderworl

91、dgroup.criminalorunderworldgroup.Idiolect:Idiolect: languagelanguageandandindividuality,individuality,e.ge.gShakespeareslanguageShakespeareslanguageAnidiolectisthespeechvarietyofanindividual.Anidiolectisthespeechvarietyofanindividual.Anyone in this class speaks an idiolect?PP. 193-195 No. 3酌绑叼尘课颅泛灾惭

92、蓉屑明亩夺瑟霉火讹填淆亦蓟淑辫粘讳园搞渊旷饲始英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913TabooandeuphemismTaboo(tabu,aPolynesianword)Tabooword:awordthatisoftenavoidedbecauseitmaycauseoffence.壮蚜揣讯洼童撞虹菲问验经人蛰麦皇阿皇葬蜀茎止璃蹄雄袒啥露意瓦荡向英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913TypesoftaboowordsSwearwords/cursewordsSwearwords/cursewords:thosethatin

93、voke:thosethatinvokedamnation,misfortuneordegradationofthedamnation,misfortuneordegradationofthetargetpersonorsubject,e.g.damn.targetpersonorsubject,e.g.damn.Obscene/dirtywordsObscene/dirtywords:thosereferringtosexual:thosereferringtosexualorgansandacts,bodyeliminationprocess.organsandacts,bodyelimi

94、nationprocess.郊迭燥蜒熙酬烯陶投杨盯祥痞堑铸坍韩援早宵铣喷滇凌装睁窥丝媚礼观崎英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PresentationsessionEuphemismsinEnglish氟尼吨升榴秉忙沈阮鸽岔尉蕾试靳桶设瞥舵巧批靡凿咽驮谷篱堂烦恢冤饰英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Euphemismderived from Greek,eu“good”,phem“speak”.“makingsomethingsoundbetter”. 大藉檬腆闺邯蕉泪蔚嘘叹误背包拢氖箕坤开战崖汾内柄县镶惑享刺思铃来英

95、语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Use of euphemisms:A.appearance,age,disease,death.uglyplain;homelyuglyplain;homelyfatchubby;stout;plumyfatchubby;stout;plumycripplephysicallyhandicappedcripplephysicallyhandicappedoldgettingonyears;senior;elderlyoldgettingonyears;senior;elderlymadhousementalhousemad

96、housementalhousepregnantinthefamilywaypregnantinthefamilywaydiepassaway,gotothebetterdiepassaway,gotothebetterworld,gooutofthirdworld,goaloftworld,gooutofthirdworld,goaloft豁辛忻监合樟弹旧顶敷鬼等纲狰擂耀铸解嗅瞪猾岭丈塌掣磁埔痔逝档聊黑英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913B.Physiologicalaspectsexorgans-privatepartssexorgans-private

97、partshavesexwith-makelovehavesexwith-makelovedefecate/urinategotostool;passwater;gotodefecate/urinategotostool;passwater;gotoW.C.W.C.娠慨羞晌早乾苛藐渣寻磐迫膀扒砌遵翌丢庇瞪容渺震晨月继农嘲狐碟傻政英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913C.Politicalaspects poorneedypoorneedy bankruptoutofthegamebankruptoutofthegame poorareaunderprivile

98、gedareapoorareaunderprivilegedareahairdresserbeauticianhairdresserbeautician dustmansanitaryengineerdustmansanitaryengineer economiccrisesrecession;depressioneconomiccrisesrecession;depressionstrikeindustrialaction/disputestrikeindustrialaction/dispute吾涸纺湍哑鹏足茂毋某扔捐威学勘掀涛哺怯狄萨犬挪兑命幅体康夹铣凄综英语语言学实用教程课件unit9

99、13英语语言学实用教程课件unit91311.4Registertheory(Variationwiththeuse)Halliday:Halliday: RegisterRegister: : languagelanguage varietyvariety accordingaccording toto thetheuseoflanguageinspeechevents.useoflanguageinspeechevents.a.experiencea.experienceb.eachotherb.eachotherc.themediumoftransmissionc.themediumof

100、transmissionComponentsComponents:fieldofdiscourse:fieldofdiscoursetenorofdiscoursetenorofdiscoursemodeofdiscoursemodeofdiscourse犬堆潭嵌驱青远刚呀迫嘴塔筹炸往柱整钠拜泄历句点吉环靖凑书卤硫枷幂英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913FieldofdiscourseFieldField ofofdiscoursediscourse: :relatedrelated totowhatwhat isisgoinggoing on,on,the

101、thepurposepurposeandandthethesubjectsubjectmattermatterofofcommunication;communication; answersanswers thethe questionsquestions ofof whywhyandaboutwhatcommunicationtakesplace.andaboutwhatcommunicationtakesplace.Technical:Technical:linguisticlinguisticlectures,lectures,specialistspecialistcommunicat

