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1、Warmingup pSkimmingDiggingCriticalthinkingLanguageinuseUnfamiliarwordsInterpretingTalkingpoint Quitters are winners, Bulldogs are loserslosersWarming up Work in pairs. Read the quotations and discuss the questions.Warming upWarming up1 Which quotations mean more or less the same thing?2 Which one is
2、 optimistic?The first and second quotations are close in meaning, with No 3 not far off. The fifth and sixth quotations consider the body and mind apart and give a higher moral value to the latter. The Oprah Winfrey quote is about increasing our well-being. The Gandhi quote refers to some pretty unp
3、leasant circumstance, but does express faith in the human spirit.Warming up3 Which quotation do you agree with, and why?4 Which one do you like best, and why?The fourth quotation impresses me as true. There is so much we do not understand about the mind. Thats not only true scientifically. There are
4、 depths that are not available to our consciousness. I like the ones using metaphors. Freuds metaphor is clever and Oprah Winfreys makes the meaning easy to understand and personal. Warming upWork in pairs and complete the lyrics of the Song “Never Give up on a Dream” by Rod Steward.If theres doubt
5、and youre cold,dont you worry _.Weve gotta have heroes to teach us all to never give up on a dream.Claim the road, touch the sun,No force on earth _.When your heart bursts like the sun Never, never give up on a dream.what the future holdscould stop you runWarming up Look at the quotation in the firs
6、t line of the passage and answer the question about yourself.If you cant get something you want badly, do you _? (a) keep trying and get more motivated (b) keep trying, but get depressed (c) give up trying but regret it (d) give up trying and forget itNow read the passage and compare your idea with
7、the writers.Skimming Browse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it.Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 119.TaskTaskSkimming Choose the best definition.1. A quitter is someone who _. (a) doesnt know what they want to do in life (b) gets depressed easily (c) knows when
8、to give up trying (d) keeps on trying even when they have no hope of success2. A bulldog is someone who _. (a) keeps on trying because they find it difficult to accept failure (b) gives up very easily (c) usually succeeds in the end in what they want to do (d) is psychologically stronger than most p
9、eoplecaSkimming Answer the questions. 1 What is a “never-say-die” spirit? A “never-say-die” spirit is one of determination no matter what the odds are. 2 What did psychologists Miller and Wrosch set out to do? Miller and Wrosch developed a way to find the characteristics of Bulldogs and Quitters. 3
10、What did their findings show? Quitters are generally healthier than Bulldogs.Skimming4 In what way do Bulldogs suffer more than Quitters? Bulldogs suffer more from minor illnesses and long periods of stress. 5 What might happen when a Bulldog finally gives up on an ambition? Bulldogs might begin to
11、pursue new goals after they give up on an ambition.6 What is the connection between depression and the survival of the species? It may be a way of telling our bodies to slow down, to analyze the situation and be cautious. Meanwhile, we are more realistic about the world. Therefore, it will help pres
12、erve our human species.Skimming7 Why is it important for young people to set themselves goals? Because it is part of cultivating an individual identity in the world. 8 Why is it important to be prepared to change those goals? Because we may find the goals are unattainable or be attracted to some new
13、 goals.9 What is the connection between setting goals and the survival of the species? Because we are constantly adjusting or abandoning the goals, changing priorities. In this process, we grow up.Quitters are winners, Bulldogs are losers译文译文Digging1 “If at first you dont succeed, try, try again,” s
14、aid the comic actor, W C Fields, “Then quit. Theres no point in being a damn fool about it.”2 Well, yes, up to a point, but we all know that theres a right and a wrong time to quit. According to new research, people who know when to give up on impossible goals, the so-called “quitters”, are physical
15、ly and mentally healthier than “bulldogs” who persist at any cost.Digging3 Since the Founding Fathers arrived in America, our children have been the target of messages about the value of determination in the face of lifes difficulties. This never-say-die spirit is best represented by the 19th-centur
16、y saying, “If at first you dont succeed, try, try again.” But are there times when its simply better to give up?译文译文Digging4 There has been considerable research about this question and specifically about the possible link between determination and health. On the one hand, it seems that persistence
