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1、翻翻译译理理论论与与实实践践 1正说反译反说正译法n nWet paintn n湿的漆n n油漆未干n nJohn was a fool for danger.n n约翰对危险是个傻子n n没有一个中国人能懂。只有把fool从反面说过去，才能豁然开朗。n n约翰是天不怕地不怕的。n n这就是正说反译，反说正译法 negation2正说反译反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法n nNegation 在语法与翻译两个不同的学科中含义不同。n nNegation作为一种翻译技巧，指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法
2、，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。n n而语法中的negation则指“否定”，含完全否定，部分否定，双重否定等。3正说反译反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法n n1、正说反译法（动词）n n2、正说反译法（形容词）n n3、正说反译法（名词）n n4、正说反译法（虚词）n n5、正说反译法（短语）4正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n n含否定意义动词可反译fail,miss, lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain,deny, overlook,exclude,neglect等n nThe revolutiona
3、ries were beaten,refused anything to read,kept for a time in semi- darkness as well as in chains.n n那些革命者当时受到拷打，不准阅读任何书刊.n nThe window refuses to open.n n窗户打不开。n nShe was refused admittance by them.n n他们不许她进去。5正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n nPlease refrain from smoking.n n请不要吸烟。n nMr. White has refrai
4、ned from making any official comment on the coup in that country.n n怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论n nShe refrained from laughing.n n她忍住了，没有发笑。6正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n nHe shot at it,but missed.n n他朝它开了枪，但未射中。n nI arrived too late and missed the train.n n我抵达时已太迟了，没有赶上火车。n nShe went to the station to meet h
5、er husband,but missed him in the crowd.n n她去车站接丈夫，但在人群中没有见到他。n nHes missed school three days this week.n n他这星期有三天没有去上学。7正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n nThe minister has denied these allegationsn n部长不承认这些指控。n nPermission to enter was denied.n n不准入内。n nI was denied the chance of going to university.n n我
6、得不到上大学的机会。8正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n nToday he failed to get to school on time.n n他今天没有准时到校。n nIf the crops fail there will be a serious food shortage.n n如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒 n nThe letter failed to arrive.n n信没有送到。n nHis secretary failed to tell him about it.n n他的秘书没有告诉他。9正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动
7、词）n nThey excluded children from getting in.n n他们不准小孩入内。n nThe evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt.n n证据确凿，毋庸置疑。n nPeople under 21 are excluded from joining the club.n n二十一岁以下的人不得参加这个俱乐部10正说反译反说正译法n nThe plan failed and for years he lost his political power.n n计划失败了，他在政治上多年不
8、得志。n nSuch a chance was denied me.n n我没有得到这样的机会。n nEx-Governor Stark remained a private citizen.n n前州长斯塔克从此一直没能当官。n nTheir action amounted to treason.n n他们的所作所为无异于卖国。11正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（动词）正说反译法（动词）n nAvoid operating the keys roughly.n n使用按键不要用力过猛n nDo you know why she is always trying to avoid you ？n
9、n你知道她为什么总是不想见到你吗？n nHe tried to avoid answering my questions.n n他试图避而不答我的问题。12正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）n nThere are two aspects to everything,to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other.n n任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫只知其一不知其二。n nThe County Party Committee here is ign
10、orant of conditions at the lower levels.n n那里的县委不了解下情。n n He is not only stupid,but also ignorant.n n不仅愚蠢，而且无知。13正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）n nSlips are scarcely avoidable when youre new to your work.n n工作没有经验，出点差错在所难免。n nA young clerk new to the jobn n对工作还不熟悉的年轻办事员n nHe is often absent-minded.n n
11、他常常心不在焉。n nThe teacher found some students absent.n n老师发现有些学生不在。14正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（形容词）正说反译法（形容词）n nShe said angrily,the men are all bad!n n她愤愤地说，男人都不是好东西！n nYou are a bad boy!n n你是个不听话的孩子！n nThe companys failure was due to bad management.n n公司因经营不善破产。n nBad living habitsn n不良的生活习惯15正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（形容词
12、）正说反译法（形容词）n nHis key was lost.n n他的钥匙不见了。n nHe was reading his book,completely lost to the world.n n他正在看书，对周围的一切都不加注意。n nGood advice is lost on him.n n忠告对他不起作用。16正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（名词）正说反译法（名词）n nAnd this And this failurefailure to recognize and analyze the to recognize and analyze the inter-relationsh
13、ip of linguistic and non- inter-relationship of linguistic and non- linguistic problems produces two major signs of linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness.ineffectiveness.n n由于看不到、也不去分析语言问题与非语言问题之由于看不到、也不去分析语言问题与非语言问题之间的相互关系，产生了两大不足间的相互关系，产生了两大不足n nThis failure was the makin
14、g of him.This failure was the making of him.n n这次不成功是他成功的基础。这次不成功是他成功的基础。n nThe governmentThe government s failure to carry out their s failure to carry out their election pledgeelection pledgen n政府对选举时所作的保证没有付诸实行。政府对选举时所作的保证没有付诸实行。17正说反译反说正译法n nTom will be in charge of the office during my absence.
