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1、Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows高产母猪的饲养策略高产母猪的饲养策略P.A. ThackerDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan中文翻译：美国中文翻译：美国ADM1Changes in the Swine Industry (1980-2005)养猪工业的变化养猪工业的变化 (1980-2005)Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率提高繁殖率Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背膘
2、厚度降低背膘厚度Earlier Weaning 早期断奶早期断奶Muti-Site Production 多点生产多点生产Larger Operations 规模变大规模变大Lower Profit Margins 利润空间变小利润空间变小2Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 现代基因型猪饲养与现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同过去的不同3Conserve Body Tissue体组织储备体组织储备4Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition母猪营养缺乏的后果母猪营养缺乏的后果Smaller Litter Size 窝重小窝重小Increas
3、ed Piglet Mortality 仔猪死亡率增加仔猪死亡率增加Lighter Pigs at Weaning 断奶体重轻断奶体重轻Lower Conception Rates 受精率低受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长Premature Culling 过早淘汰过早淘汰5 Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production按生产阶段配制日粮按生产阶段配制日粮6Developer diets typically contain higher
4、 levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are different. 由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。和微量元素。The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to e
5、nhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals. 由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。物的储备。Gilt Developer Diets后备母猪日粮后备母猪日粮7Locomotor problems are a common reason for cull
6、ing and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus. 运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因, 但它对保证母猪能摄但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。取足够的钙磷也非常重要。 Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requireme
7、nts for maximal growth rate. 很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。磷的需要量更高。Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1% higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight. 从从50kg体重开始，后备母猪日粮的体重开始，后备母猪日粮的
8、钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。8In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus, there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper, zinc, iron, iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance future reproductiv
9、e performance. 后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、 磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、 锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物 质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖 表现。表现。9Typical Gilt FinisherDeveloper育肥猪育肥猪 后备母猪后备母猪常量元素常量元素 Macrominerals (Total)钙钙 Calcium%0.600.75磷磷 Phosphorus%0.500.65有效磷有效磷 Av
10、ail phosphorus%0.200.40食盐食盐 Salt%0.330.40微量元素微量元素 Microminerals (Supplemented)铁铁 Ironmg/kg 50 150铜铜 Coppermg/kg 10 15锌锌 Zincmg/kg 90 150碘碘 Iodinemg/kg 0.14 0.28硒硒 Seleniummg/kg 0.30 0.30锰锰 Manganesemg/kg - 20Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical F
11、inisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量10The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal. 繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should
12、 be replaced with a “breeder” vitamin premix. 要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。素预混料。 The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline, biotin, pyridoxine and folic acid w
13、hich are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations. 种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets后备母猪日粮的维生素水平后备母猪日粮的维生素水平11 Typical FinisherGilt Developer 育肥猪育肥猪 后备母猪
14、后备母猪Vitamin AIU55008200Vitamin DIU 550 825Vitamin EIU 25 66Vitamin Kmg 2 2Vitamin B12ug 15 25Niacin 烟酸烟酸mg 20 20Pantoth Acid 泛酸泛酸mg 15 20Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20Choline 胆碱胆碱mg 01250Biotin 生物素生物素ug 0 200Folic Acid 叶酸叶酸mg 0 1.5Pyridoxine B6mg 0 1.0Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Devel
15、oper Compared with a Finisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量12The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive p
16、erformance are maximized.后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能Feeding Gilts 后备母猪的饲养后备母猪的饲养13It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age, size and physiological maturity before breeding. 有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小
17、、生理成熟状态。生理成熟状态。It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating. 也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。脂和瘦肉储备。14At least 135 kg live weight 至少至少135公斤活体重公斤活体重At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少至少P2背膘厚度背膘厚度16-22毫米毫米At second estrus or
18、later 至少处于第二个发情期或更晚至少处于第二个发情期或更晚Targets for Gilts at First Mating后备母猪后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数第一次配种时的目标指数15Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Bornat Mating (kg)Mating (mm)Parity 1Parity 1 to 5配种时体重配种时体重 P2背脂厚度背脂厚度 初胎产仔数初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数胎产仔总数11714.6 7.151.012615.8 9.857.313617.710.356.914620.010.559.81572
19、2.410.551.716625.3 9.951.3Challinor et al., 1996 Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关16Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating后备母猪从进入种群到配种的
20、饲养后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养17For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition. 对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分。改变其身体组分。All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating.
