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1、英语教学的跨文化途径与教学活动设计陕西师范大学张京鱼教授CultureinTeachingEnglishasaL2Culturereferstodistinctlydifferentdomainsofpeopleslives.VisiblecultureLiterature,thearts,thearchitectureandthehistory;Stylesofdress,cuisine,customs,festivalsandothertraditions;InvisiblecultureSocio-culturalnorms,world-views,beliefs,assumptions
2、,andvaluesystemsthatfindtheirwayintopracticallyallfacetsoflanguageuse.InterculturalapproachtoEnglishTeachingCommunicativecompetencetosocio-culturalcompetenceDefinitionsofculturedealwithformsofspeechacts,rhetoricalstructureoftexts,socio-culturalbehaviors,andwaysinwhichknowledgeistransmittedandobtaine
3、d.Tobecomeproficientandeffectivecommunicators,L2learnersneedtoattainL2socio-culturalcompetence.InterculturalcompetencePolitenessvsappropriatenessSocio-culturalnormsHowareyou(doing)?Howisitgoing?Whatsup?WhatareyourviewsonCrazyEnglish?CulturalDifferencesChopsticksvsforksandknivesTitlesvsprofession:?Te
4、acherZhangvsProf/Dr.ZhangShifu(Master/Teacher)vsSir/MadameHaveyoueatenyet?VsHowareyou?Names：first-lastvssurname-personalN123vs一、二、三，vstitleNoticingOpenthedoor!Openthedoor,willyou?Canyouopenthedoor,please?Wouldyouopenthedoor?Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?WhimperativesCallmesometimevscallmeonTuesday.Lets
5、gettogethersometimevsLetshavelunchonFriday.CallmeifyouhaveanyquestionsvsCallmeanytime.Doyouhaveanyquestions(itisnowtimetoaskquestions,ifyouhavethem)vsIwillbehappytoanswerallyourquestionsduringmyofficehours（pleasedonotaskmeanyquestionnowbutcometomyofficeatthedesignatedtime.CausativeConstructionsa.Sha
6、lamadehersoncleanthebike.b.Shalahadhersoncleanthebike.c.Tomgothismothertobuyhimanewbike.XmadeYdoZ.Impliestheactionwasnotperformedwillingly.Thecauseeispassiveorsubmissive.Thecauseethoughtheorshehadtodoit.XforcedYtodoZ.XhadYdoZAhierarchicalrelationbetweenXandY,Doesnotimplythatthecauseedidntwanttodoit,
7、northecauseehadtodoit.Grandmamademeeatfish.Grandmahadmereturnthefishtotheshop.XgotYdoZImpliesthatthecauseesdosomethingnotbecausetheywanttodoitbutbecausesbelsewantsthemtodoit.Theactionisnotimposedonthecauseebyvirtueofthecauserspower/authority.Thecauserrealizesthatthecauseemaynotwanttocomply,sohe/shed
8、oes(typicallysas)somethingintheexpectationthatthiswillinfluencethecauseeswillandthatasaresultthecauseewilldothedesiredresultwillingly.LinguisticFormpragmaticfunction(socio-culturalpurpose/goalofspeechacts,suchasrequests,apologies,compliments,andcomplaints)GivemeapennyvscouldyougivemeapennyvsCanyousp
9、aremeapenny?LinguisticformvsPolitenessIwanttomakeanappointmentfor3oclock.Iwouldliketomakeanappointmentfor3oclock.May/CouldImakeanappointmentfor3oclock.APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.T
10、heyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.Icanthearaword!Isaidangrily.Itsnoneofyourbusiness,theyoungmansaidrudely.Thisisaprivateconversation!Isitreallyaprivateconversat
11、ion?Is“aprivateconversation”agoodtitle?Whyorwhynot?Whoisbeingimpolite,thenarratorortheyoungman?Howwouldthestoryend?Ifyouwerethestoryteller,orthenarrator,whatwouldyoudo/say?Whatmessagecanwegetfromthestory?TheatreSchemaTheater:apublicplace,implicitrule:Quietnessisrequired.Itisnotaprivateplacelikehomew
