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1、.英美概况考试重点复习材料英国局部Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成局部1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.
2、 The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) andIreland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛较大的一个和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1) England is in the souther
3、n part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populoussection.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands inthe north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。(3)
4、Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。 首府：加的夫(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。5. The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that-优选.were once colonies of Britain. It was founded
5、 in 1931, and has about 50 membercountries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于 1931年，至 1990 年止已有约 50 个成员国。Chapter 2 第二章The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源公元前 5000 年1066 年I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced farmers. The drained much of marshlands and built
6、houses ofwood.They were iron workers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basisof the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religionwas Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 凯尔特人是有经历的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为根底开展而来的。1、 The Celts began to arrive Brita
7、in about 700 BC.约公元前 700 年，凯尔特人来到不列颠岛。2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是约公元前 600 年盖尔人的降临。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前 400年布列吞人的抵达。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC. 第
8、三次是约公元前 150 年比利其人的到达。II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格鲁撒克逊人公元 446871 年1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁萨克逊时代奠定了英国的根底-优选.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came toBritain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼条顿部落
9、。The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chiefbecame the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword fromnorthern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from theend of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.I
10、n the second half of the6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give theirname to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. Theseseven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the
11、name of Heptarchy.居住在日德兰半岛现丹麦南部上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于 449 年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居， 同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。 这七个主要王国肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚 ，合称为七王国。2 The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格鲁撒克逊人改信基督教。Th
12、e Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soondisappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, toEngland to convert the heathen ( 异教的) English to Chris
13、tianity. In 597 St. Augustine-优选.became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in convertingthe king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due tothe missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格鲁撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的凯尔特人还信
14、奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。 公元 597， 教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元 579 年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。3 The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation) 早期盎格鲁撒克逊人为英国做出的奉献。The Anglo-Saxons laid the founda
15、tions of the English state. Firstly, theydivided thecountry into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts andshire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century
16、. Thirdly,they also established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they created the Witancouncil or meeting of the wisemen to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Councilwhich still exists today.盎格鲁撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家根底。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至 18 世纪。此外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会(
17、贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。IVViking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of-优选.England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9thcentury, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to ca
18、pture York, animportant center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and theDanes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从 8 世纪末开场，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9 世纪，尤其是公元 835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元 867 年时的基督教中心。到 9 世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的平安。2King Alfred
19、 (849-899) and his contributions 艾尔弗雷德国王849-899和他所做出的奉献Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreementwith them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled therest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong
20、 fleet and is known as the father of the British navy . He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book intoEnglish. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earnshim the title Alfred the Great. 阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元 879 年与他们达成了友好协议
21、。 协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部 丹麦法区 ，而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。他因为建立了强大舰队，而以英国海军之父闻名于世。他改组了弗立德撒克逊军队 ，使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且说明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于阿尔弗雷德大王。的称号。VThe Norman Conquest (1066) 诺曼征服公元 1066 年1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death.威廉在爱德华死后-优选.入侵英国的原因。It was said that king
22、 Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witanchose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066,during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. OneChristmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the
23、 NormanConquest of England. 据说，爱德华国王曾容许把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的剧烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开场了诺曼征服。2The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhapsthe best-known event in English history.William the Conquer
24、or confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Normanfollowers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule witha strong Norman government. Sothe feudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce wereextended. Norman-French cul