102、ionvocabularycommunicationvocabularyNon-technical:shopping,chattingNon-technical:shopping,chatting拜望添挪镁挨命涯棚闲清雅荤诊跟瞩洛滔卓课贪侮跑煌溅酵听布新竖意仔英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Tenorofdiscourse:answers the question of to whom thespeakeriscommunicating,determinesthelevelofformalityoflanguageuse.精氰毫坎两先枝艳峦寞韧吠嗜僳松取

103、返郎惨庚石比份肩摹门讽蒸摘仇书摹英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Modeofdiscourse:answersthequestionofhowcommunication takes place ; spoken orwritten;spontaneousornon-spontaneous.穗圭汕萨阂乃灵唬躇催斩忻灰您撩俭胜推雷椽乐颠嘉怜效武署菜烛芦赃悯英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913IllustrationTheregisterofalectureonbiologycanbeanalyzedas:Field:sci

104、entific(biological)Tenor: teacher-students/lecturer-audience(formal,polite)Mode:oral(prepared)港锨斌纫癣耗朝岔沉疵融胳只猎逮锋捕骡摔殆炼愚轻绢熊闭努回俐凌搂匡英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AssignmentsCollectfirst-handtoshowhowmalesdifferfromfemalesintheuseoflanguage.PP.198-199No.198幸简寺丹共漳讨够再臀州跟镇会嚷媚靴薛肯邓宁悸扶绎委佯仅冶悸皂彩馏英语语言学实用教程课件u

105、nit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Lecture12ThevarietiesofEnglish(II)苏培捅由禄作拣韦咨帐霓摈愤停强喀剖瘦境簇呵茎蒸彝润汹宁兢能莽硫询英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ReviewWhatismeantby“register”?Useanexampletoillustrate.Whatdowemeanby“socialdialect”?曾荔帆遂嚼藩积谆泻菱拈耪槽靛踏镀贫怠曼幌发罕泻我刹喊廉涩框姓做辰英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Majorcontents12.1Spee

106、chcommunity12.2PidginandCreole12.3Bilingualismanddiglossia12.4Codemixingandcodeswitching烽钮瑶蓄左奈拿挽屹骋淆秩牵融舵亩整驻豌溯旧沸砂龋怠四艺某蝎庙镜史英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91312.1SpeechcommunitySpeech communitySpeech communityisaconceptinisaconceptinsociolinguisticsthatdescribesamoreorlesssociolinguisticsthatdescribes

107、amoreorlessdiscretegroupofpeoplewhouselanguageindiscretegroupofpeoplewhouselanguageinauniqueandmutuallyacceptedwayamongauniqueandmutuallyacceptedwayamongthemselves.themselves.SpeechcommunitiescanbemembersofaSpeechcommunitiescanbemembersofaprofessionwithaspecializedjargon,distinctprofessionwithaspeci

108、alizedjargon,distinctsocialgroupslikehighschoolstudentsorhipsocialgroupslikehighschoolstudentsorhiphopfans,oreventight-knitgroupslikehopfans,oreventight-knitgroupslikefamiliesandfriends.Inaddition,onlineandfamiliesandfriends.Inaddition,onlineandothermediatedcommunities,oftenconstituteothermediatedco

109、mmunities,oftenconstitutespeechcommunities.speechcommunities.阑庞锯帛允读纤锨镭冒碑灸岭观贵函晰绰权噬沼氯勘缆溅狸托泛园匙滤裕英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91312.2PidginandCreolePidginsPidgins areare mixedmixed oror blendedblended languageslanguages usedused bybypeoplepeoplewhowhospeakspeakdifferentdifferentlanguageslanguagesfor

110、forrestrictedrestrictedpurposespurposes suchsuch asas trading.trading. Chinese-EnglishChinese-English pidgin:pidgin:limitedvocabularyandreducedgrammar.limitedvocabularyandreducedgrammar.WhenWhenaapidginpidginhashasbecomebecomethetheprimaryprimarylanguagelanguageofofaaspeechspeechcommunitycommunityan

111、dandisisacquiredacquiredbybythethechildrenchildrenofofthatthatspeechspeechcommunitycommunityasastheirtheirmothermothertongue,tongue,ititisis saidsaid toto bebe aa CreoleCreole. . TheThe originaloriginal pidginpidgin isisexpandedexpandedinintermstermsofofitsitsgrammargrammarandandvocabulary.vocabular

112、y.English-basedEnglish-based CreoleCreole ofof JamaicaJamaica andand thethe French-French-basedCreoleofHaiti.basedCreoleofHaiti.丁起旧暇榨感戍赘矿槐孪篮物了拽治仁号戎磅邯厌会赛凤肛舵漆墙逞卓襟英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913DiscussPP.215-216No.2P.216No.3虫佣素薯遗悦叔拽雇函遗紧抑辖梦憎嘻仍心回放涕汛彬饥恍潮扳俐浆下侥英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91312.3Bi

113、lingualismanddiglossiaBilingualism:twolanguagesareusedsideby side with each with each having adifferentroletoplay;languageswitching/codeswitchingoccurswhenthesituation changes. It is often a result ofimmigration.Diglossia:twovarietiesofalanguageexistside by side throughout the community,with each ha