17、and self-discipline increase the chance youll succeed in the long term, and that personal success is closely linked to well-being. Think of successful people you know personally, and look back over their lives. Have they always been clear about where theyre going in their lives, and now that they ha
18、ve arrived, are they happy and healthy? Some are, perhaps.译文译文Digging5 But what if success is very doubtful? For example, like an average athlete becoming an Olympic gold medal winner? Can exhibiting too much determination have a negative effect on your health?译文译文Digging6 In a sequence of psycholog
19、ical experiments, scientists Gregory Miller and Carsten Wrosch developed a way of distinguishing between two categories of people, Bulldogs and Quitters. The findings showed that Quitters are generally healthier than Bulldogs. Miller and Wrosch looked at relatively minor illnesses such as skin disor
20、ders, poor sleep and headaches, and discovered that Quitters differed from Bulldogs by suffering less. Furthermore, the Bulldogs suffered much more from long periods of stress, during which they had a higher level of a protein which could indicate several serious diseases, including killers like dia
21、betes and heart disease.译文译文Digging7 The scientists also noted that the Bulldogs distinguished themselves from the Quitters by showing how willing they were to pursue new goals after they gave up on something important. They found that people who readily jumped back into life had a greater sense of
22、purpose and were less likely to think about the past. Setting new goals appears to protect them from the emotional consequences of failure, especially the Bulldogs who have a hard time admitting defeat.译文译文Digging8 So why do Bulldogs finally say, “Enough is enough”? In fact, it appears that their ph
23、ysical recovery comes through mild depression. Some go through a period of passive behaviour, during which they shut down. But on the positive side, theyre forced to stop and assess their lives again. Gradually they become more realistic about the world. In terms of human evolution, scientists think
24、 that depression is what told our bodies to slow down, to analyze the situation and to be cautious. Melancholy can actually help most of us to give up on the Olympic gold medal and preserve the human species.译文译文Digging9 Its definitely important to set oneself goals. For young people, its part of cu
25、ltivating an individual identity in the world. But as we grow older, were liable to adjust these aspirations or abandon them when we find that either we cannot achieve them or other, more important targets attract us. We abandon our plans for a glorious career because we feel it more desirable to at
26、tend to the demands of our young family. We choose not to continue our studies because we need to earn a living. Consequently, we find other, more feasible objectives in our lives, which are more appropriate to our circumstances than our previous ones. So while we may grow out of our dreams, at the
27、same time, we grow up.译文译文Digging10 Maybe we should rewrite the saying. How about “If at first you dont succeed, try, try again. But if you dont succeed, you dont always fail. Listen to your body and your mind. Thats where youll find your success as a human being. Thats where the survival of the spe
28、cies lies.” 译文译文DiggingMain idea of the text1. Since the Founding Fathers arrived in America, our children have been the target of messages about the value of determination in the face of lifes difficulties. (Line 1, Para 3)From the time Europeans first arrived in North America, they have been telli
29、ng their children they must be strong to face difficulties and overcome them. This attitude has been very intense in American culture both because of the type of Protestant Christianity (基督教中的新教) the early settlers believed in, and the obvious difficulties and dangers they faced in settling on a new
30、 continent with so little known and so many enemies.Difficult sentences Difficult sentences 2. Setting new goals appears to protect them from the emotional consequences of failure, especially the Bulldogs who have a hard time admitting defeat. (Line 8, Para 7)The consequences could include feelings
31、of low self-esteem, inadequacy or reluctance to try anything similar to the failed activity. It helps us to recover if we set new goals and get on with life as we dont have to feel burdened by the previous defeat. This is especially true of the Bulldog type of character as they find giving up especi
32、ally stressful and depressing. Of course, they also get most out of having a new aim to pursue as that is in their nature.Difficult sentences 3. Melancholy can actually help most of us to give up on the Olympic gold medal and preserve the human species. (Line 11, Para 8)When we cannot do something,
33、we feel depressed. The depression stops us from trying again, makes us put aside unrealistic goals like getting an Olympic gold medal, gives us a chance to re-evaluate our situation and try something attainable. This protects us from damaging ourselves trying to do what is beyond us.Difficult senten