21、从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80% lysine. 该日粮应含该日粮应含3000-3200大卡大卡/kg消化能和消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。赖氨酸。18 Body Weight of Gilt 后备母猪体重后备母猪体重 10-2020-5050-100DE Intake (Mcal/day) 3.4 6.409.0消化能消化能 （
22、兆卡/天） Crude Protein (%) 粗蛋白粗蛋白 20.918.016.3Total Lysine (%) 总赖氨酸总赖氨酸 1.150.950.75Total Lysine (g/day 天天) 11.519.022.5g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.382.962.50克赖氨酸克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能兆卡消化能Adapted from NRC (1998). Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克克/天。天。Nutrient L
23、evels to Maximize Lean TissueGrowth Rates in Developing Gilts后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平19For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty, it may be necessary to restrict energy intake. 在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快
24、很可能显著超过目在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat. There are two possibilities to accomplish
25、 this: 饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法:1. Restrict Feed Intake (2.4-2.6 kg) 限制日采食量限制日采食量2. Reduce Energy Density 降低能量浓度降低能量浓度20Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响Standard
26、50% Sugar50 % MixedGestation DietBeet PulpFibre Sources 标准怀孕日粮标准怀孕日粮 50%甜菜粕甜菜粕 50%纤维混合物纤维混合物Net Energy Content (MJ/kg) 净能含量净能含量 9.03 8.496.72Gestation Feed Intake (kg) 怀孕猪采食量怀孕猪采食量 281 290368Gestation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 2296 22162287怀孕猪摄入净能怀孕猪摄入净能Lactation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 1450 15281438泌乳猪摄入
27、净能泌乳猪摄入净能Gestation Weight Gain (kg) 怀孕猪体增重怀孕猪体增重 58.7 61.667.9Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 泌乳猪体失重泌乳猪体失重 8.0 6.3 9.6Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔数出生活仔数 10.8 10.910.7Birth Weight (kg)出生重出生重 1.6 1.51.7Pigs Weaned 断奶仔猪数断奶仔猪数 9.5 9.39.328 Day Weaning Weight (kg) 8.4 8.18.428天断奶重天断奶重_Vestergaard and Danielsen, 1998.
28、 Animal Science 68: 355-362.Mixed Fibre= Grass meal, wheat bran and oat hulls. 混合纤维混合纤维 = 干草干草+麦麸麦麸+燕麦壳燕麦壳21Feeding ReplacementGilts Prior To Mating后备母猪后备母猪配种前的配种前的饲养饲养22Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating后备母猪配种前的饲养后备母猪配种前的饲养The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the
29、 number of eggs ovulated.在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate. 排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能显著性地增加排卵
30、效率。显著性地增加排卵效率。Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation. This is the well know flushing effect.在排卵前在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加1-2个，个，这是著名的这是著名的“冲刷冲刷”效果。效果。（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲
31、）23Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins. 催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。刺激促性腺激
32、素的分泌提高排卵速率。The increase in gonadotrophin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). 促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1 (IGF-1)的水平调的水平调节所致。节所致。The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result
33、of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia. 排卵速排卵速率的增加很可能是由于率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降降所致所致。24The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size 在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing per
34、iod, special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib (at least 3 kg/day) for the two week period prior to mating. 如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食后备母猪自由采食(至少至少3公斤公斤/天天)。25Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts后备母猪饲养小结后备母猪饲养小结Feed replace
35、ment gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals. 饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8% lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserv
36、es of fat and lean at mating. 日粮应含日粮应含3000-3200大卡大卡/千克消化能和千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自赖氨酸并自由采食由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。For some genotypes, it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat. 对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母对某些品种有必要限制采食
37、量，减少由于母猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。If for any reason feed intake is restricted, feed gilts ad libitum (3.0 kg) for two week period prior to mating. 如果由于某种原如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采周确保后备母猪自由采食食(至少至少3公斤公斤/天天)。26Feeding Sows in Gestation怀孕母猪的饲养怀孕母猪的饲养27Objectives of Feeding Program i