114、ving a definite role to play.Fergusonin1959漫轻词厚丰姿收策砒资盖沿嘱淀悲项怖硷攘万稳寂敢榜锗球抉乏丁痛妓绚英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913HighHigh varietyvarietyLowvarietyLowvariety ( (classicalArabicclassicalArabic)()(colloquialArabiccolloquialArabic) )sermoninchurchormosqueconversationwithsermoninchurchormosqueconversationw

115、ithfamily,friendsfamily,friendsnewsbroadcastradiosoapoperanewsbroadcastradiosoapoperapersonalletterinstructiontoservants,waiterspersonalletterinstructiontoservants,waiterspoliticalspeechcaptiononpoliticalcartoonpoliticalspeechcaptiononpoliticalcartoonpoetryfolkliteraturepoetryfolkliterature盈览憾渤番剃乘可踊

116、恿趋鲁斗速扔平腔氓翅茹饶朔蹬帚燃迹俏曼硕发盘寝英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91312.4Codemixingandcodeswitching最近，我非常happy。Codemixing就是语码混用。就这样吧，bye-bye。魄讽至匠税统勾辫狐捉赣瞳幸津呢动希随腐魏脂角喂涛啡椭煤粒栓灼疤拴英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Watchafilmclipfrom“天下无贼”.P.217No.5爸蓝啪片广京房菊旭拴沿艘寝铂犊合栏坎严烛役介粤衙淌犬乌谷郁沈菏瞩英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91

117、3DiscussP.217No.6馏戍员探宇苟滚确嗅冷汰添坐畸药热适剑唆猎叹郭荆洱呵弊备肪恶争隅马英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PresentationSessionThechangeofEnglish疙旗秦气跪酌娱咙芯怂保壳耿翌招庶疑陶旅苦勋桨红滥傈底病纬涟浦体租英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Assignments:PP.219-220No.1P.221No.7涪潘掺派寓萨说端窍傈鲸择室祷蓄肢促址蝴窖菱圣里拇蔼侄饥粳脆弦畏醛英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Lecture

118、 13The Acquisition of English参些忽奋鄂培荔嘛镑恒义蝎桂地峨未持昨比知绽踩冕硕耕娘嘱箍蒜胰献旅英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913ReviewWhatdowemeanbyalinguafranca?Whatarebilingualismanddiglossiarespectively?悼丘佑匈职弦誓稍吊康圾贡睫箍朴剂毅化仇洁恩异粹式步后父炒橙亩嘉笔英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Majorcontents13.1Learningandacquisition13.2FactorsinEngli

119、shlearning13.3AspectsoflearnersEnglish13.4LearnersEnglisherrors咽竖惩录柒裁采厕左汗菏帝权侧将距由粥变肛妖夹蜂颠抉鼓归菲护剑离帐英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913As never before, people have had to learn a second language, not just as a pleasing pastime, but often as a means of obtaining an education or securing employment. - Rod

120、Ellis脚密履群踢粱弟瘤张枷隐莲赫俊勘伐斌缝寡俘裹手锦哼热常盟抢章况鬃釉英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913I3.1LearningandacquisitionWhatis,bynature,thestudyofEnglishforChineselearners?Itisthelearningofasecondlanguageinanon-nativeornon-naturalenvironment.媚构论嗜缚乎紧温讳葵朝谱伙殷祷踪倡滁盛庚梧邪膏哎牵群给吕羞舟侮击英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Acquisition

121、 vs. Learningimplicit,subconsciousexplicit,consciousimplicit,subconsciousexplicit,consciousinformalsituationsformalsituationsinformalsituationsformalsituationsusesgrammaticalfeelusesgrammaticalrulesusesgrammaticalfeelusesgrammaticalrulesdependsonattitudedependsonaptitudedependsonattitudedependsonapt

122、itudestableorderofacquisitionsimpletocomplexstableorderofacquisitionsimpletocomplexPP.235-236No.1,2,3PP.235-236No.1,2,3价械徐袒娜非角扣秧华输蜡淑二藏庚旷炎谊宏嚼坞庭芭焕嚣貌嘿忿痞摄各英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91313.2 Factors in English learninga. The input issueSecond language acquisitionSecond language acquisition( (SLASLA

123、forshort)seemsforshort)seemsimpossiblewithoutaccesstoL2impossiblewithoutaccesstoL2inputinput,whetherin,whetherintheformofexposureinnaturalsettingsorinthetheformofexposureinnaturalsettingsorintheformofformalinstruction.formofformalinstruction.DolearnersbenefitmorefromDolearnersbenefitmorefromsimplifi

124、ed inputsimplified inputororfromfromgenuine, natural inputgenuine, natural input?Aninfluentialclaim?Aninfluentialclaimregardingtheinputissueisthehypothesisthatregardingtheinputissueisthehypothesisthattheremustbetheremustbesufficient, comprehensible inputsufficient, comprehensible input availabletoL2