34、ces 4. For young people, its part of cultivating an individual identity in the world. (Line 2, Para 9)People have different goals this is what makes people different. Without different ambitions young people would all be the same.Difficult sentences 5. So while we may grow out of our dreams, at the
35、same time, we grow up. (Line 14, Para 9)We lose our dreams as we age, but also become more mature and realistic. quitter 释义释义n. C (infml) someone who is likely to stop trying if they have problems or are not successful immediately 轻易放弃的人 例句例句Im not a quitter, but this job is starting to affect my he
36、alth. 我不是一个遇困难就放弃的人，只是这个工作开始影响我的健康了。翻译翻译Words例句例句The coach had no respect for quitters.教练瞧不起半途而废的人。翻译翻译释义释义n. C 顽强的人；永不言弃的人；C 斗牛犬；叭喇狗例句例句He is the kind of bulldog reporter that you do not find very much these days. 他是你近年来很难遇到的那种穷追不舍的记者。 翻译翻译Wordsbulldogcomic释义释义1a. (only before noun) relating to com
37、edy 喜剧的例句例句He worked as a comic actor. 他是一名喜剧演员。翻译翻译Words例句例句Many of the scenes in the book are richly comic. 书中很多情景充满喜剧色彩。 翻译翻译释义释义2例句例句The novel is comic and tragic. 这部小说既好笑又带有悲剧色彩。 翻译翻译Words a. funny 滑稽的；好笑的例句例句Most of these trips had exciting or comic moments. 大部分旅途都有激动人心或令人开怀的时刻。 翻译翻译comicdamn
38、释义释义a. (only before noun) used for emphasizing what you are saying, especially when you are annoyed about something 该死的；讨厌的例句例句Its damn cold in here. 这儿真冷。翻译翻译Words例句例句翻译翻译I cant get this damn button undone! 我解不开这个该死的扣子！ 释义释义1vi. to continue to do or say something in a determined way 坚持；执意 例句例句翻译翻译W
39、ords例句例句She persisted in taking her dog with her. 翻译翻译她执意要带她的狗一起去。Does he always persist in his opinion like that? 他老是那样固执己见吗？persist释义释义2vi. (fml) to continue to exist 继续存在；持续 例句例句Despite official denials, the rumours persisted. 尽管官方否认，谣言仍在继续流传。 翻译翻译Words例句例句The pain persisted for months, even thou
40、gh the injury had healed. 虽然受伤的地方已经愈合，但是疼痛还是持续了数月。 翻译翻译persistdetermination 释义释义n. U the refusal to let anything prevent you from doing what you have decided to do 坚定；决心例句例句She has shown great determination and skill. 她表现出了坚强的决心和技能。 翻译翻译Words例句例句His determination to marry her is now much stronger th
41、an ever. 他比以前更加坚决地想要娶她了。翻译翻译considerable 释义释义a. large in size, amount, or degree 相当大的；相当多的 例句例句Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time. 把这事做好需要花费我们相当多的时间。 翻译翻译Words例句例句A considerable amount of time and money was spent on the project. 相当多的时间和金钱都花在这项工程上了。 翻译翻译真题真题Writing is a slow pro
42、cess, requiring considerable thought, time, and effort. (Jun., 1996. CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure)释义释义n. C a connection between two or more people, places, facts, or events, especially when one is affected or caused by the other 关联，联系例句例句These projects will provide vital links between companies a
43、nd universities. 这些项目将会为公司和大学搭建重要的纽带。 翻译翻译Words例句例句The statistics show a clear link between social class and crime. 翻译翻译统计数字明确显示了社会阶级与犯罪之间的关系。 link 真题真题Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. (Jun., 2003. CET-4, Reading Comprehension)exhibit 释义释义1vt. to show a particu
44、lar feeling, quality, ability, or form of behaviour 表露；表现出例句例句He has exhibited symptoms of anxiety and overwhelming worry. 他表现出焦虑和过分担心的迹象。 翻译翻译Words例句例句Our soldiers exhibited great bravery in the battle. 我们的战士在战斗中表现出极大的勇敢。 翻译翻译释义释义2vt. to put something interesting in a museum or other public place s
45、o that people can go and look at it 展出；展览例句例句翻译翻译WordsDavids going to exhibit his roses at the flower show. 戴维准备在花展中展出自己的玫瑰花。 例句例句翻译翻译The art gallery will exhibit some of Dalis paintings. 美术馆将展览达利的部分绘画作品。 exhibit sequence释义释义n. C, U a set of related things that happen or are arranged in a particular
46、 order 一连串；连续例句例句翻译翻译Words例句例句翻译翻译We had to follow a complex sequence of movements. 我们必须按顺序完成一连串的复杂动作。 A computer can store and repeat sequences of instructions. 一台计算机能够储存和重复一连串的指令。 distinguish 释义释义v. to recognize the differences between things 区分；辨别例句例句翻译翻译Words例句例句翻译翻译Please tell me how to disting
47、uish a poisonous snake from a harmless one. 请告诉我如何区别毒蛇和无毒蛇。Can you distinguish right from wrong? 你能分清是非吗?真题真题Another way to divide the study of geography is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. (Jun. 1991, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure ) category释义释义n. C a group of peo
48、ple or things that have similar qualities 种类；类别 例句例句翻译翻译WordsThere will be two winners in each category. 每一类将有两个优胜者。 例句例句翻译翻译The proposal would ban some categories of weapons. 这项提案将禁止某些种类的武器。 释义释义n. (pl) information that you discover or opinions that you form after doing research 发现；研究结果 例句例句翻译翻译Wor
49、dsWhen the experiment is complete, include your findings in a report. 试验完成后，请把结果写入报告。 真题真题Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we would have done during the day. (Jan. 1999, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure ) 例句例句翻译翻译We can apply his findings in new dev
50、elopments. 我们可将他的调查结果应用于新的开发中。 findingsdiffer 释义释义vi. to be different from something else 不同(于)；有区别 例句例句翻译翻译WordsHearts may agree, though heads differ. 谚 意见总有分歧，但其心则仍可能一致。 But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. (Jan. 2003, CET-4, Cloze) 真题真题例句例句翻译翻译The
