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1、Simple,Compound,ComplexandCompound-ComplexSentencesinYourWritingOnceawriterknowsthedifferencebetweenthethreesentencetypes(simple,compound,andcomplex),itispossibletowritewithsentencevariety.Sentencevarietyhelpsmakeyourwritingmoreinteresting.SimpleSentencevAsimplesentencecontainsasubjectandverb.vItexp
2、ressesasinglecompletethought.vAsimplesentenceisasingleindependentclause.SampleSimpleSentencesvThecatcreptthroughthedarkhouse.vThewarymousewatchedfromunderneathanupturnedcerealbox.vThepredatorycatstoppedandsurveyedhissurroundings.vThemousedartedforthesafetyofthenearlyinvisibleholeunderthecabinet.Comp
3、oundSentencesvAcompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclauses.vConjunctions(for, and, nor, but, or,andyet, so)jointheseindependentclauses.(Hint:TheconjunctionsspellFANBOYS.)vTheconjunctionusedcanimpactthemeaningofthesentence.SampleCompoundSentencesvThecatwasunsuccessfulinhisattempttocatchthemouse,and
4、themousewasequallyasunluckyinhisattempttogetthecheese.vThedoghadwatchedallofthis,buthehadrefusedtobecomeinvolved.vThemousecouldwaituntildark,orhecouldriskadaylightraidonthepantry.vThecatusuallysleptduringtheday,yetcuriosityheldhimatthecornerofthekitchen.ComplexSentencesvAcomplexsentenceisanindepende
5、ntclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.vAsubordinatingconjunctionbeginsthedependentclauses.vAdependentclausethatbeginsasentencemustbefollowedbycomma.vAdependentclausehasasubjectandaverb,butitdoesnotmakesenseonitsown.SubordinatingConjunctionsAfterhowUntilAlthoughifUnlessAsinasmuchasifinorderthatWh
6、enaslongasAtleastWheneverasmuchasnowthatwhereassoonwhereverasthoughSinceWhilebecausesothatBeforeevenifThateventhoughthoughSampleComplexSentencesvAfterhegaveitsomethought,themousedecidedtowaituntillaterforhistrek.vThecatfellasleeponthewarmkitchenbecausehewasdeprivedofsleepthenightbefore.vWhenthemouse
7、heardthesoftsnoringofhissleepingnemesis,hescurriedtothepantryandgrabbedenoughfoodforaweek.Compound-ComplexSentencesvAcompound-complexsentenceisasentencethathasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.vThesamesubordinatingconjunctionsareusedtointroducethedependentclauses.vThesamecoord
8、inatingconjunctions(FANBOYS)areusedforjoiningtheindependentclauses.SampleCompound-ComplexSentences.vAfterthetwoadversarieshadspentyearsplayingthis“catandmouse”game,theywerejoinedbytheirchildren,andthefuncontinued.vEventhoughitseemsthetwowerebentontheothersdestruction,thecatandmousewereratherfondofon
9、eanother,andneitherwantedtheothersdefeat.vThisgamewasbegunthousandsofyearsago,anditwillcontinuefarintothefutureasothercatsandmicerevelinhide-and-seek.TestYourselfSimple,Compound,Complex,orCompound-Complex?1.Theteacherwalkedintotheclassroom,greetedthestudents,andtookattendance.2.Juanplayedfootballwhi
10、leJanewentshopping.3.Juanplayedfootball,yetJimwentshopping.4.AlthoughMexicohasabetterteam,theylostthetournament,andtheirmoreaggressivestyledidnotpayoff.5.Theislandwasfilledwithmanytrailswindingthroughthethickunderbrush,asmalllake,anddangerouswildanimals.6.Naokipassedthetestbecausehestudiedhard,butSt
11、acydidnotunderstandthematerial.CommonerrorsvA.run-onsentences串句串句vB.fragmentarysentences破句破句vC.faultyparallelism错误平行结构错误平行结构A.run-onsentencesvArun-onsentenceincorrectlyrunstwoindependentclausewithoutaconjunctionorpunctuation.vRitadecidedtostopsmokingshedidntwanttodieoflungcancer.vTheexamwaspostponed
12、theclasswascanceledaswell.串句修改方法v1.将其分成两个句子将其分成两个句子v2.用连接词连接两个句子，连词前加逗号用连接词连接两个句子，连词前加逗号v3.用分号连接两个句子用分号连接两个句子vPage24,33,35fragmentarysentences破句破句vEverysentencemusthaveasubjectandaverbandmustexpressacompletethought.Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbandthatdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisafragment.B.
13、1从属连词引起的破句vAfterIarrivedinChicagobybus.Icheckedintoaroom.vBeforeItooktheflight.v修改方法：修改方法：v1.将破句和其前后的句子连上将破句和其前后的句子连上v2.增添主句增添主句v3.去掉从属连词而且通过并列连词，介词短语或动词不定式去掉从属连词而且通过并列连词，介词短语或动词不定式把句子连接起来。把句子连接起来。vPage41B.2ing分词和不定式引起的破句vIcouldnotfindaspaceuntilIdorvetothelastparkinglot.Asaresult,beinglateforclass.
