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1、2. Classification By Its Function(功能功能): lyric poem: usually a short composition depicting the speakers deepest emotions and feelings. Songs, elegies, odes, and sonnets fall into this category.Lyric（抒情诗）抒情诗）: In its Greek meaning, refers to poems written to be sung to a lyre( (七弦琴七弦琴七弦琴七弦琴) ), an an
2、cient musical instrument with strings fixed to a U-shape frame. Flourished in English Elizabethan period and continued to be popular with poets throughout the literary history. During these years of development, lyrics relation with music was gradually broken. Now the term “lyric” comes to refer to
3、shorter poems expressive of a poets thoughts and feelings and which could not be classed under any other headings. Written in a variety of poetic genres, including verse song, hymn, ode and sonnet, and characterized by simple form and simple ideas easily adaptable to music.Another definition:In mode
4、rn sense, any fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling, or meditation of a single speaker (who may sometimes be an invented character, not the poet). In ancient Greece, a lyric was a song accompaniment on the lyre, and could be a choral lyric sung by a group (see chorus), such as a di
5、rge or hymn: the modern sense, current since the Renaissance. Often suggests a songlike quality in the poems to which it refers. Lyric poetry is the most extensive category of verse, esp. after the declinesince the 19th century in the Westof the other principal kinds: Narrative and dramatic verse. L
6、yrics may be composed in almost any metre and on almost every subject, although the most usual emotions presented are those of love and grief. Among the common lyric forms are the sonnet, ode, elegy, haiku, and the more personal kinds of hymn. A writer of lyric poems may be called a lyric poet, a ly
7、ricist, or a lyrist. In another sense, the lyrics of a popular song or other musical composition are the words as opposed to the music. ( (BaldickBaldick, 1999: 125-126), 1999: 125-126) Pastoral（田园诗田园诗）:a form of escape literature concerned with country pleasures. It has its origin in ancient Greek
8、literature. Usually presents a simple, idealized country environment inhabited by shepherds and shepherdesses who are engaged in tending sheep, falling in love, and having friendly poetry contest. . Ode（颂诗，赋）颂诗，赋）: the noblest kind of lyric. Like hymn which usually is a praise of God or the gods, od
9、e is also a praise, such as Ode to the West Wind, Ode to a Nightingale, and Ode on a Grecian Urn. Elegy（悲歌，挽歌）悲歌，挽歌）: a poem of lamentation for the dead, ie, mourning someones death, such as Miltons Lycidas, Shelleys Adonais, Tennysons In Memoriam and so on. Sonnet（十四行诗）十四行诗）A lyric poem comprising
10、14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns:. The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line octave of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, follo
11、wed by a 6-line sestet usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd); . The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a fina couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. ( (BaldickBaldick, 1999: 207), 1999: 207)Dramatics(戏剧诗戏剧诗) ; Narratives（叙事诗）叙事诗）
12、dramatic poem: uses dramatic monologue or dialogue and assumes the presence of another character besides the speaker of the poem. (My Last Dutchess by Robert Browning) narrative poem: poems that tell stories, usually emphasizes action or the plot, including ballads, epics, and verse romances. (Iliad
13、 and Odyssey; The Death of the Hired Man by Robert Frost; To an Athlete Dying Young, Along the Field As We Came By by A.E. Housman)Epic(史诗史诗); Ballad(民谣，民歌民谣，民歌, 歌谣歌谣, 叙事叙事歌歌) Epic: narrative poems. The oldest type of poetry, such as Iliad and Odyssey. Usually pass from generation to generation befo
14、re they are written down. Usually about early history or the origin of a nation. Ballad: usually single, spirited poems written in 4-line stanzas, in which some popular stories are vividly told. Especially popular in the 15th century and tell stories about the famous outlaw Robin Hood and about the
15、wars. . The Metrical Forms of English Poetry1. Meter(or Metre) (韵律韵律): the recurrent pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poetic line. It determines the rhythm of the poem. One way to identify the metrical pattern of a poem is to mark the accented(stressed) and unaccented(unstressed) sy
16、llables of the poetic line, as in the example below from a sonnet by Shakespeare: Examples: My My mismis/ /tress eyes tress eyes / / are no are no/ /thing like thing like / / the sun. the sun. 1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5 Shall I Shall I / / compare compare / / thee to thee to / / a a susu/ /mmersmmers day? d
17、ay? 1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5 More Examples So long So long / / as men as men / / can breathe can breathe / / or eyes or eyes / / can see, can see, 1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5 So long So long / / lives this, lives this, / / and this and this / / gives life gives life / / to thee. to thee. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2. Fee
18、t （音步音步）: each line of a poem is divided into feet, the basic each line of a poem is divided into feet, the basic unit of measurement, according to patterns of accented unit of measurement, according to patterns of accented and unaccented syllables. Following are the and unaccented syllables. Follow