25、ture, language, manners and architecture wereintroduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and thechurch courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到开展，引进了诺曼 法兰西文化、语言
26、、行为标准和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭别离。3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many-优选.English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of theNorman-French origin. 英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。Chapter 3 第三章The Sha
27、ping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英国的形成公元 1066-1381I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 诺曼统治公元 1066-13811. Williams Rule 1066-1087威廉一世的统治公元 1066-1087Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this sy
28、stem, the King owned all the land personally.William gave hisbarons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and aproportion of the lands produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over thecountry, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the
29、king. Thebarons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom ofthe feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal systemof England was that all landowners must
30、take the oath of allegiance ，not only to theirimmediate lord, but also to the king. 在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和物品。这些地产分散于各处，相距遥远，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。处于封建等级最底层的是农奴。英国封建制独有的特色就是，无-优选.论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于国王。IIContent
31、s and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章的内容及意义Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. Itconsists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax shouldbe made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be a
32、rrested,imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain theirtraditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights andmeasures throughout the country. (significan
33、ce) Although The Great Charter has longbeen popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statementof the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guaranteeof the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit ofthe Great
34、Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within thebounds of the feudal law of the land.大宪章是约翰国王 1215 年在封建贵族压力下签定的。大宪章总共 63 条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由； 4伦敦和其它城镇应保存其贵族的传统权力和特权；(5) 全国要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为大宪章为英国的自由奠定了根底，但该宪章只是规
35、定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。 大宪章的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在英国封建法律允许的范围之内。III. The origins of the English Parliament 英国议会的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament.-优选.In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned 召集 the Great Council, together with twoknights from
36、 each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice ，not tomake decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part ofParliament was the House of Lords. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265 年，西门德孟福尔召
37、开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会开展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的局部是上议院。IVThe Hundred Years War and its consequences. 百年战争及其结果The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lastedintermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and par
38、tlyeconomic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the Englishkings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,theyincreasingly coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected withcloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were th
39、e importer of English wool, butthey were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, Englands desire to stopFrance from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the othercauses.The Englishs being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for bothcountries. If the English h
40、ad remained in France, the superior size and wealth of Francewould have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much Frenchterritory.-优选.百年战争指 1337 年到 1453 年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦
41、大片公爵领地，这是战争的根源，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片土地。经济原因那么与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制不断增强的民族意识。战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：假设英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的开展；而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下，法国也很难统一。Three stages of the war 战争的三个阶段In the first two stages, the English won some
42、big victories. But in the third stage, theywere driven out of Fance.战争初期，英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, theEnglish king Henry was recognized as the French King.1415年英国大获全胜，亨利5 世登上法国王位。Joan of Arc (1412-
43、1431)贞德女士Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the Frenchin driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years War.贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded a
44、s a-优选.blessing for both countries. It helped English national identity as well as Frenchnational identity. Two separate nation were born after the war.V. The Black Death 黑死病The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemicdisease spread by rat fleas across Europe in
45、the 14th century. It swept through Englandin the summer of 1348. It reduced Englands population from four million to two millionby the end of the 14th century.The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of theplague, much land was left untended and there was a terribl
46、e shortage of labour. Thesurviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change theirserfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, triedto force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute ofLabourers which made it
47、 a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for theiremployers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在14 世纪传播了到欧洲。1348 年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在 14 世纪末从 400 万锐减至 200 万。黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场。存活的农民处于有利的讨价还价地位，从农奴变为雇佣劳动
48、力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。1351 年政府公布劳工法令，规定农民们涨工资的要求， 或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪。Chapter 4 第四章Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡-优选.I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485) 向近代英国的过渡(1455 年-1485 年)The Wars of Rose 玫瑰战争The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.