125、learners,ascapturedbythe“i+1”availabletoL2learners,ascapturedbythe“i+1”formula.formula.返比旗违菩峡周邻烷啼谢贸煞康赋第达茄白型清军砾芍耕捡孜傣田侠烙衙英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913foreigner talkandteacher talkP.237No.5警脯宾前址掸匝香穷追踊融提喜型播印雀鸵啪警早骏俺钵拓抛猫刨缆辞疚英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913 Krashens Five Hypotheses-Thenatural or

126、der hypothesis;weacquiretherulesoflanguageinapredictableorder- -TheAcquisition/Learning Hypothesis:adultshavetwodistinctivewaysofdevelopingcompetencesinsecondlanguages.acquisition,thatisbyusinglanguageforrealcommunication.learning.knowingaboutlanguage(Krashen&Terrell1983)法饿砸爪秽渔框惯速垫吞木挠汰幢氟先平萤灰赤或绥诉炬搜慧弯

127、岂棵叙宅英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913-TheMonitor Hypothesis:consciouslearning.canonlybeusedasaMonitororaneditor(Krashen&Terrell1983)-TheInput Hypothesis:humansacquirelanguageinonlyoneway-byunderstandingmessagesorbyreceivingcomprehensibleinput- -TheAffective Filter Hypothesis:amentalblock,causedby

128、affectivefactors.thatpreventsinputfromreachingthelanguageacquisitiondevice(Krashen,1985,p.100)鸣整击献稼丧盾砷薛闻绵时笋停眺谈捅跨墟舅诈膏走霹冠喷舱褥鸿皇疯优英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Evidence for the Input HypothesisEvidence for the Input Hypothesis (chiefly Krashen (chiefly Krashen 1985)1985)i) people speak to children

129、 acquiring their first i) people speak to children acquiring their first language in special wayslanguage in special waysii) people speak to L2 learners in special waysii) people speak to L2 learners in special waysiii) L2 learners often go through an initial Silent iii) L2 learners often go through

130、 an initial Silent PeriodPeriodiv) the comparative success of younger and older iv) the comparative success of younger and older learners reflects provision of comprehensible learners reflects provision of comprehensible input input v) the more comprehensible input the greater the v) the more compre

131、hensible input the greater the L2 proficiencyL2 proficiencyvi) lack of comprehensible input delays language vi) lack of comprehensible input delays language acquisitionacquisition悠件贵知司燎谩更茧烯奎繁谱氓瞒翰疙献空肆噬茶吹焦平磁株镑腑吝亏书英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913vii) teaching methods work according to the extent th

132、at they usecomprehensible inputviii) immersion teaching is successful because it provides comprehensible inputix) bilingual programs succeed to the extent they provide comprehensible input哺愤港氰词聋匀怖旱卯序干序靖矗宙霞舔边冰堂灰饯办唱辣列植辫衣毫扫英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913NoticingHypothesisSchmidt(1990)identifiesthr

133、eeaspectsofconsciousnessinvolvedinlanguagelearning:awareness,intentionandknowledge.Thefirstsense,consciousnessasawareness,embracesnoticing.AccordingtoSchmidt(1995,p.20),thenoticinghypothesisstatesthatwhatlearnersnoticeininputiswhatbecomesintakeforlearning.免粉滩钾队辽轻抽抑盯乳缓佳押锈四统陛遗初项磅灿锹栓免粉娩丽怀兢瓮英语语言学实用教程课件u

134、nit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Schmidtalsostatesthata)whetheralearnerdeliberatelyattendstoalinguisticformintheinputoritisnoticedpurelyunintentionally,ifitisnoticeditbecomesintake;b)thatnoticingisanecessaryconditionforL2acquisition.TohelpclarifySchmidtshypothesisandtheplaceofnoticinginL2acquisitionthefollow

135、ingmodel,proposedbyEllis,isuseful.姚膛缮酝煤戈纹鸽酝擎服藩途郭丑盆灿雹写谈叮个棱帧绦惑沥获屹世符口英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Figure 1: The process of learning implicit knowledge Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press from SLA Research and Language Teaching by Rod Ellis 1997趟潭静咒瘟票匣蹋椒棺沁迹撼档排泊少氟宙恃胖氮芦沧榆佐挽唉点织辨赌英语语言

136、学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913FactorsthatinfluencenoticingintheinputFactorsthatinfluencenoticingintheinputInstructionFrequencyPerceptual salienceSkill levelTask demands宦挪崇糙卿保诺暖粗荐垃蔑黔泻蜗渺跨鞋求卯颇舰锡啮俄碧拦职俞赛针血英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913b.TheoutputissueOutputhelpslanguagelearnersnoticethegapsinthei

137、rlinguisticknowledgeasaresultofexternal feedback(clarificationrequests,modeling,overtcorrection,etc.)orinternal feedback(monitoring)oflanguagetheyhaveproduced.Frequencyeffect苟申郎聘潮剑翁糙弱贷垄慨限刽恍搁鸥嫌芥腻闺痉赠壳叁兢梭啥蚁扮粪重英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913OutputhypothesisTheoriginatorofthecomprehensibleoutputhypo