38、n Gestation怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标28 Minimize embryo mortality 减少胚胎死亡率减少胚胎死亡率Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎体生长营养提供胎体生长营养Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands 提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养Allow for maternal growth 维持母猪的生长维持母猪的生长Replenish body reserves depleted during t
39、he previous lactation 补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备29Goal is to have the sow produce a large, healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth. 目标是确保母猪
40、产仔窝重大、健康、目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。30Approaches to Gestation Feeding怀孕母猪的饲养方法怀孕母猪的饲养方法North American System 北美系Danish System 丹麦系31Feeding Pattern During Gestation(North American System)怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）32North American System北美模式北美模式In this system , there are three maj
41、or phases where feed intake is adjusted . They are: 其中有三其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival (first two weeks) 怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周）周）Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition (days 14 to 100) 怀孕中期关注母猪体况（怀孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天）天）L
42、ate gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation (last 2 weeks)怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做准备（最后两周）。准备（最后两周）。33Feeding During Early Pregnancy(North American System)怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）34Approximately 20-30% of all embryos die
43、 during the first 30 days of gestation. 怀孕早期的前怀孕早期的前30天约有天约有20-30%的胚胎死亡。的胚胎死亡。Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are associated with an increase in embryo mortality. 研究表明配种后的高采食量与研究表明配种后的高采食量与 高胚胎死亡率密切相关。高胚胎死亡率密切相关。35The principle mechanism controlling the developmen
44、t of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins. 控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone. A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environmen
45、t and makes it more supportive of the embryo. 这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的营养。黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的营养。Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progest
46、erone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival. 采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，结果导致胚胎存活率降低结果导致胚胎存活率降低36 Feeding Level OvulationTotalEmbryoProgesterone Day 1-3Day 3-15 Rate Embryos Survival (%) (ng/ml)1-3天饲喂量 3-15天饲喂量 排卵数 胚胎数 胚胎成活率 黄体酮浓度1.9 kg1.9 kg14.512.485.9 10.5
47、2.5 kg1.9 kg14.911.577.3 3.72.6 kg2.6 kg14.910.266.9 4.5_Jindal et al., 1996Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Embryo Survival 怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响37High-planeFeeding高水平饲喂量高水平饲喂量Increas
48、ed hepaticblood flow增加肝中血浆流动增加肝中血浆流动Increased metabolicclearance rate ofProgesterone黄体酮分解代谢速度增加黄体酮分解代谢速度增加Decreased plasmaprogesterone Concentration血浆黄体酮浓度降低血浆黄体酮浓度降低Suboptimal secretionof “uterine specificproteins”子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适Decreased embryosurvival rate胚胎成活率降低胚胎成活率降低38As a result of this
49、research, it is generally recommended that low (1.8-2.0 kg) level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation. 研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲喂量（用低饲喂量（1.8-2.0公斤公斤) 。39Feeding DuringMid-Pregnancy(North American System)怀孕中期的饲养怀孕中期的饲养(北美模式北美模式)40The underlying objective of feeding s
50、ows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing (18-22 mm). 怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（18-22mm)41BreedingBack Fat at Breeding (mm) 繁殖时背膘厚度繁殖时背膘厚度Wt (kg) 8 91011121314151617181920115-1192.6
51、2.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.71.7120-1242.62.52.42.32.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7125-1292.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7130-1342.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.91.81.71.7135-1392.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7140-1442.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7145-1492.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.0
52、2.01.81.81.7150-1542.82.72.62.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8155-1592.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8160-1642.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.22.11.91.91.8165-1692.92.82.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9170-1743.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9175-1793.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.02.01.9180-1843.02.