49、The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster,symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tu
50、dors. From these Wars, Englishfeudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从 1455 年到 1485 年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍承受的名称。1485 年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革
51、Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There werethree main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing formany years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many peoplebelieved its time had come; the privilege and wealth o
52、f the clergy were resented; andHenry needed money.亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进展教会的宗教改革。 改革原因有三个主要方面：多年来，人们改革教会的意愿不断增长，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy.Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refuse
53、d. Henrys-优选.reforms was to get rid of the Engli sh Churchs connection with the Pope, and to makean independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of Englands monasteries and nunneries because theywere more loyal to the Pope than to their
54、 English kings. The laws such as the Act ofsuccession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. Heestablished the church of England as the national church of the country, and he madehimself the supreme head of the church of England.改革以争取离婚而开场，以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了
55、。亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。1529 年至 1534 年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。1534 年的继位法和 1535 年的王权法案使改革具有了可行性。1535 年他获英格兰教会最高首脑之称号。Henry VIIIs reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthenedHenrys position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piec
56、e of workbefore, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Popes power encouragedmany critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away fromCatholicism towards protestant ideology.改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调了君主权力，自然稳固了亨利的地位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向
57、新教。III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 伊莉莎白一世1558 年-1603 年Elizabeth I and parliament(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with-优选.Paliament.She avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making stricteconomies at Court.But the relationship was often turbul
58、ent. Because Parliamentdemanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed todiscuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to their demands. 为了防止经常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。但是，她与议会的关系也经常不稳定。因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，同时希望可以随时对重要问题进展讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。Eliz
59、abeths religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabeths religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Marys ties withRome and restored her fathers independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholicdoctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious s
60、ettlement wasunacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardentCatholics.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two greatCatholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved inany major European conflict. Throu
61、gh her marriage alliances which were nevermaterialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. SoEngland was able to face the danger from Spain.伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点的妥协。她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，恢复她父亲在位时独立的英格兰教会，也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗，但不受教皇控制。她的宗教定论既不被以清教徒知名的新教极端分子所承受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所承受。近 30 年的时间，伊莉莎白成功挑
62、起了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于-优选.英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突。通过她从未具体化的联姻，伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。IV. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as bycontemporary Europeans under the influence of
63、the classics;2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history whichwas to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature wassufficiently vigorous and experi
64、enced in assimilating for foreign influences without beingsubjected by them;4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical andscholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1英国文化的复兴直承受古典作品影响不大，更大的影响来自于受古典作品熏陶的当代欧洲人；2由于英国是一个岛国家，其社
65、会和政治历史进程与欧洲其他国家相去甚远；3由于 14 世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，英国本国文学得以蓬勃开展，能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于附属地位；4英国文艺复兴文学主要是文艺方面而不是哲学的和学术方面；5文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革正好同步。VI. The Civil Wars and their consequencesBecause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the-优选.parliament developed into the civil war. The
66、war began on August 22,1642 and ended in1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as aconflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interestsof the Crown. The economic interests of the urban mi
67、ddle classed coincided with theirreligious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crowns traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief.The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook thefoundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is gene
68、rally regarded as the beginning ofmodern world history.由于查尔斯的君权神授统治权， 他与议会的对质开展成了内战。 战争开场于 1642 年 8月 22 日，完毕于 1651 年。最后查尔斯被处死。英国内战又称为清教徒革命。这是议会和国王间的冲突，也是城市中产阶级的经济利益与皇室传统经济利益之间的冲突。城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与他们的宗教清教思想吻合，相应地，皇室传统的经济利益那么与圣公会教的宗教信仰相结合在一起。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲的封建根底。英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。The Commonwealt
69、h under Oliver Cromwell(p.57)Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against charles I. His famous Ironsidecavalry and New Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. After the War he was madeLord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and he instituted direct military rule ofthe country.After king Cha
