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1、不定冠词的用法及语法说明1.用 a 还是用 an:一般说来,在辅音或半元音开头的词前用注息:有些以元音字母开头的单词,由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音,其前仍用an:a one-eyed man一个独目艮人a European country冠词:He is a famous film star.艺术品等:a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人4.物质名词转化为普通名词,其前可以使用有时表示数量关系:a good wine 一种好酒5.在序数词之前使用 a (an),可以表示数量或序数的增加:Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。6.与形容词的最高级连
2、用,表示“非常”、“很”等:This is a almost interesting story.climate 气候 a mild climate 温和的气候have breakfast 吃早餐 t have a quick breakfast 吃快餐8.不定冠词 a (an)与数词 one 都可表示“一,但是两者有差别:不定冠词 a (an) 表示“类别”概念,而数词 one 表示“数量”概念9.两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时,只用一个冠词:He is a teacher and poet.他既是老师又是诗人。10. 与副词 quite / rather 连用时,a (an) 一般要后
3、置,但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰,则 a (an) 放在 quiterather 之前或之后均可以:He is rather a fool.他是个大傻瓜。It is quite a good book.那是本很好的书。It is a quite good book.那是本很好的书。11. 当 too, so, as, how等词之后接有“形容词+单数可数名词”时,不定冠词a (an)应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间It is too difficult a book for us beginners.She is as good a cook as her mother.12.不定冠词可用来表示
4、“类属”,这是其基本用法,它表明的是某一类属中的每 一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。示。正: A horse is a useful animal.此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表这是一个非常有趣 的故事。7.用于修饰名词的定语前,表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似 a kind of 的 意思:a (an),有时表示相应产品或种类,他是著名影星。3.专有名词转化为普通名词, 其前可用 a (an),表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、一个欧洲 I 国家a , an,不要从汉语习惯出发,漏掉此不定2.单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加a 而不用a,而在元音开头的词前用 an。正:Horses a
5、re useful animals.定冠词的主要用法归纳1.表示特指:特指某(些)人或某(些)物(包括用于上文提到过的人或物之前,以及 说话双方都知道的人或物)。如:We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white.2.表示独一无二:用在世界上“独一无二”的事物的名词前。如:The earth goes round the sun.3.用于最高级前:即用于形容词或副词的最高级前。Who picked the most apples?Of the four of us, I sang the worst.4.用
6、于序数词或方位词之前。He was the first man to think of it.Italy is in the south of Europe.5.用于乐器名词前:表示相应乐器的演奏。如:Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute.6.表示人体部位:用于某些介词短语中指身体的某个部位。如:He patted me on the back.。7.用于表示一家人:用于在姓氏的复数形式之前表示一家人或夫妇二人。如:The Smiths live in the apartment above ours.8.用于江河湖海等前:用
7、于江河湖海、山脉群岛、海湾海峡等地理名词前。如:The Yellow River flows into the Yellow Sea.9.用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前:用于某些国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等含有普通名词与其他词构成的专有名词。如:We visited the Great Wall yesterday.定冠词的五种特指&类别用法一,定冠词的五种特指(1) 特指前面已提到的人或物:Look! A car has stopped there. The car is beautiful.(2) 特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物:Why not ask the te
8、acher?Pass me the dictionary, please.(3) 用于带后置定语的名词前,表示特定的人或物:I like the magazine on the desk.The supper her mother cooked was delicious.。 用于比较级前,特指两个被比较对象中的一个:Of the two brothers, the younger is more interesting.(5)用于加强特指含义,意为“正好是”、“刚好是”等This is the word to be used here.。二,定冠词的类别用法(1).与单数可数名词连用表类别。
9、The cobra is dangerous.眼镜蛇是危险的。(此时的定冠词需重读)。定冠词和不定冠词与单数可数名词连用都可表示“类别”,有时可互换 (此时用复 数形式也是可能的):A horse is a useful animal. / The horse is a useful animal. / Horses are useful animals.【注】不定冠词表示类别时往往强调的是个体,主要起泛指作用,具有类似险的。但是,若要表示某个类属的整体,即概括某个类属的所有成员,则不能用不定冠词,而用定冠词,如以下两例中的定冠词就不能换成不定冠词The tiger is Tigers are
10、 in danger of becoming extinct.The motor car has Motor cars have become very popular.(但可用复数):any 的含义,如说 A tiger can be dangerous( 老虎是危险的),其意是指任何一只老虎都 是危。另一方面,尽管可以用定冠词加单数可数名词来表示某一类人或物,但在很多情况下这种用法会让人造成误解或含义不清。如说 A为“老虎是危险的”或“这只老虎是危险的”。概括地说,当要泛指某类人或物中的任何一个时,通常用不定冠词,若不产生歧义 或误解,也可用定冠词;但是,当要概括某个类属的整体时,则只能用
11、定冠词,不 能用不定冠词。(2).与某些形容词连用表示类别 与表示特征、特性、品质等方面的形容词连用:He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.Those of us who are sighted don t understand the problems of the blind.【注】这类用法往往具有复数意义:The rich are not always happier than the poor.The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.但若表抽象概念,则表单数意义:The
12、 beautiful is not always the same as the good. 与某些过去分词转化来的形容词连用:Times are hard for the unemployed.Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital. 与某些表国籍的形容词连用:The French are famous for their cooking. 与某些形容词连用表示抽象概念One must learn to take the bad with the good.【注】:“the+形容词”的语法特征 复数性:“ the+形容词”表示一类具
13、有某种特征或特性的人时,通常表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语要用复数。如:The injured were carried away on stretchers.用担架把受伤的人抬走了。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。人必须学会好坏都能承受。法国人以善烹调著称。tiger can be dangerous( 老虎是危险的),其意是清楚的,若说成 The tiger can be dangerous ,则可能有歧义, 即可理解 单数性:“the+ 形容词”若表示抽象概念,则表示单数意义,用作主语时,
14、谓语 要用单数如:The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true. 单复性:有个别的“ the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义,也表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如: the good 指“好人”时表 复数意义,指“善”时表单数意义;the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义,指多名被告时表复数意义。比较:The accused was acquitted of the charge.The accused were acquitted of the charge.