51、 weather often differs from one part of a state to another.一个州内各地区的天气往往有差别。indicate 释义释义1vt. to show that something will happen, is true, or exists 表明；显示例句例句翻译翻译Words测试结果将显示治疗是否成功。 Test results will indicate whether the treatment was successful. 例句例句翻译翻译烟囱冒烟说明有人在家。The smoke from the chimney indicate
52、d (that) someone was in the house. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed. (Jan. 1996, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure) 真题真题释义释义2例句例句翻译翻译Words市长流露出了辞职之意。The mayor indicated that he was to resign. Both sides are indicating their willingness
53、 to restore diplomatic relations. 例句例句翻译翻译双方都暗示愿意恢复外交关系。 vt. to express an intention, opinion, or wish in an indirect way 暗示；暗指indicate readily释义释义例句例句翻译翻译Words他欣然同意帮助我们渡过难关。He readily agreed to help us out. ad. in a way that shows that you are willing 乐意地 例句例句翻译翻译She readily discusses her science p
54、roject but is reluctant to talk about herself.她非常乐意讨论她的科研项目，却不愿谈自己。assess 释义释义vt. to carefully consider a situation, person, or problem in order to make a judgment 评估；评价例句例句翻译翻译Words我们的经纪人会对你的房产进行估价。 Our agent will assess the value of your property. He assessed the damage caused by the earthquake at
55、 $500,000. 例句例句翻译翻译他估计地震所造成的损失为50万美元。 analyze 释义释义vt. to study or examine something in detail in order to understand or explain it 分析 例句例句翻译翻译Words他们分析了这种金属，发现是黄金。They analyzed the metal and found it was gold. 例句例句翻译翻译我们正在努力分析哪里出了差错。 Were trying to analyze what went wrong. cultivate 释义释义1vt. to deve
56、lop something such as an attitude, ability, or skill 培养；养成例句例句翻译翻译Words她试着以读书陶冶心性。She is trying to cultivate her mind by reading. 例句例句翻译翻译该公司在打造专业形象方面非常成功。 The company have been successful in cultivating a very professional image. 释义释义2vt. to make land suitable for growing crops or plants 开垦；耕作The l
57、and here has been intensively cultivated for generations. 这片土地经过了几代人的密集耕作。 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Some of the land would be impossible to cultivate. 有些土地无法耕作。 例句例句翻译翻译cultivate 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译首相访问期间可能会出现抗议活动。 liable a. ( to do sth) (never before noun) likely to do something 易于 (或倾向于) 做某事 PhrasesProtests are li
58、able to occur throughout the prime ministers visit. 例句例句翻译翻译缺乏睡眠你就容易出错。 Without sleep you are liable to make mistakes. 释义释义1vt. to stop something that you are doing or planning to do, especially because it is too difficult to continue 中止，放弃Phrases例句例句翻译翻译The climbers finally abandoned their attempt
59、on the mountain. 登山者们最终放弃了攀登这座山的尝试。 例句例句翻译翻译The plans for reform were quietly abandoned. 改革的诸多计划都悄无声息地终止了。 abandon 释义释义2例句例句翻译翻译那辆轿车被发现丢弃在附近的一个小镇上。 The car was found abandoned in a nearby town. vt. to leave someone when you should stay with them and look after them 抛弃；遗弃 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译The heartless
60、 man abandoned his wife and children. 那个无情的男子遗弃了妻子和孩子。 abandon 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译大家都想获得良好的教育。 desirable A good education is highly desirable. a. something that is desirable has qualities that make you want it 令人向往的 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Experience of marketing is highly desirable. 有市场营销经验者尤佳。What personal qualit
61、ies are desirable in a teacher? (Jun. 2003, CET-4, Short Answer Questions )真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译发电而不造成污染是完全可行的。Its perfectly feasible to produce electricity without creating pollution. a. possible or likely to succeed 可行的；可能的 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Your plan is not economically feasible. 你的计划从经济上考虑是行不通的。 feasibl
62、e释义释义例句例句翻译翻译先前的房主没有好好爱护这个地方。 previous The previous owner did not take very good care of the place. a. (only before noun) a previous event, period, or thing happened or existed before the one you are talking about 先前的；以前的Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Mark has two children from a previous marriage. 马克的上一次婚姻给他留下了两个孩
63、子。 although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. (Jan. 1995, CET-4, Reading comprehension)真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译你不听劝说，因此征求别人的意见也就没有什么意义了。there is no point (in) doing sth You dont take advice so there is no point in asking for it. there is no s
64、ense in doing something 做某事没有意义 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译There is no point in arguing with him further. 继续和他争下去是没有意义的。释义释义例句例句翻译翻译钱可以带来幸福感，从一定程度上说是这样的，但金钱买不到一切。up to a point Money can bring the sense of happiness, up to a point, but money cant buy anything. to some degree but not completely 在某种 (或一定) 程度上 Phra
65、ses例句例句翻译翻译I enjoy my profession up to a point , but it certainly doesnt rule my life. 在一定程度上，我喜欢我的职业，但它当然不能主宰我的生活。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他力劝他们不要对和平努力绝望。He urged them not to give up on peace efforts. to stop hoping that someone or something will change or improve 对不抱希望 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Id been in trouble so man