53、92.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0185-1893.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0190-1943.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.52.42.32.22.12.1195-1993.13.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1200-2043.23.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1205-2093.23.13.02.92.82.72.72.62.52.42.32.22.2Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gi
54、lts (Days 14 to 100)14 - 10014 - 100天怀孕母猪的目标采食量天怀孕母猪的目标采食量天怀孕母猪的目标采食量天怀孕母猪的目标采食量42Feeding Sows in Late Gestation怀孕后期母猪的饲养怀孕后期母猪的饲养43The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak. 怀孕后怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期、对营养需要量最大。期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期、对营养需要量最大。If feed
55、 intake is not increased during this period, the sow will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation. 如果这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最后两周母如果这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最后两周母猪的背脂厚度将降低。猪的背脂厚度将降低。In addition, there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lact
56、ation. 此外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母此外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母猪暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。猪暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。 Sows should receive an additional 1.5 kg of feed per day on top of their normal daily allowance from day 100 to 112 of gestation. 怀孕母猪怀孕母猪100-112天应当每天比正天应当每天比正常采食额外增加常采食额外增加1.5公斤饲料。公斤饲料。44Performance of Sows Fed at Normal or
57、 High Levels in Late Gestation (day 100-114)怀孕后期母猪采食量正常或高水平时的生产表现怀孕后期母猪采食量正常或高水平时的生产表现Feed Intake (kg/day)2.33.9Lactation Intake (kg/day) 泌乳猪采食量泌乳猪采食量6.616.67Piglet Growth (g/day) 仔猪日增重仔猪日增重237240Wean to Estrus Interval (days) 6.25.4断奶到再发情间隔时间断奶到再发情间隔时间Subsequent Litter Size 窝重窝重12.012.4_Miller et a
58、l., (1996)45On some farms, continuing to feed the additional 1.5 kg of feed all of the way to farrowing can cause udder problems such as agalactia and mastitis. 在某些猪场，怀孕全程中在某些猪场，怀孕全程中都多饲喂都多饲喂1.5公斤饲料会导致乳房问题，如无乳症公斤饲料会导致乳房问题，如无乳症和乳房炎。和乳房炎。In addition, feed intake may be reduced in early lactation. 另外，泌
59、乳早期采食量可能降低另外，泌乳早期采食量可能降低If this proves to be the case, then the additional feed should be discontinued approximately 2 days before the expected due date of the sow. 如果事实是这样的话，在母猪预产期前大约如果事实是这样的话，在母猪预产期前大约2天应天应当停止加料。当停止加料。46Feeding Pattern in Gestation(Danish System)怀孕母猪的饲喂模式怀孕母猪的饲喂模式(丹麦系丹麦系)Early ges
60、tation (days 0 to 28) provide sows with high levels of feed (3.0 kg/day). 怀孕早期怀孕早期0-28天天提供母猪高采食量提供母猪高采食量(3.0 kg/day)。Mid gestation (days 28 to 90), feed 1.8 to 2.4 kg of feed, depending on sow condition 怀孕中期怀孕中期28-90天根据母猪体况，每天供食天根据母猪体况，每天供食1.8-2.4 kg。Late gestation (days 90 to 110), feed 3.0-3.5 kg
61、of feed/day 怀孕后期怀孕后期90-110天天,每天喂食每天喂食3.0-3.5 kg。47Comparison of Systems两种饲喂模式的比较两种饲喂模式的比较The total feed provided to sows in gestation is approximately the same in the two systems. 两种模式中母猪怀孕阶段的总两种模式中母猪怀孕阶段的总饲喂量是相同的。饲喂量是相同的。However, the pattern of intakes differs dramatically, with the two systems bei