15、被告被宣告无罪。(才旨一人)被告均被宣告无罪。 仃旨多人)习惯性:有的表达带有一定的习惯性,如“病人”习惯说成 the sick,而不说 the ill ;这类结构习惯上不用于-s 所有格形式,若语义需要,可考虑用 of 所有格。 如:正:He is interested in the problems of the poor.零冠词的用法:1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China,love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this
16、 book, not that one./ Whose purse is this?3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.名词by train, by air, by landhusb
17、and and wife, knife and fork, day7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时他对穷人的问题感兴趣。名词名词的种类:专有名词 普通名词 国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称可数名词 不可数名词个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词名词的数:一、规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:1 般情况在词尾加 -s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-
18、watches, dish-dishes3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves,knife-knives, loaf-loaves,roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,或专有名词以y 结尾的,加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词 一般加-es加-s belief-
19、beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs,hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes,不 少夕卜 来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结 尾的名 词 加-s truth-truths, mo
20、uth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,二、不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:1 改变名 词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4 一些集体名词总是用作复数peop
21、le, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class,family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public,enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代), spirits( 情绪),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表), brains(头脑智力),greens( 青菜),ruin
22、s( 废墟)7 表示 某国人” 加 -s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by,story-tellers, boy friendshousewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数 women singers,
23、men servants名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加 s the boy s father, Jack s book, her son -in- law s photo,复数名词 一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加s the children s toys, women s rights,以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels
24、, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japan s and America s problems, Jane sand Mary s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加 s Japan and America s problems,表 示某人家”店铺”,所有格后名词省略the doctor s, the barber s, thetailor s, my uncle s2. s 所有格的用法: 表示时间 today s newspaper, five weeks holiday后者多表示无主体名词时将最后一部分变
25、为复数grown-ups,2表示自然现象 the earth s atmosphere, the tree s branches3)表示国家城市等地方的名词China s industrythe country s plan, the world s population,()表示工作群体 the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory()表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life s time, the play s plot
26、 某些固定词组 a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one s wit send(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressedthe classrooms of the first-year代词:一、代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格 me, you,
27、 him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反 身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever
28、, whatever6关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either二、不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some 与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用 于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.
29、Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个,any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if
30、 any.4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 every:each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. /We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak p
31、oints. / Every one of us has strong andweak points.3. none 和 no:no 等于 not any,作定语。none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代 替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指另外的,别的常与其他词连用,如:
32、 the other day, every other week,some other reason, no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为 the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是 others ,泛指别的人或 事”如:I don t like this shirt,
33、please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。全部否定用 neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written
34、 in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of usis a teacher.both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,而 every 强调整体,所指的数必形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent,everything possible2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高
35、级或book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep4 和空间、时间、单位连用时only 修饰的名词之后 the best等可以后置 the only person awakea bridge 50 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6名词+形容词 world-f
36、amous2形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7名词+名词+过去分词 snow-covered3现在分词 peace-loving数词 +名词 +ed three-egged4形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8数词+名词 twenty-year5II.副词副词的分类:1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 often,frequently, seldom, never2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 when,why3 方式副词 hard, well,
37、 fast, slowly, excitedly, really where,why, whether, however, meanwhile疑问副词 how, where,7 连接副词 how, when,关系副词 when,频度副词 always,4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 where, whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和
38、-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1. 同级上匕较时常常用asas以及 not so(as) as如:I am not so good aplayer as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still,yet, by far, any, a great dealthe more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如: I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如
39、下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Ourschool is four times the size of yours.6.表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如: favourite, excellent, extreme,perfect 。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用the morethe more句型。如:The harder you work,介词I.介词分类:1简单介词 about, across, after, agains
40、t, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in,on2合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5 分词转化成的介词 considering( 就而论),in
41、cluding6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介词区别:1 表示时间的 in, on, at at子有关2 表示时间的 since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from 指从时间的某一点开始3 表示时间的 in, after in 指在一段时间之后,after 表示某一具体时间点之后或 用在过去时的一段时间中4 表示地理位置的 in, on, to in环境范围之外5 表示“在上”的 on, in on面上通过,与 on 有关7 表示关于”的 about, on about间9 besid
42、es与except的区别besides指除了还有再加上,except指除了,减表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,on 总是与日表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分6 表示穿过 的 through, across through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关,across 表示在表指涉及到,on 指专门论述8 between与among的区别between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中去什么”,不放在句首10表示用”的in, with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11 as与like的区别as意为作为,以地位或身份”,like为象一样”,指情形 相似12 in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置