目标成本与动态成本管理讲义课件

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1、目标成本与动态成本管理目标成本与动态成本管理 王 芷一、目标成本、动态成本的定义、逻辑一、目标成本、动态成本的定义、逻辑可研成本:在项目未获取阶段,根据有限的信息测算项目运作的可能成本;目标成本:项目获取后,为实现预计效益与规避市场风险,根据较完整的信息制定的通过努力可实现的成本结果;动态成本:项目实施过程中,以一定周期动态反馈的项目实际成本;结算成本:项目实施完毕后,最终实现的成本结果。目标成本体系与责任成本体系:1 1、目标成本要怎样才能实现?必须有约束;2 2、怎样约束?科学的分解、责任落实与反馈;(责任成本)举例:成本分解的科学性与难处;法不责众;对反馈结果的争吵;3 3、如何使责任落

2、到实处?责任追究的文化、体制。 必须知道的几个成本的新概念: 目标成本与投资额;目标成本管理与投资管理; 投资额对于老板来说更为敏感,是引起老板关注的新词汇;目标成本管理就是投资额度管理 目标成本与测算成本; 没有执行力的目标成本只是测算成本而已;形式上的目标成本没有实际意义与约束力二、目标成本的构成与核算成本制度二、目标成本的构成与核算成本制度制定成本核算文件是包括目标成本在内的成本数据管理的先决条件。成本核算文件应包括以下内容:确定成本对象的方法;-高层、多层、别墅利润结算,产品决策成本分摊原则与方法;-地价、建安费用、景观管网、间接费分期各项成本科目的设置与定义;-成本构成,计算的基础成

3、本计算的基本方法;-管理费、资金成本三、如何制定目标成本(三、如何制定目标成本(whenwhen、whowho、wherewhere、howhow)1、何时制定目标成本?(1)考虑目标成本制定的时间,应首先对期望其发挥的作用给予准确定位: 是指导设计施工采购?还是根据设计施工采购编制?(2)考虑目标成本制定的时间,必须考虑不同阶段编制成本的信息量: 越靠前,约束性越强;越往后,信息更全、更准确 万科制定目标成本的时间中海制定目标成本的时间2、何人编制目标成本? 编制目标成本人员需要具备的几个条件:(1)扎实的房地产基础知识;(2)丰富的房地产工作经验;(3)良好的沟通能力;(4)建议:资格考试

4、通过。 经验上,属于成本部经理左膀右臂的人员才能具备让人放心的目标成本编制能力。3、借助成本数据库编制目标成本数据从积累中来;只有建立成本数据库,才能将个人智慧转化为集体智慧;才能为公司创造持续价值;,可持续发展 4、各部门协作完成在很多成本依据尚未确定的阶段编制目标成本,需要广泛的沟通信息;使得编制的目标成本真正具备可行性;编制完成后的责任分解过程中,要使成本分解得到支持,不积聚矛盾,事前沟通与协作完成是必不可少的。 这就要求编制人员要具有很强的协调能力,即做事先做人5、目标成本编制的明细程度 目标成本编制的明细程度要兼顾效率、执行与跟踪反馈;并且与公司的资源、操作习惯等均有关系; 例:A公

5、司有自己的绿化公司,其绿化费用目标成本编制:例:B公司没有自己的绿化公司,其绿化费用目标成本编制:6、风险费与不可预见费(按是否可预计来划分) 风险费的概念、使用: 项目开发期内可预计造成成本变动的事项,但不能完全确认,以风险概率的形式归入成本。6、风险费与不可预见费 不可预见费的概念、使用: 在项目开发周期完全无法预见的内容,以一定金额预留在成本中。 周期在两年以上的项目,必须预留不可预见费;周期越长,预留金额宜越多。 四、目标成本的控制与实施四、目标成本的控制与实施1、目标成本实施流程、制度、指引等公司级规范文件是目标成本实施的必要条件。 万科目标成本实施配套文件: 目标成本指导书:公司级