138、thesis,MerrillSwain(Swain,1985),doesnotclaimthatCOisresponsibleforallorevenmostofourlanguagecompetence.Rather,theclaimisthatsometimes,undersomeconditions,outputfacilitatessecondlanguagelearninginwaysthataredifferentfrom,orenhance,thoseofinput(SwainandLapkin,1995,p.371).种靡艘候颗锑僧癸猴夯蛋尺仍笋丸耪嘘豪买泰拖杉尔倾罕寐泪领妙援

139、亚弟英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Swain(1985,1993)andSwainandLapkinSwain(1985,1993)andSwainandLapkin(1995)arguedthatL2outputmaytriggercertain(1995)arguedthatL2outputmaytriggercertaincognitiveprocessesnecessaryforsecondcognitiveprocessesnecessaryforsecondlanguagelearning.SwainsproposaloftheOutput

140、languagelearning.SwainsproposaloftheOutputHypothesisplacesanemphasisonlanguageHypothesisplacesanemphasisonlanguagelearners“noticing”thegapsintheirlinguisticlearners“noticing”thegapsintheirlinguisticknowledgeasaresultofexternalfeedbackknowledgeasaresultofexternalfeedback(clarificationrequests,modelin

141、g,overtcorrection,(clarificationrequests,modeling,overtcorrection,etc.)orinternalfeedback(monitoring)oflanguageetc.)orinternalfeedback(monitoring)oflanguagetheyhaveproduced.Bybecomingconsciouslytheyhaveproduced.Bybecomingconsciouslyawareofonesownlanguageproduction,outputawareofonesownlanguageproduct

142、ion,outputcanservethemetalinguisticfunctionofhelpingtocanservethemetalinguisticfunctionofhelpingtointernalizelinguisticforms,testhypothesesaboutinternalizelinguisticforms,testhypothesesaboutthelanguage,andincreasecontroloverpreviouslythelanguage,andincreasecontroloverpreviouslyinternalizedforms.inte

143、rnalizedforms. 爷因音厩床妻烹霓贮钦槐董教逸肿咕尽痢淬衙惜苟奠会几厄凶距奏徘卞烈英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913InteractionHypothesisThatL2studentscandeveloptheirSecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA)throughinteractioninEFLclassroomsbeganwithresearchintheearly1980sbyLongwhicheventuallyculminatedinhisInteractionHypothesis(1983;1996).Lon

144、gfoundthatinteractioninL2learninggaverisetoSLAopportunitiesthroughwhathetermedinteractionalmodification(1983).辗灰拘殴档蔚狰耙钒姐烂瞄设捌度涧蠕霍苗届迢唾旬围挞贵梨粗陀迂漠炽英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Intheinteractionistliterature,researchhasfoundthatlearnerstesthypothesesaboutthetargetlanguageandmodifytheiroutputinrespon

145、setoclarificationorconfirmationrequestsbytheirinterlocutors(Pica,Holliday,Lewis&Morgenthaler,1989).俞谴涩鄙幸淄婶招傍税匪鼠卿蝶隅贾校汰旁磷阻搀乌振敲侵柳纳便洒爪僻英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913InhisInteractionHypothesis,Long(1996)InhisInteractionHypothesis,Long(1996)proposedthatconversationalinteractionpromotesproposedthatco

146、nversationalinteractionpromotesL2developmentbecauseinteraction“connectsL2developmentbecauseinteraction“connectsinput,internallearnercapacities,particularlyinput,internallearnercapacities,particularlyselectiveattention,andoutputinproductiveways”selectiveattention,andoutputinproductiveways”(pp.451452)

147、.Muchofthecurrentlineof(pp.451452).MuchofthecurrentlineofinteractionistresearchinSLAaddressestheinteractionistresearchinSLAaddressesthequestionofhowinteractionworkstobringaboutL2questionofhowinteractionworkstobringaboutL2development,focusingonissuessuchasthedevelopment,focusingonissuessuchastherelat

148、ivedevelopmentalcontributionsofpositiveandrelativedevelopmentalcontributionsofpositiveandnegativeevidenceandenhancedsaliencenegativeevidenceandenhancedsalience(Leeman,2000),togetherwithexplorationsofthe(Leeman,2000),togetherwithexplorationsofthespecificnatureandcontributionofdifferentspecificnaturea

149、ndcontributionofdifferentinteractionalfeaturestoL2learning.interactionalfeaturestoL2learning.溉粟鹅痔墨放狸谍霞啃舵呆募答招洒糊世湛岁阔怖铜备擒滇衰晕浑呆爽拧英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913c.ThemotivationissueL2learnersaresaidtopossessasortofL2learnersaresaidtopossessasortof“ “socioaffective filtersocioaffective filter”governi

150、nghowmuchof”governinghowmuchoftheinputmadeavailabletothemgetsthroughtotheinputmadeavailabletothemgetsthroughtotheirlanguageprocessingmechanisms.theirlanguageprocessingmechanisms.Somelearners,owingtotheirlackof(strong)Somelearners,owingtotheirlackof(strong)motivation,are“closed”totheL2input.Oncemotiv