19、ing are the fivefive most most common types of poetic feetcommon types of poetic feet（音步类型）音步类型）音步类型）音步类型）: : iambiciambic ( ( ): ):forgetforget（抑扬格）抑扬格） trocheetrochee ( ( ): ):morningmorning（扬抑格）扬抑格） anapest anapest ( ( ): ):at a houseat a house（抑抑扬格）抑抑扬格） dactyl dactyl ( ( ): ):separateseparate（扬
20、抑抑格）扬抑抑格） spondee spondee ( ( ): ): come, nowcome, now（扬扬格）扬扬格）3. Names of Poetic Feet（一至六音步名称）：一至六音步名称）：one foot:monometer （一音步）two feet:dimeter（二音步）three feet:trimeter（三音步）four feet:tetrameter（四音步）five feet:pentameter（五音步）six feet:hexameter（六音步）iambic pentameter:iambic pentameter: one of the most
21、common meters one of the most common meters in English poetry and drama.in English poetry and drama.4. Rhyme Scheme（压韵格式）压韵格式）:The pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are The pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Rhyme schemes may arranged in a poem or stanz
22、a. Rhyme schemes may follow a fixed pattern, as in the sonnet and several other follow a fixed pattern, as in the sonnet and several other forms, or they may be arranged freely according to the forms, or they may be arranged freely according to the poets requirements.poets requirements.e.g.e.g. Lime
23、rickLimerick（五行打油诗）五行打油诗）五行打油诗）五行打油诗）: : aabba Petrarchan sonnet : abba abba cdecde Shakespearean SonnetShakespearean Sonnet : : abab cdcd efef ggQuiz: Analyse the Meter and Rhyme!(Mark out the feet and stressed and unstressed syllables)(Mark out the feet and stressed and unstressed syllables)(1)Who
24、se woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.(2)The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.5. Caesura 诗行中间的停顿；诗行中间的停顿；诗行中间的停顿；诗行中间的停顿；节律的停顿，（韵
25、脚的）节律的停顿，（韵脚的）节律的停顿，（韵脚的）节律的停顿，（韵脚的）休止休止休止休止 a pause or pauses within the poetic linea pause or pauses within the poetic line：a pause in a line of verse, often coinciding with a break a pause in a line of verse, often coinciding with a break between clauses or sentences. It is usually placed in the
26、between clauses or sentences. It is usually placed in the middle of the line (middle of the line (medial caesuramedial caesura), but may appear near ), but may appear near the beginning (the beginning (initialinitial) or towards the end () or towards the end (terminalterminal). If it ). If it follow
27、s a stressed syllable, it is known as a follows a stressed syllable, it is known as a masculinemasculine caesura, while if it follows an unstressed syllable, it is caesura, while if it follows an unstressed syllable, it is femininefeminine. ( (BaldickBaldick, 1999: 29), 1999: 29) 传统英语诗体学传统英语诗体学传统英语诗
28、体学传统英语诗体学( (prosodyprosody) )中的一个经典术语。指一行诗中间的中的一个经典术语。指一行诗中间的中的一个经典术语。指一行诗中间的中的一个经典术语。指一行诗中间的停顿。在英语诗歌中，这样的停顿不是由于韵律停顿。在英语诗歌中，这样的停顿不是由于韵律停顿。在英语诗歌中，这样的停顿不是由于韵律停顿。在英语诗歌中，这样的停顿不是由于韵律( (metricalmetrical) )形式，形式，形式，形式，而是由句法而是由句法而是由句法而是由句法( (syntaxsyntax) )、语义或标点符号来决定的，所以它们的出语义或标点符号来决定的，所以它们的出语义或标点符号来决定的，所以
29、它们的出语义或标点符号来决定的，所以它们的出现无规律可循。现无规律可循。现无规律可循。现无规律可循。. . （胡壮麟等，（胡壮麟等，（胡壮麟等，（胡壮麟等，20042004：4040）Quiz: Masculine Caesura Or Feminine Caesura?So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Sonnet 18, William ShakespeareSonnet 18, William ShakespeareThat time
30、of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the coldBare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. Sonnet 73, William ShakespeareSonnet 73, William Shakespeare a poetic line that carries its meaning and sound to the next line
31、; （诗句之）跨行连续诗句之）跨行连续e.g. But if I were to have a lover, it would be someone who could take nothing from you. 撑着油纸伞，独自/彷徨在悠长、悠长/又寂寥的雨巷/我希望逢着/一个丁香一样地/结着愁怨的姑娘。6. Enjambment(=enjamkement): 7. Stanza （诗节）：诗节）： a group of two or more poetic lines forming the same metrical pattern or a closely similar patte
32、rn that is repeated throughout the poem.Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza: an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eight being pentameters while the ninth is a longer line known either as an iambic hexameter or as an alexandrine. The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named
33、after Edmund Spenser, who invented itprobably on the basis of the ottava rima stanzafor his long allegorical romance the Faerie Queen(1590-6). romance the Faerie Queen(1590-6). It was revived successfully Spenserian stanza; Ottava rima stanzaby the younger English Romantic poets of the early 19th by
34、 the younger English Romantic poets of the early 19th century: Byron used it for Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, Keats century: Byron used it for Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, Keats for The Eve of St Agnes and Shelly for The Revolt of Islam for The Eve of St Agnes and Shelly for The Revolt of Islam and and
35、AdonaisAdonais. . ( (BaldickBaldick, , 1999: 2091999: 209) )OttavaOttava rimarima stanza: stanza: a form of versa stanza consisting of eight a form of versa stanza consisting of eight lines rhyming lines rhyming abababccabababcc, usually employed for narrative verse , usually employed for narrative
36、verse but sometimes used in lyric poems. In its original Italian form but sometimes used in lyric poems. In its original Italian form (eighth rhyme), pioneered by Boccaccio in the 14(eighth rhyme), pioneered by Boccaccio in the 14thth century century and perfected by Ariosto in the 16and perfected b
37、y Ariosto in the 16thth , it used , it used hendecasyllables; but the English version uses iambic hendecasyllables; but the English version uses iambic pentameters. Introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the pentameters. Introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the 1616thth century, later used by Byron in Don Juan as well as by century, later used by Byron in Don Juan as well as by Keats, Shelley, and Yeats.Keats, Shelley, and Yeats. ( (BaldickBaldick, 1999: 157, 1999: 157) )