6、文件。由相关部门负责人签字确认的、总经理签发的成本指导文件;(强制力不高) 责任成本实施与奖惩办法:公司级文件。由成本部门根据文件规定分解成本,责任到部门,并进行奖惩的目标成本执行文件。(强制力高) 2、目标成本分解要满足动态控制的需要: 按工程与材料分判计划分解到每个分判项目上;这样分解的前提需要项目开发过程事先有充分的策划,是计划管理到位;如果做不到只能分解合同而不是分解目标。 分解的目标是为了控制,而没有前期策划,合同签订后再来分解则是分解的结果,起不了控制作用要满足成本分析的需要: 按照标准成本科目(公司内部的,没有行业标准)分解,一般只在末级科目上可以增加。 如果划分太细,分包过细,

7、则对总包要求不再高,也选不了好的总包单位 2、目标成本分解按内部职责划分: 成本费用总额分解到各相关责任部门,列入KPI。分解到设计限额: 也可以认为是目标的落实,实际上在目标制定时就已经考虑到了设计限额。分摊问题: 作为成本控制目标以已发生为准,但在经济测算时要分摊,建安费之外的费用分配到单体上;公建配套根据服务范围在各期之间分摊。 目标成本分解两个维度 3、责任成本的替代方案成本分级体制、标准化 目前责任成本推行的现状之一,实际是不断的纵容,最终导致目标成本失控。 变更超目标成本改目标成本目标成本被调高标准化:一个内涵庞大的话题产品、流程、动作都是标准化的范畴;以精装修成本管理为例,目标成

8、本600元a.责任成本:(被迫的)目标成本600600元/m2/m2,分解到采购、设计部门;会不会超标?讨价还价,概率很大;超支后,处罚;b.标准化:在600600元/m2 /m2 的框架内,所有部品型号全部确定完成,施工费用估算完成,集中采购完成锁定价格。成本分级体系:实际上是标准化的一个表现形式;将不同部分分不同模块,分不同业态建立标准化模块结论:结论: 责任成本目标成本 成本分级体系 标准化的道路需要实践和积累;每个公司可以根据自身的文化、发展阶段、积累状况选择最合适的成本管理之路。 五、动态成本管理五、动态成本管理1、动态成本的管理价值 2、动态成本管理要求 3、动态成本管理中几个必须

9、清晰的关键词已发生成本:已签订的合同、已实施的变更签证、已支付的非合同款项待发生成本:待签订的合同、待实施的变更签证、待支付的非合同款项动态成本=已发生成本+待发生成本=埋头干活+抬头看路确定动态成本=检查已发生成本的统计录入+对待发生成本的预判但要注意:待发生成本动态成本-已发生成本 4、已发生成本的管理:(1)已签订的合同的管理-有完整的合同台帐管理吗?完整的合同台帐的管理主体是哪个部门? 合同管理台帐都没有,怎会有正确的动态成本;-合同的编号管理是否清晰? 合同编号混乱,就会出现重复、遗漏;-谁负责将合同录入或登记到动态成本系统?软件或工作表 人员责任必须非常清晰;-什么流程支持录入人员

10、不会错过合同? 没有流程支持,录入人员想干也干不了;-怎样检查与校核合同的录入工作? 流程设计应减少人员个人因素的影响。(2)已发生变更签证的管理 事前估算每一份变更指令的价格并将其录入动态成本中是已发生变更签证管理的关键。5、待发生成本的管理: 关键词:前瞻性、敏感性 举例 目标成本总包10万m2,总价1亿; 先已签订面积5万m2,总价6千万; 待发生成本为:4千万? or 6千万? 千万不要犯的错是:死守公式:待发生成本=目标成本-已发生成本6、动态成本反馈的时间要求: 关键词: 月度;按月度汇报动态成本 开盘定价前; 年度;成本清查 综述:动态成本是定价的重要依据,是影响经营结果的关键要

11、素;必须严谨严谨再严谨。六、目标成本与动态成本管理的衡量指标六、目标成本与动态成本管理的衡量指标1、目标成本绝对变动率 有超目标的、有减少的,以(绝对值/目标值)反馈目标成本的编制水平2、目标成本相对变动率(现万科已不采用) 正负相抵,对多个项目进行评价时适用,但不利于目标成本控制3、科目目标成本变动率成本管理更精细的指标 对目标成本编制提出更高要求;拆东墙补西墙?No way!4、动态成本波动率 衡量动态成本准确度的指标,正负越小越好5、可研成本变动率(国外在拿地时就做了精细的成本)七、目标成本、动态成本管理课程小结1、动态成本是关键; 动态成本是销售定价的依据;也不能忽略对目标成本定制的管