70、rles Is exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the Rump剩余国会-优选.declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England.The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king. 克伦威尔领导了第一次对抗查理 1 世内战。他著名的铁骑军和新模范军击败了国王。战后同时他成为英伦之岛共和国的护国公，建立直接军队领导制度。当查里一世1649 年被处决后，克伦威尔和他的剩余国会宣布
71、英格兰为共和国。 没有国王和上议院。共和国于 1660 年查里 2 世登基完毕。The Restoration 王政复辟-1660When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regimebegan to collapse. One of Cromwells generals George Monck, occupied London andarranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected
72、in 1660resolved the crisis by asking the late Kings son to return from his exile in France asking Charles II. It was called the Restoration.1658 年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开场瓦解。克伦威尔的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。1660 年选出的议会要求上一任国王的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟。The Glorious Revolution of 16881688 年
73、荣耀革命-1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was broughtup in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personalreligious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40years ago. So the English politicians
74、 rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestantking, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in-优选.England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor anyexecution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.1685 年查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继
75、位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，是个天主教徒，他希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但是 1688 的英国已不象 40 年前那样能容忍天主教徒当国王了。英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，他们呼吁信奉新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威谦入侵英国夺取王位。1688 年 11月 15 日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对平静，既未流血也未处死国王，所以就称为荣耀革命。第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人These two party names originated with
76、 the Glorious Revolution (1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于 1688 年的荣耀革命。The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right toreligious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissidentTories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教
77、自由权利的人。辉格党人在19 世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant toremove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。-优选.I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18 世纪末的农业革命During the l
78、ate 18th and early 19th centuries, the open-field system ended when theEnclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosurehad good as well as bad results:18 世纪末、 19 世纪初的农业革命期间， 随着圈地法的公布， 传统的开放田地制完毕。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存：1 Farms became bigger and bigger units as t
79、he great bought up the small;由于大农场兼并了小农场，规模越来越大；2 More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and dietbecame more varied;人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；3 Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by theenclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look fo
80、r work in towns. Enclosure ledto mass emigration, particularly to the New World;圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。4 A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。英语国家概况精讲系列十一II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)工业革命1780-18301The industrial Revolu
81、tion refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequentchanges in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th-优选.centuries.工业革命指的是 17 世纪末、18 世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会构造和经济构造的变化。2Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:英国成为第
82、一个工业化的国家，原因如下：(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically toparticipate in European and world trade;优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, wasincreasingly interested in overseas trade and c
83、olonies. International trade broughtwealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of newfarming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面稳定。17 世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。(3) The limited monarchy whi
84、ch resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensuredthat the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence overGovernment policy.1688 年荣耀革命限制了君主的权力， 这使得强大的经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or fromrivers, whi
85、ch could distribute their products.英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。-优选.(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steampower. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英国工程师为训练有素
86、的手工艺人。(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.创造家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。(8) Probably laissez faire and Protestant work ethic helped.自由贸易及新教工作伦理可能起到一定作用(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this includedIreland after 1807. So the national market was n
87、ot hindered by internal customsbarriers.1707 年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成海关协会， 1807 年后爱尔兰参加。因此，全国市场不再受制于国内海关的约束。(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions byproviding food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the rawmaterials needed by industry
88、.圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了所需的一些原材料。3Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工业革命中一些重大创新(1) John Kays flying shuttle in 1733;1733 年，约翰凯的飞梭；-优选.(2) James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1766;1766 年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；(3) Richard Arkwrights waterframe in 1769;1769 年理查德阿克
89、赖特的水力纺织机；(4) Samuel Cromptons mule in 17791779 年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；(5) Edmund Cartwrights power loom in 1784;1784 年爱德蒙卡特莱特创造的力织机；(6) James Watts steam engine in 1765.1765 年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。4 Consequences of the industrial Revolution工业革命的结果1 Britain was by 1830 the workshop of the world;使英国在 1830 年成为了世界工场；2 To