12、hereonecanenjoymuchfreedom.Languageisambiguous:“Icanthearaword!”Unmarkedfunction:Arequestforloudness.MarkedFunction:ArequestforquietnessTheatreSchema:Politebehavior,quietnessRude/impolitebehavior:talkingloudlyWhatisthestoryabout?SummarizingskillItisaboutaverbalfightoramiscommunicationcausedbytheambi
13、guousnatureoflanguage.Whatisthecauseoftheverbalfight?Thecauseoftheverbalfightissomerudebehaviorinthetheatre.Whatistherudebehaviorinthestory?Therudebehaviorinthestoryiscontinuingloudtalkinginatheatrebyayoungcouplesittingbehindthewriter.Whatisthecauseofthemiscommunicationexpressedinthestory?Themiscomm
14、unicationstemsfromtheambiguityoflanguage.Whydoyousayso?“Icanthearaword”meansacomplaintaswellasarequest.Itexpressesconflictingcomplaints(tooloudavoicevstoolowavoice)andrequests.SpeechActTheoryIcanthearaword.SpeechactA:Arequestforaloudervoice.A:AsimpleREQUEST(PRAGMATICFUNCTION/MEANING:LOUDERPLEASE!)Co
15、mmonality:Thevoiceistoolow.Thecomplaintconcernsaboutthevolumeofthevoice.Aistheunmarked/general-casemeaning.SpeechactB:Arequestforquietness.B:ACOMPLAINTANDAREQUEST(Bequiet/Stoptalking/shutup).Thecomplaintconcernssomerude/badbehaviorinatheatre.Bisthemarked/specialcasemeaning.PolitebehaviorsinatheatreR
16、udebehavior:LoudtalkingInappropriateresponse:Narratorsresponse:anangrylookplusanangryremark:Icanthearaword.Whatisthevolumeofthisangryremark?ItcouldbeinferredthatthenarratorsvoiceisloudbecausehesaiditANGRILY.Isthisagoodbehavior?ProbablyNOT.Whoisbeingimpolite?Thedesiredresult:theywouldstoptalkingimmed
17、iately.Howcouldyouachieveit?Manydifferentways:Whatthenarratordidisonlyoneofthem.Howwouldyourespondifyouwerethenarrator?Leavethetheatrequietly.Saysomethingbacktotheyoungmanlike“ThisisaTHEATRE.PLEASEBEQUIET.“Thenarratorswayisnottobefollowed.Thebestwayis:Sh,sh.Bequiet!MakingConnections:Text-to-Self”and
18、“MakingConnections:Text-to-WorldDoyouhaveasimilarexperience?Ifyes,tellusaboutit.Pair/groupworkWriteanessayaboutasimilarexperienceyouhadorheard.(Narration)DinnerpartyFoodvssocializationTablemannersPoliteness:faceFoodandTalkLastweekatadinnerparty,thehostessaskedmetositnexttoMrs.Rumbold.Mrs.Rumboldwasa
19、large,unsmilingladyinatightblackdress.ShedidnotevenlookupwhenItookmyseatbesideher.Hereyeswerefixedonherplateandinashorttime,shewasbusyeating.Itriedtomakeconversation.Anewplayiscomingto“TheGlobe”Large:fat;overweight;obese;obesitySynonymyUnsmiling:smiling,serious-looking;grim-faced,synonymyAntonymy:Is
20、awthejoyinhersmilingface.Dressingtip:themodeofdress:tohaveagracefulandtastefulstyleAlargeladyisinatightblackdress?Doessheknowhowtodressherself?Shouldsheweartightorlooseclothes?Givesb.agooddressingdown狠狠训某人(或揍某人)一顿TableMannersShedidnotevenlookupwhenItookmyseatbesideher.Even:lookupstandupandgreettheot
21、herpersonorintroduceoneselfTake/haveaseatvsIsthisseattaken?Isanybodysittinghere?soon,Isaid.Willyoubeseeingit?No,sheanswered.Willyoubespendingyourholidaysabroadthisyear?Iasked.No,sheanswered.WillyoubestayinginEngland?Iasked.No,sheanswered.Indespair,Iaskedherwhethershewasenjoyingherdinner.Youngman,she
22、answered,ifyouatemoreandtalkedless,wewouldbothenjoyourdinner!Dinnerparty:situationTaciturn:taciturnity，silent,reticent,reservedVoluble(健谈的,口若悬河的),talkative,loquacious(多话的,唠叨的),verbose;Bothenjoyourdinner=foodDinner=foodaswellastalkLANGUAGEPOINTS1、Lastweekatadinnerparty,thehostessaskedmetositnexttoMrs
23、.Rumbold.nextto:beadjacentto与.为邻beclosetobeside，注意：havedinner不加“a”,而“atadinnerparty”中的“a”并不修饰“dinner”而是“party”2、Mrs.Rumboldwasalarge,unsmilingladyinatightblackdress.large：指体积，形容人表示个子大in（atightblackdress）：穿着.3、Hereyeswerefixedonherplateandinashorttime,shewasbusyeating.oneseyesarefixedonsth.:眼睛盯着.（=fi