12、理,这是纲领性的2、根据自身企业的文化、特色等条件选择合适的目标成本管理方法;3、编制成本核算制度是开展成本管理的基础条件;4、目标成本编制中的注意事项;5、了解目标成本-责任成本;目标成本-成本分级体系-标准化的管理路径;6、动态成本管理的几个关键词;7、使用衡量目标成本与动态成本管理结果的几个指标。感谢您的下载,特赠送精品文章感谢您的下载,特赠送精品文章体能体能训练技巧训练技巧-TRX-TRX悬挂训练系统悬挂训练系统工作之工作之余锻炼身体,若不需要请删除后使用,余锻炼身体,若不需要请删除后使用,谢谢您的理解,祝您生意兴隆,事业高谢谢您的理解,祝您生意兴隆,事业高攀。攀。RX 训练带是源于美

13、国海军陆战队,刚开始的雏形是以高密度毛巾制成的训练道具,后来,有一名叫兰迪的美国海豹突击队的指挥官,在退役后重新设计了该套装备和训练计划,变成民用的健身课程-“TRX 悬挂训练系统”,整套装备的主要部分是宽 1.5 英寸,额定张力为 1250 磅的尼龙绳子,长度范围从 6 英尺调整至 12 英尺,橡胶把手更适应双手抓缚或是双脚悬挂等地面训练动作,扣锁由曾用于卡宾枪的材料制成,且易于调整,其自用不到 2 磅,1 分钟就能悬挂妥当,装在袋子里便于携带到任何地方,可固定在单杠上或卡在门缝里,或系在树枝上,适合绝大多数的训练环境,如果加上哑铃或健身球一起锻炼,可增加更高阶的难度。 悬挂训练:用练习者自

14、身体重做负重,能够允许肌肉在多个平面上做运动,同时保证更多的肌肉和关节参与,能够打造更加结实的肌肉,稳定灵活的关节,坚固的核心力量和正确的体态,帮助在任何运动项目上获得更佳的运动表现,TRX 还是运动康复的重要手段之一TRX 动作解读:增加阻力:1.身体角度越大,阻力越大 2.抬起一边大腿,有助于锻炼更多平衡力3.离支点越远,越吃力,对稳定性要求越高减低难度:一腿向前踮地,有助于身体减重1. chest press/ fly combo(1. chest press/ fly combo(推胸飞鸟组合推胸飞鸟组合) ):人背向绳子,手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟

15、肩一样宽,身体重心微微向前,用胸肌发力慢慢打开双手并让它弯曲到 90 度停下,再慢慢还原,然后双手打开做飞鸟,同时一脚往前踮地,再还原,交替练习。2. chest press(2. chest press(推胸推胸) ):人背向绳子,手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向前,用胸肌发力慢慢打开双手并让它弯曲到 90 度停下,再慢慢还原(难度增加:双腿合并或单腿抬起,或把身体斜度增加)3. lunge fly(3. lunge fly(弓步飞鸟弓步飞鸟) ):1.手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,挺胸收腹,身体重心微向前倾,双手打开做飞鸟,同

16、时一脚往前踮地。用胸部发力,再还原4. chest press- single leg extended(4. chest press- single leg extended(推胸推胸- -单腿伸展单腿伸展) ):人背向绳子,手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,一脚撑地,一脚向前抬起,身体重心微微向前,用胸肌发力慢慢打开双手并让它弯曲到 90 度停下,再慢慢还原.5. Suspended incline press-leg up(5. Suspended incline press-leg up(悬浮上斜推悬浮上斜推- -抬脚抬脚) ):双手撑住地面,一脚勾住绳子,稳定腹

