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1、句句 子子 成成 分分谓语谓语 谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所处的状态。通常由动词的处的状态。通常由动词的各种形式各种形式来来充当。并且和主语充当。并且和主语在人称和数上保持在人称和数上保持一致一致。句句 子子 成成 分分1.一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词短语来充当短语来充当 She got here at six.2.有些谓语是由有些谓语是由“系动词系动词+表语表语”构成的构成的 The girl felt cold. He is a teacher.句句 子子 成成 分分3.有些谓语由有些谓语由“情态动词情态动词+动词原形动词原形”构成构
2、成 Can you speak French? We must be careful.4.如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以直接加宾语，但可以在不及物动词后直接加宾语，但可以在不及物动词后加介词再跟宾语加介词再跟宾语 We depend on ourselves, not others.非谓语不定式（不定式（to do)分词分词动名词（动名词（-ing)过去分词过去分词(-ed)现在分词现在分词(-ing)- ing分词分词-ed分词分词V-ing / V-ed使用条件使用条件一个句子一个句子当中，当中，已经存在一个主句已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）（谓语动词）,又没有
3、连词又没有连词的情况的情况下下,还有别的动词出现时还有别的动词出现时She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.See from the hill, we find the town beautiful.1. 2. When we see from the hill, we find the town beautiful. Seeing from the hill, we find the town beautiful.千万要
4、注意千万要注意V-ingV-ing形式形式的规则哟！的规则哟！1.1. 不能单独作谓语不能单独作谓语 2. 2. 没有人称和数的没有人称和数的变化变化 3. 3. 有时态和语态的有时态和语态的变化变化。时时 态态 和和 语语 态态 语态语态 时态主主 动动被被 动动一般式 完成式 doing being done having done having been doneV-ing 的否定式的否定式在在 分词前加分词前加“not ” 语态语态 时态主主 动动被被 动动一般式 完成式 doing being done having done having been done(not)(not)(n
5、ot)(not)V-ing 在句子中充当的成分在句子中充当的成分1.Send e-mails is more and more popular.2. Its no use take this kind of medicine.2.The film is so moved .3.I couldnt help cry when I heard the bad news.4.I heard the girl sung in the classroom.Sendingtakingmovingcryingsinging主语主语表语表语宾语宾语宾补宾补mind、suggest、delay、keep on、
6、 look forward to、enjoy、appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、cant help、miss ?+doing (V-ing 在这种结构中做宾语在这种结构中做宾语)have、leave、keepsee、watch、hear 、find、 notice、feel, catch?+sb.+doing (V-ing 在这种结构中做宾补在这种结构中做宾补)5. China is a developing country. China is a country developing very fast.6. Hea
7、ring the cry for help, he rushed out. Being ill, he went home. Time permitting, I can do it better.定语定语状语状语=If time permits, I can do it better1.China is a large country which develops very quickly.2.2. I have received your letter which says you will come to China next month.3.3. I want to see some
8、films that are very interesting. China is a large country developing very quickly.I have received your letter , saying you will come to China next month.I want to see some interesting films.1.4. When he was walking in the street, he saw one of his old friend.2.5. Because he was ill, he stayed at hom
9、e.3.6. After he finished the letter, he posted it. -(when)Walking in the street, he saw one of his old friend.-Being ill, he stayed at home.-Having finished the letter, he posted it.注意注意:-ing的完成形式只表示这个动作发生在主句的完成形式只表示这个动作发生在主句动作之前动作之前.V-ing 和和V-ed的区别的区别从从时态和语态两个角度去区分时态和语态两个角度去区分V-ingV-ed时态时态语态语态进行时进行
10、时 过去过去主动主动被动被动V-ed的用法的用法如：如： a developed country / a developing country a polluted river / a sleeping baby ( 1 ) 作定语作定语( 2 ) 作状语作状语_ from the hill, you can get the whole town._ from the hill, the whole town looks beautiful.SeeingSeen1.Mr Brown wants to buy a used car.2. Whats the language spoken in
11、Germany. 3. The pupils will get tired if they are made to learn too much4.I made myself understood easily. 5.We found the work completely done. 6. Heated, metals will expand.= If metals are heated, metals will expand. 7. Seen through a telescope, the sun appears dark near the edge. 例外：不及物动词的例外：不及物动词
12、的-ed分词没有被动含义，只表分词没有被动含义，只表示完成的意思。示完成的意思。例如：例如：The street was covered with fallen leaves.这条马路被落叶所覆盖这条马路被落叶所覆盖 1._ from the hill, you can get the whole town.2._ from the hill, the whole town looks beautiful.SeeingSeen一一. 主语一致性的考察主语一致性的考察1.Waiting for a bus, _.2. A. a brick fell on my head 3. B. A litt