90、wns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . Theworking men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。4The industrial revolution created the industria
91、l working class, the proletariat, and itlater led to trade unionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。英语国家概况精讲系列十二-优选.III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)宪章运动1836-18481. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.议会改革的原因(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.权力被贵族垄断。(2) Representation of town and country,
92、and North and South was unfair.议会中城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表分配极不公平。(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。2Three Reform Bills(1832-1884)三个改革法案Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.1832 年至 1884 年间通过了三个改革法案。a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the Greater
93、 Charter of 1832) abolished rottenboroughs, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growingtowns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value oftheir property.1832 年的改革法案也称为 1832 年的大宪章废除了腐败选区；在新兴城镇中较为公平地重新分配了议席；以财产价值为根底赋予许多屋主和佃家选举权。b) The New Poor L
94、aw of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of givingthem sufficient money to survive in their own homes.1834 年的新济贫法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里谋生。-优选.3A Peoples Charter人民宪章There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New PoorLaw. In 1836, a group of skilled wo
95、rkers and small shopkeepers formed the LondonWorking Mens Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a PeoplesCharter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points:(1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral district
96、s;(4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment ofmembers of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.1832 年的改革法案和新济贫法引起了普遍不满。1836 年，一群技术工人和小店主组成伦敦工人协会。他们于 1838 年起草了有关政治要求的宪章人民宪章 ，想把它呈送给议会。宪章有六点内容： 1所有成年男子都有选举权； 2进展无记名投票； 3划分认输相等的选区； 4废除议员
97、的财产资格要求； 5议员应有报酬； 6议会每年六月进展大选。4Results of the Chartist Movement宪章运动的结果。Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordinationwith trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of apolitical party armed with correct revolutionary theory. Th
98、e Chartist movement was,however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to seriousproblems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918,although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was the first broad, really mass, political
99、ly formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.-优选.由于领导层的软弱和分歧，由于缺少与工会的协调，宪章运动失败了。当时的工人阶级还未成熟，没有正确的革命理论武装的政党领导。但是，宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人阶级运动，引起了对许多严重问题的关注。在 1858 至 1918 年间，六项要求逐渐到达，尽管第六项从未成为现实。列宁说宪章运动是第一个广泛的、真正群众参与的，有政治组织形式的无产阶级革命运动。II. Colonial Expansion殖民地扩张1. The growth of dominions自治领的兴起English colonial
100、 expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.Encouraged by Britains control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration,British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand,in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain
101、 had built up a big empire,on which the sun never set . It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crowncolonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of theworlds population and area.英国殖民扩张开场于 1583 年纽芬兰的殖民化。在18 世纪末、19 世纪初，英国在海上的称霸，尤其是移民浪潮的高涨，鼓舞了英国殖民者，加速他们的扩张到加拿大、
102、澳大利亚、新西兰。到 1900 年英国已建立了日不落的大英帝国，包括受保护国、英国殖民地、势力范围和自治领，占世界人口与面积的25%。Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights wereguaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada intoUpper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the-
103、优选.French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.1763 年签订的巴黎条约将加拿大割让给英国。 1774 年的魁北克法保证了法国的权益。之后，1791 年加拿大法把加拿大分为上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英国人的定居地，后者是法国人的居住点。1867 年英国北美法案确定加拿大为自治领。English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816,and no convic
104、ts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) broughtmore people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing were united in onedominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.1788 年英国人开场把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。1816 年开场可以自由定居，1840 年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利亚。1851 年至 1892 年的淘金热使更多的人拥到澳洲。1901 年，六个自治领统
105、一为一个自治领澳大利亚独立联邦。New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completelyindependent in 1931.1841 年新西兰成为独立殖民地，1852 年实现自治，1907 年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931 年完全独立。1. The Conquest of India征服印度The establishment
106、 of British East India Company established in 1600 was a case ofeconomic penetration. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete.After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crownand Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.1600 年英国东印度
107、公司的建立堪称典型的经济渗透。到 1819 年英国对印度的征服已根-优选.本完成。 1857 年东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后， 1858 年印度改由英国君主统治。1877 年维多利来女王正式成为印度女皇。2. The Scramble for Africa对非洲的掠夺At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts andslave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of
108、Africa wasgradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apartfrom the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East inEgypt and the Sudan.19 世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。整个 19 世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃
109、及和苏丹。3. Aggression against China侵略中国In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britaingradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties uponChina.1840 年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国的许多沿海城市，并签定了一系列不平等条约。英语国家概况精讲系列十四VI. Twentieth Century二十世纪1. Bri