17、部,另一腿向上抬靠紧固定腿,然后做俯卧撑。6. Atomic push up(6. Atomic push up(俯卧撑收腹俯卧撑收腹) ):双手撑住地面,双脚勾住绳子,稳定腹部,一下俯卧撑,还原后,双脚以腹部力量靠向胸部,再慢慢伸直还原,交替练习。7. back row(7. back row(背部划船背部划船) ):手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,以背部发力,手臂夹紧身体两侧往后收,肩胛骨向后夹,把绳子拉到小腹,保持住再慢慢还原(难度增加:双腿合并或单腿抬起,或把身体斜度增加)8. elevated back row(8. elev

18、ated back row(高位划船高位划船) ):手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,加大身体斜度,以背部发力,手臂夹紧身体两侧往后收,肩胛骨向后夹,把绳子拉到小腹,保持住再慢慢还原9. power pull-single arm(9. power pull-single arm(力量拉伸力量拉伸- -单臂单臂) ):双腿分开与肩同宽,单手抓住绳子,张开身体,另一边手臂绕身体旋转 180 度触摸绳子,完后慢慢还原。10. low deltoid fly(10. low deltoid fly(低位三角肌飞鸟低位三角肌飞鸟) ):手臂握住绳子,掌心向上,双手

19、伸直向前,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,直手向下向后滑,慢慢还原。11. T deltoid fly(t11. T deltoid fly(t型三角肌飞鸟型三角肌飞鸟) ):手臂握住绳子,掌心向上,双手伸直向前,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,张开双手与身体呈T型,再慢慢还原(难度增加:把身体斜度增加)12. Y deltoid fly(Y12. Y deltoid fly(Y型三角肌飞鸟型三角肌飞鸟) ):手臂握住绳子,掌心向上,双手伸直向前,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,张开双手与身体

20、呈Y型,再慢慢还原(难度增加:把身体斜度增加)13. W deltoid fly(W13. W deltoid fly(W型三角肌飞鸟型三角肌飞鸟) ):手臂握住绳子,掌心向上,双手伸直向前,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,张开双手与身体呈W型,再慢慢还原(难度增加:把身体斜度增加)14. High triceps press(14. High triceps press(高位肱三头肌弯曲高位肱三头肌弯曲) ):人背向绳子,手臂向前握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向前,然后把肘部弯曲,肱三头肌发力,再慢慢还原(难

21、度增加:把身体斜度增加)15. Dips(15. Dips(臂屈伸臂屈伸) ):手臂在身体两侧,双手握住绳子,双腿呈箭步姿势,然后肱三头肌和胸肌发力,双臂弯曲成 90 度再慢慢还原(难度增加:把一只腿往后抬或两腿前放或抬高)16. High bicep curl(16. High bicep curl(高位肱二头肌弯曲高位肱二头肌弯曲) ):手臂握住绳子,双手伸直,肘保持一点弯曲,膝盖一点点弯曲,两腿跟肩一样宽,身体重心微微向后,以肱二头肌发力,弯曲手臂,再慢慢还原(难度增加:把身体斜度增加)Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyo

22、ujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo. Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwa

23、ysputyourselfinothersshoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too. Thehappiestofpeopledontnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappre

24、ciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcantgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatw

25、henyoudie,youretheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemkno

26、wthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudont,dontworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeonesdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butn

27、owcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.Whatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabil

28、itytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplef

29、alseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhispartysleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolof本文为 Word版资料,可以任意修改编辑。如果你看到我上传的资料这个后缀,请删除后使用。高效学习方法和技巧高效学习方法和技巧学习需要方法,找到适合自己的方法,学习才能事半功倍。接下来,我结合我自己的学习情况,给大家总结的高效学习五部曲一、预习是学习的重要环节上课前充分预习,考试前充分地复习,与“打有准备之仗”有同曲之道。

30、预习效果好,听课才能有针对性;听课有针对性,复习才能顺利进行;复习深刻,作业、考试才能得心应手。所以说预习是学生学习过程中一个必不可少的环节。二、掌握好高效的听课方法课上集中精力听课,是掌握知识的捷径。听讲时,思想上必须与老师讲解的思路保持一致,听老师对事物是怎样分析、推理;听老师解决问题是用什么方法、技巧;听老师对问题有哪些提问和解释。这样才能把握住听课的重点。听讲中,要把自己在预习中的理解,和老师讲解的相比较,看自己和老师有哪些相同点和区别点。三、合理安排复习时间很多科学家通过研究发现,有几个时间段有利于巩固记忆:一是学习后最初几分钟内,电生理活动引起蛋白质的合成;二是学习后在 48 小时