13、le girl came to talk with me.4. C. I was hit by a brick on the head5. D. I was hit by a brick on my headC二二. 一般式与完成式的考察一般式与完成式的考察（04北京北京) 29. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited（04吉林吉林)
14、 28. “ We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked三三. 主动与被动的考察主动与被动的考察1. 你知道他们正在讨论你知道他们正在讨论 的话题吗的话题吗?Do you know the topic _ now? (discuss)2. 这个小男孩最后被看见在河边踢球。这个小男孩最后被看见在河边踢球。The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. (play)bei
15、ng discussedplaying四四. 句子成分混句子成分混淆淆1. There are a lot of students are planting trees on the small hill.2. He lay on the grass, and looking at the sky. planting looking3. The book belongs to Mary is lost.belongingV-ing 和和V-ed 用法归纳用法归纳:1.V-ing作主语作主语(谓语动词用单数）谓语动词用单数）,v-ed不能作主不能作主语语2.Using computers is
16、very common in our daily life.3.2.V-ing作表语作表语与与 ved 分词分词作表语作表语的区别的区别4.The story is interesting.5.The little girl is interested in the story.6.The news is disappointing.7.He was disappointed to hear the result.When the boys were watching the excitingfilm, they were very excitedThe students are all mo
17、ved by the moving story.When she saw the surprising result, she gave us a surprised look.区别区别:v-ing作表语时作表语时表示某物具有的性质表示某物具有的性质,常翻译常翻译为为”令人令人”。v-ed做表语具有做表语具有被动的概念，一被动的概念，一般表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验，解释为般表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验，解释为“感到感到.”。3.v-ing可作宾语，可作宾语，v-ed不能作宾语：不能作宾语：We missed seeing that film when it was at the local
18、cinema.He often imagines flying.He dreams about being a doctor掌握只能跟掌握只能跟v-ing 作宾语的动词及短语作宾语的动词及短语4.v-ing 和和v-ed作宾补时的区别作宾补时的区别:They kept me waiting for a long time.He watched the cars coming and going.I saw him playing card.She heard her sister singing in her room.Mr Li has Jim standing outside the do
19、or.I had my MP3 repaired last week.We heard this song sung in English.No matter how I try, I just cant make myself understood by the foreigner.V-ing用作宾补时用作宾补时, 和句子中的宾语构成和句子中的宾语构成主动主动关系，关系，说明宾语说明宾语一直在做或正在做某事一直在做或正在做某事. V-ed用作用作宾补时宾补时, 和句子中的宾语构成和句子中的宾语构成被动关系被动关系，说明宾语，说明宾语的情况的情况5.v-ing和和v-ed作定语时的区别作定语时
20、的区别:a singing bird. a sleeping doga man carrying a babya student playing with knifepeople fighting against wars a swimming pool a writing deska wounded monkey a broken chair boiled watera soldier wounded by knifea road covered with snow6.v-ing和和v-ed作状语时的区别作状语时的区别:Being ill, I cant go to work.(原因原因)S
21、eeing the house on fire, she called 119(时间状语时间状语)He sat on a stone, reading a book(伴随伴随性状语性状语)Hearing the good news, we all jumped up with joy.(时间状语时间状语)The husband died, leaving his wife three daughters.(结果状语结果状语)Seen from the top of the mountain, the village is very beautiful. (时间时间状语状语)Cooked in
22、a special way, the fish tastesVery nice.(原因状语原因状语)Given more time, we could finish the job(条件状语条件状语)The president entered the hall, followed by his guards.(伴随性状语伴随性状语)不定式不定式(to do)的用法的用法:可作主语可作主语To lose your heart means failure.1)不定式做主语时，一般用不定式做主语时，一般用it当形式主语，把作主当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。语的不定式短语后置。2)It is
23、adj/n to do sth3)It takes sb some time to do sthIt took me only five minutes to finish the job.It is very difficult for him to finish the paper in such a short time. 1).如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。定式（表示结果）。(一致性一致性)To do two things at a time is to do neither 一次做两件事等于未做。一次做两件事等于未做
24、。 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）2)be to do 结构表将来时结构表将来时:He is to marry Rose.可作表语可作表语3)如果主语是以如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以等为中心的名词，或以what引导的引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。用。His wish is to buy a car in the near future.