110、tain and the First World War-优选.英国和第一次世界大战The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Powerblocs: the Central power. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allies , Britain,France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss ofmanpower, there ha
111、d been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out ofthe war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.第一次世界大战是从 1914 年至 1918 年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进展：同盟国，包括德国和奥匈帝国，和协约国，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一战中英国损失沉重。除了劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶段国际联盟成立。3. Britain and the Second World War英国与第二次世界大战(The S
112、econd World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Britain declared war onGermany in 1939. German bombing raids destroyed many cities in England. Britain wasgreat impoverished by the war)As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe,Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his p
113、olicy of appeasement of German aggress更多的人拥到澳洲。1901 年，六个自治领统一为一个自治领澳大利亚独立联邦。New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completelyindependent in 1931.1841 年新西兰成为独立殖民地，1852 年实现自治，1907 年成为英皇属下的
114、自治领，1931 年完全独立。1. The Conquest of India-优选.征服印度The establishment of British East India Company established in 1600 was a case ofeconomic penetration. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete.After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Cro
115、wnand Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.1600 年英国东印度公司的建立堪称典型的经济渗透。到 1819 年英国对印度的征服已根本完成。 1857 年东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后， 1858 年印度改由英国君主统治。1877 年维多利来女王正式成为印度女皇。2. The Scramble for Africa对非洲的掠夺At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts andslave trading pos
116、ts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa wasgradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apartfrom the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East inEgypt and the Sudan.19 世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。整个 19 世纪
117、欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。3. Aggression against China侵略中国In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britaingradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties uponChina.-优选.1840 年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国
118、的许多沿海城市，并签定了一系列不平等条约。英语国家概况精讲系列十四VI. Twentieth Century二十世纪1. Britain and the First World War英国和第一次世界大战The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Powerblocs: the Central power. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allies , Britain,France and Russia. During the war, the
119、 Britain lost much. Apart from the loss ofmanpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out ofthe war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.第一次世界大战是从 1914 年至 1918 年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进展：同盟国，包括德国和奥匈帝国，和协约国，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一战中英国损失沉重。除了劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定
120、阶段国际联盟成立。3. Britain and the Second World War英国与第二次世界大战(The Second World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Britain declared war onGermany in 1939. German bombing raids destroyed many cities in England. Britain wasgreat impoverished by the war)As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive mom
121、entum in Europe,Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of Germanaggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on-优选.September 3,1939.第二次世界大战是从 1939 年至 1945 年，当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他对德国倾略所采取的绥靖政策已站不住脚，被迫于1939年 9 月 3 日对德宣战。4. Postwar Br
122、itian战后的英国At the general eiection of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated.The electoratereturned a Labour government. The war hastened ( 加快) the end of Britains empire andits former colonies won independence one after another. Brtain joined in several warsagainst other countries. The 1960s we
123、re the Swinging Sixties(摇摆的 60 年代)，thepermissive age (宽容的时代). The foundations of the welfare state ( 福利国家) was laidin these years. In the 1980s, Mrs Thatcher started the privatization policy. Britain joinedthe European Economic Community in1973.) 温斯顿。邱吉尔在1945 年的大选中惨败。全体选民选举了工党政府。战争加快了大英帝国的灭亡，她的殖民地相继
124、独立。英国参与了与其他国家的几个站长。1960 年是摇摆的 60 年代，性解放的年代。在这些年中已开展成为一个福利国家。20 世纪 80 年代，撒切尔开场了她的私有化政策。1973 年，英国参加欧共体。(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the endof Britains empire.二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many peop
125、le throughtelevision saw the ceremony.-优选.1952 年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新创造的电视使许多人看到了加冕仪式的过程。(4) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European EconomicCommunity which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed thefirst oil embargo in 1973.1973 年 1 月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。
126、1973 年仍称为共同市场。1973 年英国经历了第一次石油禁运。(5) Thatcherism撒切尔主义Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first womanprime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included thereturn to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist pol
127、iciesto control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role ofmarket forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extenther program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in theBritish economy. She resigned (辞职) in 1990.1979 年玛格丽特
128、.撒切尔成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策被为撒切尔主义。其内容包括国有工业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在经济中的作用，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的方案是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期之一。1990 年她辞职。第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构-优选.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen.The United Kingdom is governed, in
129、 the name of the Sovereign by His or Her MajestysGovernment. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made upof statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common lawand i