31、内复习;三是一周之后脑突触发生永久性变化。根据人在学习过程中这一生理变化,采用复习加强记忆就显得特别重要了。如果我们能够在学习的内容即将忘记时进行复习,那么复习的效果最好,效率也最高。著名的心理学家艾宾浩斯通过实验发现了人的记忆与遗忘规律。实验证明:在学习仅过了 20 分钟后,就忘记记忆内容的 42%,1 天后忘却量已经达到了 66%,到了第 31 天,忘却量高达79%。他根据实验结果,画成了著名的遗忘曲线。并表明遗忘的规律是“先快后慢”。这条规律提示我们,定要尽早、及时地对所学知识进行复习,以便在知识还在大脑内时就加深印记,否则大脑中已经没有痕迹了,只能再费精力重学。合理安排复习时间特别重要

32、并且必要,制定复习计划,严格按精英特计划执行,并力求形成习惯,是我们每一位学生都应该力求努力做到。我们为什么要复习呢?因为我们记忆效果没有那么好,不可能过目不忘,所以需要重复、增强记忆。同时,复习的进展也有利于学习效率的提高。四、做作业的科学方法这里有七种做作业的技巧:1、先复习后做作业。复习是做好作业的关键,只有复习得好,作业才能做得好。做作业前先把老师这一节课所讲的内容认真地看一看,弄清楚基本原理和概念后再去做作业,作业才能做得既快又好。2、认真审题。 做作业最关键的步就是审题,连题都判断错了,作业内容就全错了。首先第步要弄清楚题目的内容,所给的条件,什么要求,需要联系哪些知识等等;其次是

33、考虑好解题思路、方法、步骤,要善于把道题分成几部分,化大为小、化难为易、分清其中的已知和未知,弄清各部分的联系,设计好整个解题步骤,定要让自己做到不明白题意不做题,不清楚方法步骤不下笔。3、细心的做题。 做题是表达思路的全过程,这个过程要求既动脑、又动手。做题的关键是要保证“规范”、“准确”。要做到这两点就要求学生认真的抄好题,书写格式必须正确、规范,严格按照各类题的解题要求,仔细演算解题的每步,得出正确的结果。只有平时做题认真细致,步骤完整,思路正确,表达严密,准确无误,考试时才能按照这种良好的习惯进行五、重视错题积累在学习的过程中,同学们可能遇到过一错再错的现象究其原因,多数是由于在学习中

34、不求甚解,不注意总结积累所致。那么,该怎么办呢?实践证明,自编一本“易错题集”是避免做题一错再错的最好办法。错题本的复习方法:1、每周把该周错题本中记录的题目快速浏览一遍;2、每月把该月错题本中记录的题目再快速浏览一遍;3、每个季度把错题本中三个月记录的题目再快速浏览一遍;4、大考前把该错题本中的所有题目认真复习一遍,确保题不二错¥精编资料精编资料 欢迎下载欢迎下载Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwa

35、nttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo. Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothersshoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhu

36、rtstheotherperson,too. Thehappiestofpeopledontnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswi

37、thasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcantgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches. Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,youretheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.P

38、leasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudont,dontworry,nothi

39、ngbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeonesdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEng

40、lish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenweliste

41、ntothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialm

42、arketsandhispartysleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghani

43、stan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedontwantSyria,”hecontinued.“Weretalkingaboutsandanddeath.Thatsw

44、hatweretalkingabout.Werenottalkingaboutvastwealth.Weretalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineaste

45、rnSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“Itsnotmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididntputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“takeplaceoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,Trumpseemedtoendo

46、rseMoscows1979invasionofthecountryanactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospreadcommunismandwagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacasetoleavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCe

47、ntralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwasatoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyitsAfghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionandsu

48、bsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthatcontributedtothecollapseoftheSovietUnion,althoughthecountryneverwentbankrupt.Foryears,RepublicanshavecreditedPresidentReaganwithbringinganendtotheSovietUnionbyhisaggressiveincreaseinU.S.militaryspending.Trumpscommentsstoodinstarkcontrast

49、totheviewMattisespousedintheresignationletterhepresentedlastmonthafterfailingtoconvincethepresidenttoholdoffonwithdrawingfromSyria.“Wemustdoeverythingpossibletoadvanceaninternationalorderthatismostconducivetooursecurity,prosperityandvalues,andwearestrengthenedinthiseffortbythesolidarityofouralliance

50、s,”Mattiswrote.MattiscommentsclearlystungTrump,whorespondedlastmonthwithcriticismofhisformerPentagonchief.OnWednesday,hesteppedthatup,claimingthathefiredMattis.“Whatshedoneforme?HowhadhedoneinAfghanistan?Nottoogood,”Trumpsaid.“Asyouknow,PresidentObamafiredhim,andessentiallysodidI.”ObamadidnotfireMat

51、tis,althoughthegeneraldidretireseveralmonthsearlyin2013fromhispositionastheheadofthemilitarysCentralCommandafterdissentingfromObamaadministrationpolicydecisions.TuesdaywasMattisfinaldayatthePentagon.Trump,inafitofpiqueaftertheresignationletterbecamepublic,hadmovedupMattisterminationdateInadditiontoh

52、isforeignpolicycomments,TrumpalsodownplayedDecembersstockmarketlosses,whicherasedallpositivegainsfortheyear,as“alittleglitch”andassertedwronglythatthereare“probably30-35million”immigrantsintheU.S.illegally.ThenonpartisanPewResearchCenterestimatesthatasof2016,therewere10.7millionunauthorizedimmigrant

53、slivinginthecountry,anumberthathasdeclinedinrecentyears.TrumprepeatedhiscallforDemocratstoagreeto$5.6billioninfundingforaborderwall,andexpressedsurprisenottohavereceivedoverturesfromthemovertheholidaystonegotiateanendtothegovernmentshutdown.“IwasintheWhiteHouseallbymyselfforsixorsevendays,”hesaid.“I

54、twasverylonely.MyfamilywasdowninFlorida.Isaid,Staythereandenjoyyourself.IfeltIshouldbeherejustincasepeoplewantedtocomeandnegotiatethebordersecurity.”Trump,whometlaterinthedaywithcongressionalleadersawayfromTVcameras,hasalreadydismissedafundingproposalfromHouseDemocraticleaderNancyPelosithatincludes$

55、1.3billioninbordersecurityfunding.Whileleavingthedooropentoacompromise,Trumpcontinuedtoarguefortheimportanceofawall,pointingtootherexamplesofbarriers.HeincorrectlyassertedthatObamasWashingtonresidenceissurroundedbya10-footwallandcitedtheVatican,whichhesaid“hasthebiggestwallofthemall.”“Whentheysaythe

56、wallisimmoral,thenyoubetterdosomethingabouttheVatican,”hesaid.“Wallswork.”AsTrumpspoke,a“GameofThrones”-stylemovieposterteasingIransanctions“SANCTIONSARECOMING,”itreadlayunfurledacrossthetabledirectlyinfrontofhim.Buthemadenoremarksonthesubject.Hedid,however,commentonSen.-electMittRomneyofUtah,whowro

57、teintheWashingtonPostonTuesdaythathewastroubledbyTrumps“deepdescentinDecember”andthathisdeficitin“presidentialleadershipinqualitiesofcharacterhasbeenmostglaring.”“IwishMittcouldbemoreofateamplayer,”Trumpsaid.“Andifhesnot,thatsOKtoo.”SeemingtowarnRomneyaboutthefatethatliesaheadforRepublicanlawmakersw

58、hovocallycriticizehimandhispresidency,Trumpboastedthathe“gotridof”formerSens.JeffFlakeofArizonaandBobCorkerofTennessee,bothofwhomoptednottoseeknewtermslastyear.Accusingbothmenofseekingpublicityintakingstandsagainsthim,TrumpsuggestedthatFlakewouldbeseekingajobasapaidcablenewscontributororperhapsinano