24、xoneseyesonsth.）inashorttime：不一会bebusydoingsth.:忙于做.4、Anewplayiscomingto“TheGlobe”soonTheGlobe（theater）：环球剧场,位于London的Thames旁KEYSTRUCTURESANDUSAGE虚拟语气用法虚拟语气用法:对现在的情况作出假设，对现在的情况作出假设，所假设的情况和现在的事实相反所假设的情况和现在的事实相反应用方式：If引导的条件从句中用v.的过去式，如果从句中v.为be动词，则第一/三人称后用were；主句用would+v.原形=ifyouatemoreandtalkedless,w
25、ewouldbothenjoyourdinner!If引导的条件从句中用v.的过去式，表达了和事实相反的情况；主句用would+v.原形）=Ifyousawhimnowyouwouldntrecognizehim.（If引导的条件从句中用v.的过去式；主句用wouldnt(否定形态)+v.原形）=WouldhegetannoyedifItoldhimaboutit?（ifItoldhimaboutit是一种虚拟的假设，表达了和事实相反的情况）=IfIwereyou,Iwouldprobablytellhimthetruth.（If引导的条件从句中v.为be动词，则第一/三人称后用were；主句
26、用would+v.原形）=Ifitwerenotforyou,Iwouldntdothis.（If引导的条件从句中v.为be动词，第三人称it后用were；主句用would+v.原形）对过去的情况作出假设，所假设的情况和过去对过去的情况作出假设，所假设的情况和过去的事实相反的事实相反应用方式：If引导的条件从句中v.为过去完成时态，主句用would/could+v.的现在完成时态=IfIhadknownthat,Iwouldnthavesupportedhim.=Hecouldhavecomeifhiscarhadnotbrokendownontheroad.=Itwouldhavebeend
27、ifferentifyouhadhelped.Discoursestrategies:ModelA:BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,anduh,itsnotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1997,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,Isuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionunt
28、ilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.ModelB:IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.ThatsbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,anditsnotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwill
29、reactintherun-upto1997.ModelA:BecauseofY(topic,background,orreason)X(comment,mainpoint,oractionsuggested)ModelB:X(comment,mainpoint,oractionsuggested)becauseofY(topic,background,orreason)Writersintent/AuthorsToneAtafancybanquet,aspeakerisdeliveringaspeech.Amanishungryandwishesthespeakerendshisspeech
30、.Heturnstotheladysittingnexttohimandinformsherthathethinksthespeakerhasnothingtosayandshouldsitdown.Sheasksifheknowswhosheis.Whenhesays“no,”sheinformshimthatsheisthespeakerswife.Thenheasksherifsheknowswhoheis.Whenshesays“no,”hesays“Good!”andgetsupandleaves.Thetoneoftheauthor/passageis:a.seriousb.sad
31、c.humorousd.cynical Therespondentsmaynotbeoperatingattheappropriatecultural/pragmaticlevelwhentheyperformcertaintasksontests.聋实实了Johnisasdeafasa_.A.wall B.poleC.pinD.post约翰聋得像根柱子一样/像一堵墙一样？极聋/全聋Itisnousettalktohim;heisasdeafasapost.跟他说毫无用处，因为他一点也听不见。Heisasdeafasapost,door-nail,anadder.他完全聋了。新英汉大辞典asd
32、eadasadoornail(死定了，死僵了）asdumbasadoornail（全哑的）asdeafasadoornail（全聋的）Asdeafasapost；（耳聋的，完全聋的）耳聋的，完全聋的）Asdeafasastone;（聋得像石头）（聋得像石头）AsdeafasanadderAdder动动(欧洲产欧洲产)蝰蛇蝰蛇(小毒蛇小毒蛇),(北美产无毒北美产无毒的的)猪鼻蛇猪鼻蛇习惯用语习惯用语deafasanadder完全耳完全耳聋聋烂醉如泥/酩酊大醉Icouldntunderstandwhatthemanwassaying;hewasasdrunkasalord.asdrunkasafi
33、shasdrunkasasow(母猪，大母熊)asdrunkasafiddler(拉小提琴的人，游手好闲的人）asdrunkasapiper（吹笛者，风笛手)asdrunkasthedevilasdrunkasaratasdrunkasanowl（猫头鹰）asdrunkasaboiledowlasdrunkasaload（使人喝醉的量）（使人喝醉的量）=carryaload;havealoadon喝醉喝醉AseasyasABCItsapieceofcake.aseasyaspieadj.极容易aseasyaswinkingadj.非常容易aseasyaspap(奶头，乳头）奶头，乳头）易如儿戏
34、aseasyasanything极容易aseasyaslying极容易aseasyasshellingpeas象剥青豆那么容易aseasyasdamnit易如反掌aseasyasmyeye易如反掌aseasyaspointingatapalm易如反掌Thatjobwasaseasyaspie.那工作容易极了。ButIthinkitsaseasyasshellingpeas.但是我觉得是件轻而易举的事。FirstlessonsinanysubjectareusuallydesignedtomakeyouthinkthewholecourseisgoingtobeaseasyasABC.任何学科的