15、n n我不在的时候，办公室由汤姆负责。n nWhy does he say nothing about the total absence from his list poems about the Paris Commune?n n他开的单子里根本没有关于巴黎公社的诗歌，对此他为什么只字不提呢？18正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（名词）正说反译法（名词）n nHe tries to overcome the lack of technical data.n n他试图克服技术资料的不足。n nHer abstraction was not because of the tea party.n n
16、她那心不在焉的神情，并不是因为茶话会n nSilence reigned all over for a while.n n全场寂静无声。19正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（介词）正说反译法（介词）n nCapitalism is beyond all comparison superior to feudalism.n n资本主义无可比拟地比封建主义优越。n nTo do this is beyond my ability.n n干这事我力不胜任。n nThe problem,which was in the past beyond the capacity of any single fami
17、ly, was solved quickly by the collective.n n个别家庭无力解决的这个问题，通过集体能迅速得到解决。20正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（介词）正说反译法（介词）n nThere is nothing in this shop above $5.n n这家商店卖的东西价钱都不超过5美圆。n nLeifengs noble deeds are above all praisen n雷锋的高尚事迹令人赞扬不尽。n nHe is above meanness and deceit.n n他不至于做卑鄙和欺骗人的事情。n nHer behaviour was abo
18、ve suspicion.n n她的品行不容怀疑、21正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（虚词）正说反译法（虚词）n nFew of my friends speak French.n n我的朋友中几乎没有人说法语。n nThis was the last place the colonialists would leave,for in it lay rich resources.n n这是殖民主义者最不愿离开的地方，因为.n nThat is the last thing I should expect him to do.n n那是我认为他最不可能做的事情。22正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（虚
19、词）正说反译法（虚词）n nHe gained little advantage from the plan.n n他从这项计划中没有获得什么利益。n nSome people think that man is the least reliable scientific instruments.n n有些人认为人是最不可靠的科学仪器。n nBut firemen succeeded in confirming the outbreak to warehouses containing less inflammable materials.n n消防队员成功把火势控制在存放不易燃烧物品的仓库范
20、围内。23正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（副词）正说反译法（副词）n nHe has become understandably restless.n n他变得焦躁不安，这是不难理解的。n nHe dived into the water fully clothed and rescued Mr. And Mrs. Glen.n n他没有脱衣服就跳进水里去救格伦夫妇。n nSoaking the welfare state likewise set badly with party elders.n n削减福利同样使党内的元老感到不安24正说反译反说正译法正说反译法（短语）正说反译法（短语）n
21、n某些固定短语一般要译作否定.n n1. far from, free from, prevent from, protect from.n n2. but for, but that, anything but, cannot but.n nOther than, rather than, more thancan,n n比较级+ than to don nInstead of, in place of, short of, in the absence of25正说反译反说正译法n nBecause Manhattan is so small,the city has to grow up
22、wards instead of outwardsn n因为城市只能向空中而不是向外发展。n nThe world today is far from peaceful.n n今天的世界还很不安宁。n nFar from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely.n n我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。n nHe wishes to live a life free from care.n n他希望过无忧无虑的生活.26正说反译反说正译法n nBut for the workers help,we should not have succee
23、ded in this experiment.n n没有工人们的帮助我们这个实验不会成功n nBut that you aided me, I should have failedn n如果你不帮助他,我就会失败.n nThat city is an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon-free zone.n n那城市是不冻港和无核区（free from不受）n nI am wiser than to believe that.n n我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事.27正说反译反说正译法n nOur PLA is worthy of being called a
24、great army of the people.n n人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号n nI borrowed some books other than novels.n n我借了几本书,都不是小说.n nHow can machine work in the absence of electricity?n n没有电,机器怎么运转?28正说反译反说正译法反说正译法反说正译法n n1、反说正译法（动词）n n2、反说正译法（形容词）n n3、反说正译法（副词）n n4、反说正译法（名词）n n5、反说正译法（介词短语）29正说反译反说正译法反说正译法（动词）反说正译法（动词）n n英
25、语中作反面表达的动词如加了否定前缀的动词在译文中可以从正面表达。n nWhy do you dislike her so muchn n你为什么那么讨厌她？n nWe disagreed over what should be donen n我们对应采取什么措施意见有分歧。n nThe pipes blocked,we must unblock it.n n管道堵塞了，我们必须疏通它。n nUnbuckle解开，unload-卸下，undress-脱下，unburden除去负担30正说反译反说正译法反说正译法（形容词）反说正译法（形容词）n n同样的，加了否定前缀或者后缀的形容词，也可采用反说