66、y times that my parents had given up on me. 我一次次地惹麻烦，所以我父母对我彻底失望了。 give up on 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译这家人在艰难困苦面前眼看就要四分五裂了。 in the face of The family was breaking up in the face of its hardships. in a situation where you have to deal with something unpleasant or difficult 面对 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译He withdrew the propos
67、al Thursday in the face of fierce opposition at home and abroad. 面对国内外的强烈反对，他在周四收回提案。It assumes were all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). (Jun. 2002, CET-4, Reading Comprehension)真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译一方面他们说希望降低生活开支，另一方面他们又抬高了不少物品的税收。 on the one hand . (on the other hand)On the
68、one hand they say they wish to reduce the cost of living, and on the other they increase the duties on a number of articles. used for giving two different opinions about something 一方面（另一方面）Phrases例句例句翻译翻译On the one hand he is my teacher, but on the other he is my friend.一方面他是我老师，但另一方面他是我朋友。释义释义例句例句翻
69、译翻译长远看，这样做损坏公司的形象，即使广告活动能在一段时间内提振销售。in the long term That hurts the company s image in the long term, even if the campaign boosts sales for a spell. after a long period of time 从长远来看 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译You might be slightly happy if you lower your levels of expectations, but not in the long term.降低期望水平可
70、能会让你略微快乐些，但从长远来说行不通。释义释义例句例句翻译翻译凡事开头时就要想到它的后果。 think of Think of the end at every beginning. to consider someone and their needs or situation 想到；考虑到 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译Think of clients need when you are designing a product.你设计产品的时候要考虑用户的需求。释义释义例句例句翻译翻译look back to think about a time or event in the past
71、 回顾过去 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译现在有必要向前看，而不是往后看。It has now become necessary to look to the future and not look back. Looking back on it, I see my mistake. 回想一下，我认识到了我的错误。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译now that as a result of something or because of something 既然；由于Phrases例句例句翻译翻译我和我的大儿子现在相处得比以前好了些，因为他准备要上大学了。My oldest son and I
72、are getting along better now that hes getting ready to go to college. Im going to relax now the school year is over. 既然本学年已经结束了，我可要放松一下了。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译what if ? used for asking what would happen in a particular situation, especially an unpleasant situation (尤指令人不快的情况)如果将会怎么样?Phrases例句例句翻译翻译你如果考试不通过会怎
73、么样？What if you fail the exam?What if the Third World War break out? 如果第三次世界大战爆发会怎么样？释义释义例句例句翻译翻译go through to experience something difficult or unpleasant 熬过（困境）Phrases例句例句翻译翻译她看不出哪里有救星，她必须硬着头皮苦撑下去。 There was no salvation: she would have to go through with it. I hope I never go through anything like
74、 this again. 但愿我再也别遇到这类事。 The early pioneers had to go through many hardships to settle on the new land. (Jun. 2000, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure)真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译shut downif a machine or computer shuts down, or someone shuts it down, it stops operating (使)关机；(使) 停止运转Phrases例句例句翻译翻译该厂本月将停产两周。 The
75、factory will shut down for two weeks this month. Three nuclear generators were shut down for safety reasons. 出于安全原因关闭了3个核发电机。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译in terms of if you explain or describe something in terms of a particular fact or event, you are explaining or describing it only in relation to that fact or even
76、t 在方面；从方面来说Phrases例句例句翻译翻译决定必须根据其重要性来评估。 The decision should be rated up in terms of importance. In terms of money, hes quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. 就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。 Which sport has the most expenses in terms of training equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms? (Jan. 199
77、8, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure)真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译attend to to deal with something or someone 处理；料理 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译我妈妈不久前病得很重，我必须照顾她。 My mother was very ill, I have to attend to her. Im too busy now to attend to anything else but my work.我现在太忙，除自己的工作以外没功夫管别的事。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译earn a livingto earn enoug
78、h money to pay for everything you need 谋生 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译科学是个好东西，只要人们不需要靠它谋生就行。Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn ones living at it. It is honorable to earn a living with your hands. 靠双手劳动来养活自己是光荣的。 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译grow out of if someone grows out of something, they stop doing it,
79、 because they are older or wiser 因长大而放弃；长大不再做某事 Phrases例句例句翻译翻译她有咬手指甲的习惯，但是我认为她长大就不会了。 She has a habit of biting her fingernails, but I think she will grow out of it. My sons only interest seems to be motorbikes, but I suppose he will grow out of it. 我儿子唯一的兴趣似乎是摩托车，不过我想他长大后就不会这样了。 Culture pointsA bu