130、nterprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。 司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchyspower are limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually
131、 has no ral power.Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从 1688 年的荣耀革命后开场。IThe Monarchy 君主制1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace ofGod of the United Kingdom of Great Britain an
132、d Northern Ireland and Her Other Realmsand Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的上帝之恩典，女王，英联邦元首，共同信仰的保护者。2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an-优选.integral part of the legislat
133、ure, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all thearmed forces and the supreme governor of the Church of England. She gives RoyalAssent to Bills passed by parliament.女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成局部，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教至高无上的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过的法案给予御准。IIIParliament议会1.The United Kingdom i
134、s a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of theSovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting fortaxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3)
135、 to examine governmentPolicy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate themajor issues of the day.议会的主要作用是： 1通过立法； 2投票批准税为政府工作提供资金； 3检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议； 4当天的议题辩论。The House of Lords 上院The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.TheLords
136、 Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops ofthe Church of England.The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers andpeeresses of England,Scotland,Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers ofIreland);2)life peers created to assist the House in its jud
137、icial duties;3)all other life-优选.peers.The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of itsmembers into the process of law-making. 上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及 24 名高级主教。世俗议员包括 1所有英， ，大不列颠及联合王国的世袭贵族，女贵族但不包括爱尔兰 ；2协助议院司法工作的终身贵族；3其他终身贵族。上院的主要作用就是集中议员集体经历智慧制定法律。The House of Co
138、mmons 下院The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 659Members of Parliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authorityfor law-making resides.下院议员由成人普选产生，共有 659 名议员。最高立法权掌握在下院手中。1 Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制A General Election must be held
139、every five years and is often held at more frequentintervals.British citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries andcitizens of the Irish Republic resident in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 orover,2)included in the annual register of electors for the constituency,an
140、d 3)not subjectto any disqualification.A candidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每 5 年一次，且经常缺乏 5 年就举行。英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。选举条件118 或 18 以上，2选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者 3有资格参选者。候选人必须交纳 500 英镑保证金。2The Political Party System 政党体制Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held pow
141、er. 自 1945年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。Chapter 9 第九章-优选.Social Affairs英国社会III. Religion1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from thecommunity or the State. (He may believe in any church or none at all.) He may changehis religion at will may manifest his faith in teach
142、ing, worship and observance. Exceptthat the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open withoutdistinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干预。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在布道，礼拜和仪式中说明他的信仰。除了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。2. Established churches 国教There are two es
143、tablished church in Britain: in England the church of England and inScotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会长老教 。3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be amember of that Church and as Defender of the Faith. The Church is a
144、lso linked withthe State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change itsform of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent ofParliament.英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为国教的保卫者必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变国教祈祷书中规定的礼拜仪式。4. The go
145、vernment of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by-优选.ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normallyrepresented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.苏格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。5. Unestablished churches非
146、国教教会There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教会)；(thelargest of the Free Churches the Methodist Church 最大的自由教会卫理公会)，the Roman Catholic Church罗马天主教 。IV. Festival and Public Holidays节假日1.Christian festivals 基督教节日The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whi
147、t Sunday.其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节Christmas day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and it is the greatest ofChristian festivals. Easter celebrates the Resurrection (复活) of Christ. Easter istraditionally associated with the eating Easter eggs.Whit Sunday (圣灵节) celebratesthe coming of the Holy
148、 Spirit to Christs apostles seven days after his death, and it is onthe seventh Sunday after Easter.圣诞节，12.25，纪念耶稣的诞生，是最盛大的基督教节日。复活节是庆祝基督的复活。复活节有吃复活节彩蛋的习惯。圣灵节是庆祝基督去世 7 周后，重新降临到他的使徒们中间，在复活节后第7 个周日。2.Other festivals 其他节日Britains other festivals include New Years Day, Gy Fawkes Day ( 篝火节), April Fools-
149、优选.Day愚人节, Mothers Day and the Remembrance Day (Armistice Day)英语国家概况精讲系列二十七Chapter 10第十章The education system in Britain1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育Primary education is compulsory( 义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britainand four in Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary
150、school and they finishtheir primary education at the age of 11. In addition to the many state primaryschools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pay fees, there are also somefee-paying independent primary schools ( 收费的私立小学 ). The most famousfee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools w