26、正译法表强调。n nHe returned home with a hopeless face.n n他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家n nIt is noiseless around here at midnight.n n午夜时分，周围都静悄悄的（一片寂静）n nWeve been very unlucky with that car-its always breaking down.n n我们坐那辆车总是很倒霉31正说反译反说正译法反说正译法（副词）反说正译法（副词）n nHe was unaccountably delayed.n n他莫名其妙地被延迟了。n nUnaccustomedly s
27、ilentn n反常地沉默n nHe answered unassumingly.n n他谦逊地回答。n nShe uncannily resembles my dead sister.n n她跟我死去的姐姐出奇的相像。32正说反译反说正译法n nHe carelessly glanced through the note and got He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.away.n n他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了n nNever-Never-总，永远总，永远n nThe windows
28、 there were never open.The windows there were never open.n n那里的窗门总是关着。那里的窗门总是关着。n nWe must never stop taking an optimistic view of We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.life.n n我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。n nThe idea that he should become an assistant has The idea that he should becom
29、e an assistant has never deserted him.never deserted him.n n他一直希望自己能成为助理。他一直希望自己能成为助理。33正说反译反说正译法反说正译法（名词）反说正译法（名词）n nDislike-厌恶 Disbelief-怀疑n nDisappearance-消失 Disagreement-分歧 Unhappiness-伤心n nDisadvantage-缺点n nDisappointment-失望，沮丧n nDisapproval-反对，责难n nDisarray-混乱，杂乱n nHe manifested a strong disli
30、ke for his fathers business.n n他对父亲的生意表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。34正说反译反说正译法反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（介词短语）n nNotuntil 直到才n nNotbefore 到再n nDont make your conclusion before the end of the year.n n到年底再下结论吧。n nThe child can walk without any help nown n这小孩现在完全能自己走路了。n nShe came into the room with no shoes onn n她光着脚走进了房间35正说反译反
31、说正译法反说正译法（介词短语）反说正译法（介词短语）n nThe train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time.n n来自莫斯科的火车很快就会到达。n nDont lose time in closing the windows.n n赶快关上窗户n nNo smoking!n n严禁吸烟36正说反译反说正译法练习练习n nWe canWe can t exclude the possibility that his wife t exclude the possibility that his wife killed him.killed h
32、im.n nHer absence is not without excuse.Her absence is not without excuse.n nStop talking nonsense!Stop talking nonsense!n nHis arrival three days in advance is beyond our His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.expectation.n nA real great man is above flattery.A real great man i
33、s above flattery.n nThe last thing the company would allow is to The last thing the company would allow is to sell the milk at a lower price.sell the milk at a lower price.n nLittle did he dream of hearing such exquisite Little did he dream of hearing such exquisite music by the Chinese artists.musi
34、c by the Chinese artists.n nThe danger of attack is far from over.The danger of attack is far from over.37正说反译反说正译法n nWe cannot get something for nothing.We cannot get something for nothing.n nThere was nothing which you could do but I There was nothing which you could do but I had not already done.
35、had not already done.n nThe young man was The young man was not littlenot little disappointed at disappointed at her absence.her absence.n nI am more diligent than intelligent.I am more diligent than intelligent.n nThe long absence in England, he explained, The long absence in England, he explained, “ “put my business so much behind-hand, that I put my business so much behind-hand, that I have been in a continual hurry ever since my have been in a continual hurry ever since my return.return.” ”n nDisaster wears many masks.Disaster wears many masks.38正说反译反说正译法