25、 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution.最重要的事情是采取措施阻止污染最重要的事情是采取措施阻止污染What she wants to do most now is to travel abroad.可作宾语可作宾语1)She refused to come here.后面用不定式作宾语即用后面用不定式作宾语即用v+ to do结构的常用动词有结构的常用动词有:afford（负担得起）（负担得起）,agree（同意）（同意）,
26、appear（似乎，（似乎，显得）显得）,expect（期望）（期望）fail（不能）（不能）,happen（碰巧）（碰巧）,hope（希望）（希望）,intend（想要，打算）（想要，打算）,learn（学习）（学习）,manage（设法）（设法）,plan（计划）（计划）,pretend（假装）（假装）promise（承诺，允许）（承诺，允许）,refuse（拒绝）（拒绝）,want（想要）（想要）wish（希望）（希望）They begged to go with us. 他们恳求与我们同行。他们恳求与我们同行。You neednt bother to come yourself. 不必
27、劳驾你亲自过来。不必劳驾你亲自过来。2)有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是等，但不可以是why。They are considering what to do next.Could you tell me whether to go for a picnic? 你能告诉我是否会去野餐吗？你能告诉我是否会去野餐吗？My little sister is learning how to read and write.
28、My mother showed me how to prepare meals. I wonder where to go. 我的小妹妹正在学习如何阅读和书写。我的小妹妹正在学习如何阅读和书写。母亲向我演示了如何做饭。母亲向我演示了如何做饭。我不知道去哪儿。我不知道去哪儿。3)还可用还可用it代替不定式作形式宾语代替不定式作形式宾语Find it +adj +to do sthI found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.我发现在规定的时间内答完所有的问题是不可能的。我发现在规定的时间内答完所有
29、的问题是不可能的。Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.一些过去著名的人物在今天也许就难以成功。一些过去著名的人物在今天也许就难以成功。不定式可作宾语补足语不定式可作宾语补足语:My teacher asked me to go there on time.We often hear her sing the song at home.动词不定式作宾语不足语时动词不定式作宾语不足语时to要省略的动词有要省略的动词有:1.感官动词感官动词 see, hear
30、, notice, watch, observe, feel, listen to等等 ;2. 使役动词使役动词 have , make , let1)不定式修饰的名词前有不定式修饰的名词前有only，last，next，not a，序数词，序数词(first,second,.)或形容词最高级形或形容词最高级形容时，不定式作后置定语容时，不定式作后置定语,与其所修饰的名词通与其所修饰的名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。常逻辑上是主谓关系。He was the last one to leave school yesterday. 昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。Charles
31、Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone. 查理林德伯格是第一个独自飞跃大西洋的人。查理林德伯格是第一个独自飞跃大西洋的人。不定式可作定语不定式可作定语:2)不定式与所修饰的名词逻辑上构成动宾关系时，不定式与所修饰的名词逻辑上构成动宾关系时，该不定式后面不能再带宾语，如果不定式为不及该不定式后面不能再带宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，则需保留介词。物动词，则需保留介词。She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 早上他有很多工作要做。早上他有很多工作要做。I need a pen to w
32、rite with. 我需要一支笔写字。（介词我需要一支笔写字。（介词withwith不能省略）不能省略）3)不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. 我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位你要见那位将将从北京请来的医生吗？从北京请来的医生吗？Th
33、e meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.1)不定式可以用来做目的状语，相当于用不定式可以用来做目的状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导的目的状语。引导的目的状语。Tim sat near the fire to get warm. “为何召开这次特别会议？为何召开这次特别会议？”“为了选举新的官员。为了选举新的官员。”蒂姆为了取暖坐在火炉旁边。蒂姆为了取暖坐在火炉旁边。“To elect the new officers (officials).”“Why was the special meeting called
34、?”不定式可作状语不定式可作状语:2)不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词形容词/副词副词 + as to引导。引导。Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? 请您从这边走好吗？请您从这边走好吗？我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.He is brave enough to go out alo
35、ne at night3)不定式可作原因状语不定式可作原因状语,常放在常放在表示心理感觉的形表示心理感觉的形容词后容词后I am happy to see you.She was sad to hear the bad news.4)不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语。主语。In order to be a good scientist, one must understand mathematics. 要成为一个出色的科学家，必须懂数学。要成为一个出色的科学家，必须懂数学。To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