80、lldog (斗牛犬) is a dog with short hair, a short neck and large head, and short thick legs. It is said to have a strong, determined character.Culture pointsIf at first you dont succeed, try, try again. This is a well-known saying both in the US and the UK. It first appeared in an American schoolbook in
81、 1840, and was intended to encourage children to do their homework.The Founding Fathers (制宪元勋) were the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, during the American Revolution. In the passage the expression is used to refer to the first Europeans who settled in America.“
82、如果你第一次没有成功，那就再试一次吧，如果你第一次没有成功，那就再试一次吧，”喜剧演员喜剧演员W CW C菲尔德斯说，菲尔德斯说，“如果还是没有成功，如果还是没有成功，那就放弃吧。傻瓜一样地不肯放弃是毫无意义的。那就放弃吧。傻瓜一样地不肯放弃是毫无意义的。 ”Translation原文原文“懦夫懦夫”是赢家，是赢家，“硬汉硬汉”是输家是输家嗯，是的，在某种程度上是这样的，但是我嗯，是的，在某种程度上是这样的，但是我们都知道放弃有个正确时机和错误时机的问题。们都知道放弃有个正确时机和错误时机的问题。根据新的研究，知道什么时候放弃不可能实现的根据新的研究，知道什么时候放弃不可能实现的目标的人，即所
83、谓的目标的人，即所谓的“懦夫懦夫”，其身心要比不惜，其身心要比不惜任何代价而坚持下去的任何代价而坚持下去的“硬汉硬汉”健康。健康。Translation原文原文自从制宪元勋们来到美国，我们的孩子们就自从制宪元勋们来到美国，我们的孩子们就一直被灌输在面对生活中的困难时坚持不懈的价一直被灌输在面对生活中的困难时坚持不懈的价值。这种永不言败的精神在一句值。这种永不言败的精神在一句1919世纪的名言中世纪的名言中得到了最佳体现：得到了最佳体现：“如果你第一次没有成功，那如果你第一次没有成功，那就再试一次吧。就再试一次吧。”可要试多少次再放弃才比较合可要试多少次再放弃才比较合适呢？适呢？Translat
84、ion原文原文有很多研究都是关于这个问题的，尤其是关有很多研究都是关于这个问题的，尤其是关于决心与健康之间可能存在关系的问题。一方面，于决心与健康之间可能存在关系的问题。一方面，从长远来看，坚持和自律似乎增加了你成功的几从长远来看，坚持和自律似乎增加了你成功的几率，同时，个人的成功与身体的健康也似乎密切率，同时，个人的成功与身体的健康也似乎密切相关。想想你所知道的成功人士，回顾一下他们相关。想想你所知道的成功人士，回顾一下他们的一生。他们总是很清楚自己的人生方向吗？既的一生。他们总是很清楚自己的人生方向吗？既然现在已经成功了，他们就幸福、健康吗？有些然现在已经成功了，他们就幸福、健康吗？有些人
85、也许是的。人也许是的。Translation原文原文然而，如果成功是很不确定的，那又该怎然而，如果成功是很不确定的，那又该怎么办呢？例如，一个普通运动员想成为奥运会么办呢？例如，一个普通运动员想成为奥运会金牌获得者。太过于坚持有可能会对你的健康金牌获得者。太过于坚持有可能会对你的健康产生负面影响吗？产生负面影响吗？Translation原文原文 通过一系列的心理学实验，科学家格雷戈里通过一系列的心理学实验，科学家格雷戈里米勒和卡斯滕米勒和卡斯滕罗奇提出了一种区分罗奇提出了一种区分“硬汉硬汉”和和“懦夫懦夫”这两类人的方法。研究表明，这两类人的方法。研究表明， “懦懦夫夫”通常比通常比“硬汉硬汉
86、”健康。米勒和罗奇针对皮肤健康。米勒和罗奇针对皮肤病、睡眠不好和头疼等相对轻微的疾病做了研究，病、睡眠不好和头疼等相对轻微的疾病做了研究，发现发现“懦夫懦夫”患病的几率比患病的几率比“硬汉硬汉”低。此外，低。此外，“硬汉硬汉”长时间处于压力之下，体内一种蛋白质长时间处于压力之下，体内一种蛋白质的含量处于更高水平，这可能意味着他们患有严的含量处于更高水平，这可能意味着他们患有严重的疾病，包括糖尿病和心脏病这些致命的疾病。重的疾病，包括糖尿病和心脏病这些致命的疾病。Translation原文原文科学家们也注意到，科学家们也注意到，“硬汉硬汉”和和“懦夫懦夫”的的区别还在于在放弃某些重要的东西后他们
87、是否愿区别还在于在放弃某些重要的东西后他们是否愿意追求新的目标。他们发现，那些迅速重返生活意追求新的目标。他们发现，那些迅速重返生活的人有着更强的目标性，而且很少去想过去了的的人有着更强的目标性，而且很少去想过去了的事情。设定新目标让他们免受失败情绪的影响，事情。设定新目标让他们免受失败情绪的影响，这对那些难以承认失败的这对那些难以承认失败的“硬汉硬汉”们尤为重要。们尤为重要。Translation原文原文那么，为什么那么，为什么“硬汉硬汉”们最后会说们最后会说“够了，够了，够了够了”呢？实际上，他们似乎是经历了轻度的消呢？实际上，他们似乎是经历了轻度的消沉才恢复了体力。一些人会经历一段消极期
88、，在沉才恢复了体力。一些人会经历一段消极期，在此期间他们什么事都不做。但是从积极的方面来此期间他们什么事都不做。但是从积极的方面来看，他们被迫停下来，重新评估自己的生活。渐看，他们被迫停下来，重新评估自己的生活。渐渐地，他们对世界的态度变得更实际。从人类进渐地，他们对世界的态度变得更实际。从人类进化论的角度来说，科学家们认为，消沉在告诉我化论的角度来说，科学家们认为，消沉在告诉我们要放慢节奏，审时度势，谨慎小心。抑郁实际们要放慢节奏，审时度势，谨慎小心。抑郁实际上能让我们大多数人放弃不切实际的争夺奥运会上能让我们大多数人放弃不切实际的争夺奥运会金牌的念头，从而有助于保护人类。金牌的念头，从而有
89、助于保护人类。Translation原文原文给自己设定目标肯定是很重要的。对于年轻人给自己设定目标肯定是很重要的。对于年轻人来说，这是他们在世上确立个人特质的一部分。但来说，这是他们在世上确立个人特质的一部分。但是随着年龄的增长，当我们发现要么实现不了这些是随着年龄的增长，当我们发现要么实现不了这些目标，要么被别的更重要的目标吸引了，我们就会目标，要么被别的更重要的目标吸引了，我们就会调整期望或者放弃这些目标。我们因为更想照料新调整期望或者放弃这些目标。我们因为更想照料新组建的家庭而放弃了辉煌的职业计划。我们因为要组建的家庭而放弃了辉煌的职业计划。我们因为要生存而选择停止了学业。结果，我们在生
90、活中发现生存而选择停止了学业。结果，我们在生活中发现了更可行的目标，它们比之前的更适合我们的现状。了更可行的目标，它们比之前的更适合我们的现状。所以，当我们从梦想中走出的同时，我们也长大了。所以，当我们从梦想中走出的同时，我们也长大了。Translation原文原文 也许我们应该重写那句名言。也许我们应该重写那句名言。“如果你第如果你第一次没成功，那就再试一次吧。即使你又失败一次没成功，那就再试一次吧。即使你又失败了，你也不会总失败的。听从身心的指引。那了，你也不会总失败的。听从身心的指引。那是你作为一个人可以找到成功的地方，那是是你作为一个人可以找到成功的地方，那是人类赖以生存的地方。人类赖
91、以生存的地方。”Translation原文原文Main idea of the passageDiggingFocusing questionsInterpretingSometimes writers help their reader to focus on the topic theyre going to mention next by asking the sort of questions they might ask themselves. The question is like a signpost in the passage.Look at the sentence fr
92、om the passage and choose the best answer to the question.InterpretingBut are there times when its simply better to give up?Why does the writer ask this question?(a) Because he doesnt know the answer.(b) Because he thinks the reader knows the answer.(c) Because he wants to be dramatic.(d) Because he
93、 wants to focus the readers attention on the answer.Answer: dWork in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 Do you think Bulldogs and Quitters really exist?drift through life stick to Critical ThinkingWord tips: complicatedExample answerCritical ThinkingThe distinction between Bulldogs and Quitters seem
94、s a useful general framework. Some people dont seem to try hard at anything. They drift through life doing whatever is easy. You can also find people who stick to one task and keep trying even though there are little odds of success.People are more complicated than that. As to me, I can be determine
95、d about some things and quit easily on others. There are many other factors involved. 2 Do you think the psychological research about Bulldogs and Quitters quoted in the passage is useful?overvalue Critical ThinkingWord tips: persistence stubbornness Critical ThinkingExample answerPerhaps we sometim
96、es overvalue determination and persistence. There does come a time when it is stupid to go on trying to do something that is not possible for you. This research gives value to the idea that accepting failure can be wise and not just a disgrace.I cannot think of a practical purpose it can be put to.