14、vIplanonworkingovertime.Togetthisjobfinished.Otherwise,mybossmaygetbangryatme.v修改方法：v1.为破句添加合适的主语v2.让该破句与前后的句子连接v3.必要时可以把-ing形式或者不定式转换成动词的适当形式vItisaheavyburdenforstudentstoworkpart-time.Especiallyforthosewhowanttostudy.vHefailedanumberofcoursesbeforeheearnedhisdegree.Amongthem,English1,Economics,and
15、GeneralBiology.B.3增加细节引起的破句增加细节引起的破句v修改方法：v1.将其与前面句子连接。v2.为破句添加主语和谓语v3.改变若干词B.4缺少主语的破句缺少主语的破句vOneexampleofmyfathersgenerosityisthathevisitssickfriensinthehospital.Andtakesalongget-wellcardswithafewdollarsfoldedinthem.vSarahlookedwithadmirationatthestunninglyattractivemodel.Andwonderedhowthemodellook
16、eduponwakingupinthemorning.v修改方法：v1.将破句与前句连接v2.为破句添加主语vPage50Faultyparallelism错误平行结构vByplacingtwoormoreideasofequalvalueinthesamegrammaticalformwillenableustoexpressedtheseideasclearlyandemphatically.vHerofficeissmall,chillyanddirty.vIenjoyfootballandhockey.vIwanttolearnEnglish,andshewantstolearnFre
17、nch.vSheworksdilignetlyandatnight.vHespendsagreatdealofmoneyandfoolishly.vHewantseithertostudyEnglishLiteratureorstudyWorldHistory.1.改正错用的并列连词改正错用的并列连词2.多项平行多项平行3.注意错误的省略注意错误的省略4.用用than或或as引出的比较引出的比较1.改正错用的并列连词改正错用的并列连词Shakespeare,romanticandmysterious,andwhowrotemanymasterpieces,deservesourrespect.
18、Shakespeare,whowasromanticandmysterious,wrotemanymasterpieces,deservesourrespect.1.改正错用的并列连词改正错用的并列连词HehaseithertomajorinEnglishormajorinFrench.HehaseithertomajorinEnglishorFrench.2.多项平行多项平行Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.Manypeoplechooseair
19、transportationbecauseitisfast,convenientandinexpensive.2.多项平行多项平行Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,andthenwewenttosleepaftereatingourlunch.Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,ateourlunchandwenttosleep.3.注意错误的省略注意错误的省略has/have,will,shall等结构并列时等结构并列时Ialwayshaveandal
20、wayswillcherishourfriendship.Ihavealwayshavecherishedandwillalwayscherishourfriendship.3.注意错误的省略注意错误的省略Ihaveandwillwalktoschooleveryday.Ihavewalkedandwillwalktoschooleveryday.4.用用than或或as引出的比较引出的比较PeterswalkmanisasexpensiveasMichael.PeterswalkmanisasexpensiveasMichaels.4.用用than或或as引出的比较引出的比较P64Yourd
21、ogiscuterthanme.Yourdogiscuterthanmine.P64D.MisplacedModifiers错位的修饰词错位的修饰词vMisplacedModifiersarewordsthat,becauseofawkwardplacement,donotdescribethewordsthewriterintendedthemtodescribe.vTheyoftenconfusethemeaningofasentence.vToavoidthisproblem,placemodifiersasclosepossibletowhattheymodify.Billyelled
22、atthedoginhisunderwear.Bill,inhisunderwear,yelledatthedog.vTonysmiledatthebabyinthecar.vInthecar,Tonysmiledatthebaby修改要点v1.only，just,almost和和nearly等修饰语尽量等修饰语尽量置于被修饰部分前面。置于被修饰部分前面。v2.时间、地点和方式状语置于句首可避免产生歧时间、地点和方式状语置于句首可避免产生歧义义v3.难以找到固定位置的状语成分最好放在句首难以找到固定位置的状语成分最好放在句首v4.which和和what引导的从句应该紧跟被修饰词引导的从句应该紧
23、跟被修饰词语语v5.为避免歧义，不要把修饰语置于前后两个均为避免歧义，不要把修饰语置于前后两个均可被修饰的部分中间。可被修饰的部分中间。P67E.Danglingmodifiers垂悬修饰语垂悬修饰语vAdanglingmodifierisaphraseoranellipticalclausethatisillogicallyseparatedfromtheworditmodifies.Thusitappearsdisconnectedfromtherestofthesentence.v如果一个修饰语在句中找不到其对应修饰的对象，如果一个修饰语在句中找不到其对应修饰的对象，那么此修饰语就是垂悬
24、修饰语。那么此修饰语就是垂悬修饰语。Walkingonthestreet,Icameacrossmyex.Goingthrougharedlight,thetrafficpoliceondutystoppedhim.Listeningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.修改方法v1.明确动作的施动者，是主语成为垂悬部分明确动作的施动者，是主语成为垂悬部分所修饰的对象。所修饰的对象。v2.将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。vListeningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.vListeningtohispassionatespeech,Ifoundmyeyeswerefilledwithtears.vWhileIwaslisteningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.vWalkinginthestreet,abeautifulgirlmethim.vWalkinginthestreet,hemetabeautifulgirl.vWhilehewasWalkinginthestreet,hemetabeautifulgirl.vP80