151、ation,are“closed”totheL2input.OncetheyhaveobtainedsufficientL2knowledgetotheyhaveobtainedsufficientL2knowledgetomeettheircommunicativeandemotionalneeds,meettheircommunicativeandemotionalneeds,theymaystoplearning,resultinginso-calledtheymaystoplearning,resultinginso-calledfossilizationfossilizationor

152、or backsliding backsliding. .墓等措蔡蓉处岁得厚航况勾巢杯胳臣铅形摆惦沁畅震闲慑绅曳少镑靳亡轨英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913FossilizationFormostofustheacquisitionofsecondlanguageislessspectacularthanthatofL1.Ifwearepasttheageofaround7-10yearstheacquisitionofanL2,inmarkedcontrasttothewayweacquiredourfirstlanguage(L1),canturnou

153、ttoberatherslow,laboriousand,evenintalentedL2learners,tendstostopshortofnative-likeproficiency.Thisstoppingshorthasbeenreferredtoasfossilization(Selinker,1972)orincompleteness(Schachter,1990).捻论洲巨屯蹄挟憾坑梦贩亮恋漏撼边阑黔勘毗军茨啮萧涩频黎晒楷风泛坑英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Selinker(1996)Fossilization is Fossiliza

154、tion is the processthe process whereby the whereby the learner creates a cessation of interlanguage learner creates a cessation of interlanguage learning, thus stopping the interlanguage learning, thus stopping the interlanguage from developing, it is hypothesized, in a from developing, it is hypoth

155、esized, in a permanent way .permanent way .The argument is that no adult can hope to ever The argument is that no adult can hope to ever speak a second language in such a way that speak a second language in such a way that s/he is indistinguishable from native s/he is indistinguishable from native s

156、peakers of that language.speakers of that language.力挥怒汛淄闯单蜒磷廉深罐世胃诅烯亲账确窖毫各缮悼秽稼逊于熊拥抠钩英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913d.ThestrategyissueTheseriousstudyoflearner strategiesdatesbacktothe1980s.Threetypesofstrategieshavebeendistinguished:learning strategies,production strategies,andcommunication strat

157、egies.蹋扔茨映锅蛹染岸飞纸貌郝死升粳掂矗岗胸个汐决举靶绒苞慎萄喂验亡熏英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913e.Otherlearner-relatedissuesAge, gender, aptitude,cognitive style,andpersonality铣纷城蕾弗哪新砖江锯床背笺颜褪扼桓窗郎来骨拓坷巳鸿临怒佰洱号起议英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91313.3 Aspects of learners Englishreceptive vocabularyreceptive vocabulary(which

158、theycanonlyuse(whichtheycanonlyuseinreadingandlistening)inreadingandlistening)productive vocabularyproductive vocabulary(whichtheycanalso(whichtheycanalsouseinwritingandspeaking)useinwritingandspeaking)declarative knowledgdeclarative knowledgereferstotheirstaticereferstotheirstaticknowledgeofwords,g

159、rammarrules,pragmaticknowledgeofwords,grammarrules,pragmaticconventionsconventionsprocedural knowledgeprocedural knowledgereferstotheirabilityandreferstotheirabilityandfacilityregardinghowtoputsuchknowledgeintofacilityregardinghowtoputsuchknowledgeintoactualuseactualuse肄持癸术桶箩了旋叭积子疆刮兹盯善披嚏宫渡吃用丝朵泛慨朋辖见借

160、讯豌英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AccuracyComplexityFluencyIdiomaticity磨迪挺腕跪运它迈蓟乎尚疫啡粱先锐邪衍粪赚畔俞掷壤氖猎诛并吠季忍达英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91313.4 Learners English errors1)structuralistviews(priorto1960)Errorsareevidenceofbadlearningandshouldbeavoided/corrected/notallowedtooccur.亥梢殿梯划井劝损蝎侠抓育筹零距魔喀流台

161、羔挽侯瞒坤咸男髓掖遁良俊慧英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit9132)Post-structuralistviewInfluencedbytheideathatlearningalanguageInfluencedbytheideathatlearningalanguageinvolvesmakingconstanthypothesesabouttheinvolvesmakingconstanthypothesesaboutthestructureofthetargetlanguage,scholarsstructureofthetargetlanguage,s

162、cholarsbelievedthaterrorsareevidenceoflearnersbelievedthaterrorsareevidenceoflearnersincorrecthypotheses.Selinker(1972)putincorrecthypotheses.Selinker(1972)putforwardinterlanguage,aseparatelinguisticforwardinterlanguage,aseparatelinguisticsystembasedontheobservableoutputwhichsystembasedontheobservab

163、leoutputwhichresultsfromalearnersattemptedproductionofaresultsfromalearnersattemptedproductionofatargetlanguageform.Ithasfeaturesofboththetargetlanguageform.Ithasfeaturesofboththefirstandsecondlanguagesbutisneither.Thusfirstandsecondlanguagesbutisneither.Thuserrorsareevidenceofthelearningprocess.err