59、therprofessionthatTrumphimselfonceplied.“JeffFlakeisnowsellingrealestateorwhateverhesdoing,”hesaiddismissively.Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifea

60、ndonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo. Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothersshoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too. Thehappiestofpeopledontnecessarilyhavethebestofeve

61、rything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebas

62、edonaforgottenpast,youcantgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches. Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,youretheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouc

63、hedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudont,dontworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeones

64、daywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.Thepurpos

65、eoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadaf

66、ewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhispartysleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpo

67、olofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignatio

68、nofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedontwantSyria,”hecontinued.“Weretalkingaboutsandanddeath.Thatswhatweretalkingabout.Werenottalkingaboutvastwealth.Weretalkingaboutsandand

69、death,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“Itsnotmyfault,”hesaid.“Id

70、idntputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“takeplaceoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,TrumpseemedtoendorseMoscows1979invasionofthecountryanactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospre

71、adcommunismandwagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacasetoleavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCentralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwas

72、atoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyitsAfghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionandsubsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthatcontribute

73、dtothecollapseoftheSovietUnion,althoughthecountryneverwentbankrupt.Foryears,RepublicanshavecreditedPresidentReaganwithbringinganendtotheSovietUnionbyhisaggressiveincreaseinU.S.militaryspending.TrumpscommentsstoodinstarkcontrasttotheviewMattisespousedintheresignationletterhepresentedlastmonthafterfai

74、lingtoconvincethepresidenttoholdoffonwithdrawingfromSyria.“Wemustdoeverythingpossibletoadvanceaninternationalorderthatismostconducivetooursecurity,prosperityandvalues,andwearestrengthenedinthiseffortbythesolidarityofouralliances,”Mattiswrote.MattiscommentsclearlystungTrump,whorespondedlastmonthwithc

75、riticismofhisformerPentagonchief.OnWednesday,hesteppedthatup,claimingthathefiredMattis.“Whatshedoneforme?HowhadhedoneinAfghanistan?Nottoogood,”Trumpsaid.“Asyouknow,PresidentObamafiredhim,andessentiallysodidI.”ObamadidnotfireMattis,althoughthegeneraldidretireseveralmonthsearlyin2013fromhispositionast

76、heheadofthemilitarysCentralCommandafterdissentingfromObamaadministrationpolicydecisions.TuesdaywasMattisfinaldayatthePentagon.Trump,inafitofpiqueaftertheresignationletterbecamepublic,hadmovedupMattisterminationdateInadditiontohisforeignpolicycomments,TrumpalsodownplayedDecembersstockmarketlosses,whi

77、cherasedallpositivegainsfortheyear,as“alittleglitch”andassertedwronglythatthereare“probably30-35million”immigrantsintheU.S.illegally.ThenonpartisanPewResearchCenterestimatesthatasof2016,therewere10.7millionunauthorizedimmigrantslivinginthecountry,anumberthathasdeclinedinrecentyears.Trumprepeatedhisc

78、allforDemocratstoagreeto$5.6billioninfundingforaborderwall,andexpressedsurprisenottohavereceivedoverturesfromthemovertheholidaystonegotiateanendtothegovernmentshutdown.“IwasintheWhiteHouseallbymyselfforsixorsevendays,”hesaid.“Itwasverylonely.MyfamilywasdowninFlorida.Isaid,Staythereandenjoyyourself.I

79、feltIshouldbeherejustincasepeoplewantedtocomeandnegotiatethebordersecurity.”Trump,whometlaterinthedaywithcongressionalleadersawayfromTVcameras,hasalreadydismissedafundingproposalfromHouseDemocraticleaderNancyPelosithatincludes$1.3billioninbordersecurityfunding.Whileleavingthedooropentoacompromise,Tr

80、umpcontinuedtoarguefortheimportanceofawall,pointingtootherexamplesofbarriers.HeincorrectlyassertedthatObamasWashingtonresidenceissurroundedbya10-footwallandcitedtheVatican,whichhesaid“hasthebiggestwallofthemall.”“Whentheysaythewallisimmoral,thenyoubetterdosomethingabouttheVatican,”hesaid.“Wallswork.”AsTrumpspoke,a“GameofThrones”-st

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