35、开头几课通常都写得让人人感到整个课程是很好学的。极其容易aseasyasrollingoffalogaseasyasfallingoffalogLikealog像木头一样不能动弹像木头一样不能动弹Sleeplikealog熟睡熟睡RollmylogandIllrollyours.【谚语谚语】你你帮我的忙，我也帮你的忙。帮我的忙，我也帮你的忙。ASchema-theoreticviewexamplefromAnderson&Pearson(1984)fromAnderson&Pearson(1984)Anewspaperisbetterthanamagazine,andonaseashoreis
36、abetterplacethanastreet.Atfirstitisbettertorunthantowalk.Alsoyoumayhavetotryseveraltimes.Ittakessomeskillbutitseasytolearn.Evenyoungchildrencanenjoyit.Oncesuccessful,complicationsareminimal.Birdsseldomgettooclose.Oneneedslotsofroom.Rainsoaksinveryfast.Toomanypeopledoingthesamethingcanalsocauseproble
37、ms.Iftherearenocomplications,itcanbeverypeaceful.Arockwillserveasananchor.Ifthingsbreakloosefromit,however,youwillnotgetasecondchance.Whatisthisreadingabout?Whatisthisreadingabout?Bransford,J.D.&Johnson,M.K.(1972).Contextualprerequisitesforunderstanding:Someinvestigationsofcomprehensionandrecall.Jou
38、rnalofVerbalLearningandVerbalBehavior,11,717-726.ActivatebackgroundknowledgeAnewspaperisbetterthanamagazine,andonaAnewspaperisbetterthanamagazine,andonaseashoreisabetterplacethanastreet.Atfirstitseashoreisabetterplacethanastreet.Atfirstitisbettertorunthantowalk.Alsoyoumayhavetoisbettertorunthantowal
39、k.Alsoyoumayhavetotryseveraltimes.Ittakessomeskillbutitseasytryseveraltimes.Ittakessomeskillbutitseasytolearn.Evenyoungchildrencanenjoyit.Oncetolearn.Evenyoungchildrencanenjoyit.Oncesuccessful,complicationsareminimal.Birdssuccessful,complicationsareminimal.Birdsseldomgettooclose.Oneneedslotsofroom.s
40、eldomgettooclose.Oneneedslotsofroom.Rainsoaksinveryfast.ToomanypeopledoingRainsoaksinveryfast.Toomanypeopledoingthesamethingcanalsocauseproblems.Iftherethesamethingcanalsocauseproblems.Iftherearenocomplications,itcanbeverypeaceful.Aarenocomplications,itcanbeverypeaceful.Arockwillserveasananchor.Ifth
41、ingsbreaklooserockwillserveasananchor.Ifthingsbreakloosefromit,however,youwillnotgetasecondfromit,however,youwillnotgetasecondchance.chance.Whatisthisreadingabout?Whatisthisreadingabout?QueenElizabethparticipatedinalong-delayedceremonyinClydebank,Scotlandyesterday.Whilethereisstillbitternessherefoll
42、owingtheprotractedstrike,onthisoccasionacrowdofshipyardworkersnumberinginthehundredsjoineddignitiesincheeringastheHMSPinaforeslippedintothewater.Whatkindofceremonyisit?Wheredoestheceremonytakeplace?Whywastheceremonylong-delayed?WhatistheHMSPinafore?Whatisthemoodoftheworkersattendingtheceremony?Done
43、by CelebritySHIPCHRISTENING SCHEMATo bless shipIn dry dockInvolves new shipBottle broken on bowSuspended from ropeContains champagneDone just before launchingQueenElizabethparticipatedinalong-delayedceremonyinClydebank,Scotlandyesterday.Whilethereisstillbitternessherefollowingtheprotractedstrike,ont
44、hisoccasionacrowdofshipyardworkersnumberinginthehundredsjoineddignitiesincheeringastheHMSPinaforeslippedintothewater.Ceremony,celebrity,crowd,cheersLong-delayed,protractedstrike,bitterness,dignities,cheersPrincessAnnebrokethebottleontheship.,Elliptical“brokethebottleonthebowoftheship.TheWaitressbrokethebottleontheship.Formostpeople,itsuggestsasceneintheshipsdiningroom.Duringtheceremonyontheship,PrinceCharlestookaswig(痛饮,畅饮)fromthebottleofchampagne.Isthispartofshipchristeningschema?celebrityBreakingofbottleBlessshipBowTHANKYOUVERYMUCH!Questionsarewelcome!