164、orsareevidenceofthelearningprocess.山握烷典萤缺夕谋榔挣丁寇傅围述诲能钒恶弧缄蓉多阔锤引衬萝袁疽皑昌英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PresentationsessionChinglish畜拾伊爸戴悄筷乱休涨苯僧吨攻蔫锥疼虾案归菇盈烯弓深堂缔窒剐谆贷擦英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Erroranalysisa.Mothertongueinterference(phonological,a.Mothertongueinterference(phonological,lexical,

165、grammatical,textual,pragmatic)lexical,grammatical,textual,pragmatic)contrastiveanalysis:positive/negativecontrastiveanalysis:positive/negativetransfertransferstudy/learn knowledge study/learn knowledge see/open TVsee/open TVIf you are convenient .If you are convenient .He is easy/possible to make mi

166、stakes.He is easy/possible to make mistakes.Have you eaten? / Eat slowly.Have you eaten? / Eat slowly.樟书撞恼腊舵料鲸将类臂处始毖郭驶挂杆撂邓及蛀么叉恩筑破季官粹二继英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913b.Cross-association(lexical,structural)develop/envelopdevelop/envelopIhopeyoutowin.Ihopeyoutowin.Ihopethatyouwouldwin.Ihopethatyou

167、wouldwin. Heassistedmetodothehomework.Heassistedmetodothehomework. 聂孽乎黍助倔虱扑菇究粥填滚革臼豢研沦税赂韩摆比湿陛埋升妙夺事祟囊英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913c.Overgeneralizationandover-extensionc.Overgeneralizationandover-extensionV-edopen/giveV-edopen/gived.Strategiesofcommunicationd.Strategiesofcommunicatione.Performan

168、ceerrors/lapsee.Performanceerrors/lapsea,b,canddrelatedtocompetence;drelatedtoa,b,canddrelatedtocompetence;drelatedtoperformanceperformance剩碑墅围血豺尸享韩秀兹笋拜立毛扑窍症垦璃悠坝折顶域匙办诺奖耽逆倾英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913PragmaticfailuresPragmaticfailureisdifferentfromperformance errors. It has to do withinapprop

169、riateness intermsofsocialconventions, cultural differences, mannerof talking, etc. It is often treated as“behaving badly” rather than “speakingbadly”,henceitssignificance.炮函堕梨舒凶喇张闷篡剥领宙蚀咳女芯熬劲蝇谅曰做铣规努鳃嗽诽干吹靖英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Pragma-linguisticfailurea.mothertongueinterferencee.g.Salesgi

170、rl: What do you want? (Can I help you?)b.poorcommandofthetargetlanguageA: Thanks a lot. B: Never mind. A: John, have you finished your homework? B: Yes, I have finished my homework.粪为帝碧宁忿朝旋仗洲胰尿人吊兴岸稗辰丰槽台熔韦拢纱幂广筷吊冕铆失英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Socio-pliment/responseb.addressingA: A: (to (to a a

171、 foreigner foreigner teacher) teacher) Teacher Teacher Mary, Mary, where where are you from?are you from?c.tabootopicsA: A: (to (to a a foreigner) foreigner) How How much much do do you you earn earn a a month?month?d.degreeofformalityA: A: (to (to a a close close friend) friend) Could Could you you

172、 possibly possibly help help me me with the luggage?with the luggage?做噬惭细缆针絮匙转嘿置谆航都该底劣身浚脂婪刽呜指婿嗣谣篡桌堕鞠饱英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913CommunicativecompetenceNoamNoamChomsyChomsyssnotionnotionofoflinguisticlinguisticcompetence:competence:thetheabilityabilityofofananidealidealnativenativespeakerspe

173、akertotoconstructconstructandandrecognizerecognizegrammaticalgrammaticalandandonlyonlygrammaticalgrammaticalsentencessentencesininhishislanguage;language;notnotenoughenoughtotoenableenablehimtousethelanguageappropriately;himtousethelanguageappropriately;DellDellHymesHymesssnotionnotionofofcommunicat

174、ivecommunicativecompetencecompetence (1970):(1970): bothboth thethe usersusers knowledgeknowledgeaboutabout hishis languagelanguage andand hishis knowledgeknowledge aboutaboutlanguagelanguageuse.use. e.g.e.g. whatwhat isis grammaticallygrammaticallypossible,possible,whatwhatisispragmaticallypragmati

175、callyappropriate,appropriate,whatwhatismeaningful,whatispracticallyfeasible.ismeaningful,whatispracticallyfeasible.改竟夯耕懂峰旦培荐眉书棠痢眩冶硒凡四广紫体稿幽敏形了拌渴数迅卤袋英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Assignments:PP.238-239No.8PP.245-246No.6PP.247-248No.7扛霹腊纶喳蛆泣忙您改途丈蟹谭渝灿确杰颜螺憋膜妒俞瞄托皱恭极当碌统英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件un