151、hich admit children fromseven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old. 初等教育在英国是义务教育， 大不列颠是从5岁开场，北爱尔兰是 4 岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校学生的年龄通常为 7 岁以上到11 12 13岁。2.secondary education 中等教育，中学教育Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receivesecondary ed
152、ucation after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. Thesecondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of thestatesecondaryschoolpopulationinGreatBritainattendcomprehensiveschools.Secondary schools include comprehensive schools (综合中学 ), secondarymodern schools
153、(现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools 公-优选.立学校 。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在 11 岁完成初等教育后承受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从 11-18。大不列颠 90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。3.higher education 高等教育，大学教育There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones areOxford and Cambridge. There is also the Op
154、en University which is open to all tobecome students, mainly adult students. 包括开放大学在内，英国共有 90 所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。2. The Mediapaper 报纸British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸)， popular newspaper(通俗报纸)， and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。1.Quality n
155、ewspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide rangeof public matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, TheGuardian, The Independent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph,The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, and The Sunda
156、y Times). 严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。 共有 5 家严肃日报金融时报、每日电讯报、卫报、独立报、泰晤士报和 4 家严肃周日报星期日电讯报、星期日独立报、观察家、星期日泰晤士报2.Populary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertainingcharacter, presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, DailyStar and The Sun) and 3 popular Sunda
157、ys(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The-优选.people).通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。 共有 3 家通俗日报每日镜报、晨星报、太阳报和3 家通俗周日报世界新闻报、星期日镜报、人民报The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation 英国播送公司) and its programsBBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC WorldService broadcasts int
158、ernational news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC isstate-run国营and it is financed from the sales of television licences( 出售电视收视证).BBC 是英国最大的和独立的播送公司。 BBC 国际播送电台用英语和其他 38 种语言播放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的 BBC 的资金来源于收视许可证的销售。BBC Network Radio serves播送网 an audience of 30 million a week in Britain,broadcasting
159、around 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 networks.BBC 播送网在英国每周就有 3 千万听众，每年在 5 个播送网上播送节目约 38000 个小时。.Sports体育运动1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure timevery seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.英国人很重视休闲时光，许多国际体育工程是由
160、他们推广开来的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育活动。2. Football ( or soccer as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in Englandas well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the19th century.足球口语叫soccer,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，在 19 世纪得到开展。3. The game Rugby was invented at Rugb
161、y School in Warwich shire in the early-优选.19th century.英式橄榄球又称拉格比足球于19 世纪初创造于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16thcentury. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16 世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是为期5 天的康希尔决赛。5. Althou
162、gh tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated inEngland in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one ofthe 4 tennis Grand Slam tournaments.尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却起源于19 世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年一度的温布尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。6. There is a considerable following and parti
163、cipation of athletics in Britain. For example,the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.英国参加田径的人很多，例如伦敦的马拉松塞，每年春季举行。7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th centuryand naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company ofEdinbu
164、rgh Golfers. The most important national event is the Open Championship withthe Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，自从17 世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。全国最大的比赛是沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德尔杯职业公开赛。-优选.Major forms of art in Britain1)museums and galleriesThe largest
165、and most important is the British Museum最大和最重要的是英国博物馆2) musicPeople in Britain are interested in a wide range of music, including classical music(古典音乐), rock and pop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early 1960s a new popculturebeat披头士, emerged in Britains Liverpool. It was started by a gro
166、up ofyoung people called Beatles.英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。20 世纪 60 年代，一种新的流行文化披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队。2) DramaBritain is one of the worlds major centres for theatre,and its dramatic tradition isreflected in the excellent quality and range of its theatre. 英国是世界上最主要的剧
167、院中心，其戏剧传统从其剧院的质量及范围即可看出。Arts festivals 艺术节The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama.It takesplace for a period of 3 to 4 weeks between August and September.最著名的是爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节。该节在八、九月间举行，历时3-4 周。films 电影In November each year the National Film Theatre hosts the London Fil
168、m Festival. 每年11月国家电影院主办伦敦电影节。Literature and libraries 文学和图书馆-优选.There are several thousand libraries throughout the country,including the greatcopyrightlibraries,which are entitled to receive a free copy of every book published inthe United Kingdom;libraries of other universities and learned institutions and the Publiclibraries.全国有几千所的图书馆，包括版权所有大图书馆。这些图书馆有权免费得到在英国出版的每一本书的样本，此外还有其他大学、研究所的图书馆和公共图书馆。-优选