97、You cannot really change the way you are. I agree stubbornness is not a virtue, but I think progress has been created by Bulldogs rather than Quitters.3 Which saying about “trying” do you prefer: the original, or the W C Fields version?less inspiringCritical ThinkingWord tips: encouragingaccept our
98、limits and enjoy lifeCritical ThinkingExample answerThe original one because it gives encouragement. Everyone should try to achieve more than they think they are capable of. The second one may be a lot less inspiring, but I think it could save a lot of people much unhappiness as they waste their tim
99、e trying to be someone they are not. Wed better accept our limits and enjoy life.4 What do you understand by the expression “a healthy mind”?logicalbalanced openCritical ThinkingWord tips: Critical ThinkingExample answerlA healthy mind is one that is balanced, logical, able to evaluate its own weakn
100、esses and open to advice. 5 How important is it to have “a healthy mind in a healthy body”?better to have boththe two are not necessarily connectedCritical ThinkingWord tips: Critical ThinkingExample answerlI dont think the two should be seen as connected. Of course, you can have a healthy mind in a
101、n unhealthy body. Stephen Hawking (斯蒂芬霍金) proves that! And there are plenty of healthy bodies with the sick minds of serial killers (连环杀手) in them. But it is a good educational aim. Fit, logically thinking, sensible people are a social asset. Critical ThinkingExample answerlIt is very important. We
102、should all strive to keep ourselves fit, clean and physically presentable with firm moral principles and a logical mind. Otherwise we are falling below our potential.Unfamiliar WordsMatch the words with their meanings in the context of the passage. 1 Something that is _ will probably make you laugh.
103、2 A(n) _ objective is one that is realistic.3 If you _ what you have done, you consider it carefully, to make a judgment about it.feasiblecomicassess comic desirable feasible persist readily sequence assessUnfamiliar Words4 A(n) _ result is one that you will be happy with. 5 If you _ in doing someth
104、ing, you keep on doing it.6 A(n) _ of events happen one after the other. 7 If you do something _ you are happy to do itdesirablepersistsequenceassess comic desirable feasible persist readily sequence readilyUnfamiliar WordsReplace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1
105、 Some people show a desire to be competitive in every aspect of their lives.exhibit2 Is a wonderful and successful career really so important to you?category cultivate depression differ exhibit glorious indicate 3 Youre quite a good sportswoman, but youre not exactly in the class of Olympic athletes
106、.gloriouscategoryUnfamiliar Words4 After failing the exam three times in a row Matthew sank into a feeling of continual unhappiness.5 Bulldogs and Quitters are different from one another in many ways.6 Those bags around your eyes suggest that you havent had much sleep recently.7 Its important to dev
107、elop friendships and relationships with other people. depressiondiffercategory cultivate depression differ exhibit glorious indicate indicatecultivateComplete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in the box.Unfamiliar WordsThe research (1) _ of Miller and Wrosch are interesting but perha
108、ps a little surprising. (2) _ research, especially that carried out by Lambert and Gardner in the 1950s and 1960s, suggests that (3) _ is an important factor in success, especially in the context of motivation.findingsPreviousdeterminationconsequently considerable determination distinguish findings
109、liable link previous specifically Unfamiliar WordsLambert and Gardner (4) _ between two types of motivation in the academic world: instrumental motivation for a subject, which is (5) _ to factors such as the desire to get a good job, and intrinsic motivation, in which students are (6) _ interested i
110、n the subject itself. There is a (7) _ difference between the two types of motivation: The intrinsically motivated student is (8) _ to learn better, and (9) _ to be more successful in the long term. distinguishedspecificallylinkedconsiderableconsequently considerable determination distinguish findin
111、gs liable link previous specifically liableconsequentlyverb + -ableLanguage in Use Look at the sentence from the passage. There has been considerable research about this question .We can form adjectives from many verbs by adding the suffix -able. This often indicates that something is possible, or c
112、an be done. Considerable, however, means more than “something which can be considered”, it means “a lot of”.Language in Use1 a decision which you can accept2 a person you can depend on3 the outcome which you desire4 two things which can be compared to each other5 an object which is easily broken6 an
113、 event which can be predicted Now form adjectives with -able to describe the people and things, and check your answers with the dictionary.acceptabledependabledesirablecomparablebreakablepredictablebe + wh- clauseLanguage in Use scientists think that depression is what told our bodies to slow down,
114、to analyze the situation and to be cautious.Thats where youll find your success as a human being. Thats where the survival of the species lies. Look at the sentences from the passage.We often use clauses beginning with wh- questions (what, where, when, why, who) next to the main clause, following th
115、e verb be. They give more information, or help to define something in the main clause. Language in UseNow complete the sentences using wh- clauses.1 Im glad youve told us your opinion of the project. Thats _ I feel about it too. 2 My mothers advice was “be _ you want to be, not who other people want
116、 you to be”.3 The third part of the exam was the longest, and thats _ I made the biggest mistake.4 Why dont we start the project now, since thats _ were here for?howwhowherewhatLanguage in Use5 He came to see me last night. Thats _ I realized he had a problem.6 I knew she was going to be there, whic
117、h is _ I decided not to go. whenwhy Language in UseIt is not easy for Bulldogs to admit defeat.have a hard / difficult / easy time doing something Look at the sentence.To have a hard time doing something is an informal way of saying that something is not easy to do.We can rewrite it like this:Bulldo