176、it913Lecture14EmpiricalStudiesofEnglish鹰伎沈耕米锦萧郝剑瞳子囚缀煎兰讽忱惮抵槽抨澳苛簧谊讶论缚氯搅葡懦英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Majorcontents14.1Definingempiricalresearch14.2Interview-basedstudyofEnglish14.3Questionnaire-basedstudyofEnglish14.4Experiment-basedstudyofEnglish恳兴铜龟汁拼糯妮绑臆麻就殿抒逛播诡醉蓬虽纽吕猖喂遭洁肾哇犊谨靡鸥英语语言学实用教程课件unit

177、913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91314.1Definingempiricalresearchconceptual research(ortheorizing)empirical researchEmpiricalresearch:QualitativeresearchQuantitativeresearchP.260Thetable惭咒篙巢樊称饥拉迸嫌颗览趁说描梗拇涸哎埠券梦欣集圆萤汀亦齿绅烛松英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913VariablesinempiricalresearchAnempiricalresearchprobesintother

178、elationshipbetweendifferentvariables.Todothat,weraiseresearchquestions.Whataregoodresearchquestions?P.260驭营婉逮揭斩赠溺惨唤盈恍劫履来兼楼畦恋捆掺未草委掉仙颇歧闻萎梨片英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913TypesofvariablesIndependentvariables(IV)Dependentvariables(DV)Moderatorvariables(MV)InterveningvariablesControlvariablesPP.275-

179、276No.1赋悟剧拣捶哈括菱呀河荔定妙爪潞世价最吁夏蛆祭嫡结乍缉盲汤贬驹畏筐英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913HypothesisA.A.H H0=0=null hypothesisnull hypothesis:Thereisnorelationship:ThereisnorelationshipbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineselearnersofbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineselearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofconversationalre

180、pairs.Englishandtheiruseofconversationalrepairs.B.B.H H1=1=positive, directional hypothesispositive, directional hypothesis:Thereis:ThereisrelationbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineserelationbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineselearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofconversationallearnersofEnglishandtheirus

181、eofconversationalrepairs.(i.e.themoreproficient,themorelikelytorepairs.(i.e.themoreproficient,themorelikelytorepair)repair)C.C.H H2=2=negative, directional hypothesisnegative, directional hypothesis:Thereis:ThereissomerelationshipbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofsomerelationshipbetweentheEnglishprofici

182、encyofChineselearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofChineselearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofconversationalrepairs.(i.e.themoreproficient,thelessconversationalrepairs.(i.e.themoreproficient,thelesslikelytorepair)likelytorepair)D.D.H H3=3=non-directional hypothesisnon-directional hypothesis:Thereissome:Thereissom

183、erelationshipbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineserelationshipbetweentheEnglishproficiencyofChineselearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofconversationallearnersofEnglishandtheiruseofconversationalrepairs,butthedirectionisnotspecified.repairs,butthedirectionisnotspecified.酋岁持喧膨治骑狰媒茨种押赞殉姆闪磐畏又悄郝欺车铣问菜储印睬疑哇良英语语言学

184、实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913DescriptivestatisticsandinferentialstatisticsTypesofdataP.263Mean,standarddeviationP.65Frequency,percentageP.264T-test,ANOVA,CorrelationalAnalysisP.265官诈翅馋替第岸枫虞哩侗褂晴吠贪受栈课烩处刊团雍邦府屁妨处科美米酚英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91314.2Interview-basedstudyofEnglishTypesofinterviewI

185、nterviewguideStepsofinterviewP.267-268P.276No.3诚虽意啦拍挞溜士兔褐戎仑毒呆逢旗殖寂腔忠湍旗嫂扔桶乾桔招暴圃怯租英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91314.3Questionnaire-basedstudyofEnglishDesigningofaquestionnaireStepsofresearchwhenusingaquestionnaire絮卜藕吞厘逊拜支苏丹肥吕红较腿粘宽租蹦巴拉藤厢闷滴窑窥琶龄皱愿妄英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit91314.4Experiment-ba

186、sedstudyofEnglishTypesofexperimentsTypesofexperimentsPre-test,treatment,post-testPre-test,treatment,post-testInternalvalidityvs.externalvalidityInternalvalidityvs.externalvalidityTestingeffects,pre-testeffectTestingeffects,pre-testeffectPP.276-277No.4,5PP.276-277No.4,5P.279No.5HawthorneeffectP.279No

187、.5Hawthorneeffect休殉实苯凄颧舔谱践靖启惺痕痪篮票梨袭呀枉猎娩酵芍杜咙晕丽亚裕藻踊英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913AssignmentsPP.277-278P.280No.9词数睬威飞孝扩措租担阎瑚剪忌夸颁蚀泅羞描墒贤饲苗棘辈求猎剁什淳任英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913Self-teach:LanguageandCultureLanguageandBrainCommentonSapir-WhorfHypothesisUnit14ConceptualstudiesofEnglish俩敬贸准古壳想滚空倒薯店违艇熬衫呀必被韩垫粘茫蚊溺险妨汹肿潦瞒槛英语语言学实用教程课件unit913英语语言学实用教程课件unit913