118、gs have a hard time admitting defeat.Language in Use1 It wasnt easy for us to carry out this research. 2 You wont find it difficult to relax in this university.We had a hard / difficult time carrying out this research. We didnt have an easy time carrying out this research.You will have an easy time
119、relaxing in this university. You wont have a hard / difficult time relaxing in this university.Now rewrite the sentences using have a hard / difficult / easy time doing something.Language in Use3 Quitters dont find it easy to stay in the same job.4 I am not finding it easy to get used to my new PC.Q
120、uitters have a hard / difficult time staying in the same job. Quitters dont have an easy time staying in the same job.I am having a hard / difficult time getting used to my new PC. I am not having an easy time getting used to my new PC.Language in Use5 It was tough for her to accept that she would n
121、ever be an Olympic athlete.6 He found it quite easy to find a new job.She had a hard / difficult time accepting that she could never be an Olympic athlete. She didnt have an easy time accepting that she could never be an Olympic athlete. He had an easy time finding a new job. He didnt have a hard /d
122、ifficult time finding a new job.Language in UseTheres no point in being a damn fool about it.Theres no point (in) doing Look at the sentence from the passage. Theres no point (in) doing something is a common informal way of suggesting that there is no good reason to do something.Language in Use1 Don
123、t write too much on this topic, it would be a waste of time.2 I wouldnt speak to your friends about this problem, they wouldnt understand.3 You can keep on applying for this job, but you wont get it.Theres no point (in) writing too much on this topic. There was no point (in) speaking to your friends
124、 about this problem because they wouldnt understand. Now rewrite the sentences using Theres no point (in) doing something.Theres no point (in) keeping on applying for this job as you wont get it.Language in Use4 Dont get angry about this, it wont do you any good.5 If you try to phone, you wont get t
125、hrough because the lines down.6 You shouldnt worry, youll only make things worse. Theres no point (in) getting angry about this, since it wont do you any good. Theres no point (in) trying to phone because the lines down. Theres no point (in) worrying; youll only make things worse. Language in Use Lo
126、ok at the sentence from the passage.now that now that they have arrived, are they happy and healthy?Now that clause is a rather informal way of indicating a result. Now that usually comes at the beginning of the sentence.Language in Use1 Now that _, I can read the book you recommended.2 Now that _,
127、we can begin the class.3 Now that _, I feel somehow more motivated.4 Now that _, perhaps you can start doing some sport again.I have found a copyyou are all heremy marks have begun to improvethe examinations are overNow complete the sentences.Language in Use5 Now that _, why dont we go for a trip so
128、mewhere?6 Now that _, what are you going to do?the big project has been finishedyou have lots of money Translate the sentences into Chinese.1 According to new research, people who know when to give up on impossible goals, the so-called “quitters”, are physically and mentally healthier than “bulldogs
129、” who persist at any cost.根据新的研究，知道什么时候放弃不可能实现的目标的人，即所谓的“懦夫”，其身心要比不惜任何代价而坚持下去的“硬汉”健康。Language in Use2 On the one hand, it seems that persistence and self-discipline increase the chance youll succeed in the long term, and that personal success is closely linked to well-being.3 In terms of human evolu
130、tion, scientists think that depression is what told our bodies to slow down, to analyze the situation and to be cautious.Language in Use从人类进化论的角度来说，科学家们认为，消沉在告诉我们要放慢节奏，审时度势，谨慎小心。一方面，从长远来看，坚持和自律似乎增加了你成功的几率，同时，个人的成功与身体的健康也似乎密切相关。Language in Use4 But as we grow older, were liable to adjust these aspira
131、tions or abandon them when we find that either we cannot achieve them or other, more important targets attract us.但是随着年龄的增长，当我们发现要么实现不了这些目标，要么被别的更重要的目标吸引了，我们就会调整期望或者放弃这些目标。5 Consequently, we find other, more feasible objectives in our lives, which are more appropriate to our circumstances than our p
132、revious ones.结果，我们在生活中发现了更可行的目标，它们比之前的更适合我们的现状。 Translate the sentences into English.1 再和他争论没有意义，他一旦作了决定就不会改变。(Theres no point in doing sth)2 从长远看，为自己设定目标的人成功的机会更大。(in the long term)Theres no point in arguing with him anymore; he will not change it once he has made a decision.Those who set themselve
133、s goals are more likely to succeed in the long term.Language in Use4 面对大城市日益增长的生活压力，越来越多的人搬到小城镇生活。(in the face of)Language in Use3. 大量的研究表明，压力太大对身心健康都有负面影响。(considerable; indicate; have effect on)In the face of increasing pressure of big cities, more and more people are moving to small towns.Conside
134、rable research indicated that too much pressure has a negative effect on both mental and physical health. 5 既然你已经为自己设定了目标，那就朝着自己的目标前进吧，无论遇到什么困难。(now that; whatever; encounter)Now that you have set goals for yourself, move on towards your goals whatever difficulty you may encounter. Language in UseTa
135、lking Point Work in groups. Do the quiz and discuss the questions. 1 Im doing my course at college because _. (a) I like it and am learning a lot (b) it will help me to get a good job (c) I want to please my parents 2 When I get a good mark for a piece of work I _. (a) start thinking about the next
136、piece of work (b) feel like celebrating with friends (c) think Ive been lucky Talking Point3 When I get a bad mark for a piece of work I _. (a) think it has not been marked very well (b) feel determined to get a better mark next time (c) feel ashamed and get depressed 4 As a guide to getting on in l
137、ife I prefer _. (a) “A healthy mind in a healthy body” (b) “If at first you dont succeed, try, try again” (c) “Getting a good job isnt the only important thing in life”Talking Point Discuss which answers to the questions indicate that you probably: 1 have a high level of motivation to do things that you are interested in2 have a high level of motivation to do things that will help you achieve something3 dont have a high level of personal motivationTalking Point Decide who is the most motivated in the group.