62、ng completely contradictory in recommendations during early and mid gestation. 但是，二但是，二者之间喂食模式显著不同，在怀孕早期和中期的建议喂食者之间喂食模式显著不同，在怀孕早期和中期的建议喂食量完全相反。量完全相反。Under North American conditions and using traditional genotypes, high feed intakes in early gestation have been shown to be detrimental to reproductive
63、 performance. 在北美在北美养殖条件下的传统品种，怀孕早期的高采食量已经证明会养殖条件下的传统品种，怀孕早期的高采食量已经证明会对繁殖性能产生有害的影响。对繁殖性能产生有害的影响。48Effect of Feed Intake in Early Gestation (day 0-25) on Sow Reproductive Performance怀孕早期的采食量对母猪繁殖性能的影响怀孕早期的采食量对母猪繁殖性能的影响High 高高Low 低低(3.5 kg)(1.5 kg)Weight change early gestation (kg)怀孕早期的体重变化怀孕早期的体重变化11
64、.600.57Backfat change early gestation (mm)怀孕早期的背脂变化怀孕早期的背脂变化 1.870.76Litter size 窝重大小窝重大小10.9512.05_Prime et al., 1988. Animal Production 46: 49949Comparison of Systems两种饲喂模式的比较两种饲喂模式的比较Danish producers using the Danish system are achieving very high levels of productivity (30 pigs/sow/year). 丹麦模式生丹
65、麦模式生产者获得非常高水平的生产成绩产者获得非常高水平的生产成绩(30 头小猪头小猪/母猪母猪/年年)。However, it is not known whether or not the system can be applied to North American genotypes. 但是，这个模式能否但是，这个模式能否适用于在北美品种还不知道。适用于在北美品种还不知道。Research should be conducted to determine the productivity of the system under North American conditions usin
66、g different genotypes. 研究应当在北美条件下、用不同品种研究应当在北美条件下、用不同品种进行测试，以决定这个养殖模式的生产成绩。进行测试，以决定这个养殖模式的生产成绩。50Feeding in Gestation怀孕母猪的饲养怀孕母猪的饲养Regardless of the system used, the principle goal of the feeding program during gestation is to try to keep the sows in the breeding herd “fit not fat”. 不不管用哪个模式，怀孕阶段饲喂程
67、序的基本目标管用哪个模式，怀孕阶段饲喂程序的基本目标是保持母猪体况适中而不过肥。是保持母猪体况适中而不过肥。 Clearly both under conditioning and over conditioning are detrimental to the future reproductive performance. 很明显，母猪体况偏很明显，母猪体况偏瘦和过肥对将来的繁殖性能都是有害的。瘦和过肥对将来的繁殖性能都是有害的。51Consequences of Thin Sows母猪体况偏瘦的后果母猪体况偏瘦的后果Failure to recycle after weaning 断奶后
68、很难再发情断奶后很难再发情Lower subsequent conception rates and litter size 随后怀孕率低、并且窝仔少随后怀孕率低、并且窝仔少Increased susceptibility to bone fractures 增加骨折的可能性增加骨折的可能性Premature culling 过早淘汰过早淘汰52increased farrowing difficulty 增加产仔困难增加产仔困难increased incidence of crushed piglets 增加踩压小猪的发生机率增加踩压小猪的发生机率decreased lactation fe
69、ed intake 减少泌乳期采食量减少泌乳期采食量lower milk production 降低泌乳量降低泌乳量increased susceptibility to heat stress 提高了对热应激的敏感性提高了对热应激的敏感性Consequences of Fat Sows母猪体况过肥的后果母猪体况过肥的后果53Methods to Assess Adequacy of Gestation Feeding Program评价怀孕母猪饲喂程序恰当如否的方法评价怀孕母猪饲喂程序恰当如否的方法Weigh Sows (target 45-60 kg gain) 母猪增重（目标母猪增重（目
70、标45-60公斤）公斤）Condition Score (target for score of 3)体况评分（目标体况评分（目标3分）分）Measure Backfat (target 18-22 mm) 背脂检测（目标背脂检测（目标18-22 mm）54Effect of Sow Body Condition on Reproductive Performance 母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响母猪体况对繁殖性能的影响Farm农场编号% Sows in Correct Body Condition母猪体况达标率母猪体况达标率 % Sow Morta
71、lity死亡率死亡率Pigs Weaned/Sow/Year断奶猪数断奶猪数/年年/母猪母猪 159.313.420.6261.717.719.7375.25.721.1478.88.722.8579.18.423.5679.36.522.2784.37.824.61Sows with more sows in correct body condition had lower mortality (r2=-0.83) and weaned more pigs (r2=-0.88)2Scharlach, 2005 母猪体况达标率越高，母猪死亡率越低，断奶小猪头数越多。母猪体况达标率越高，母猪死亡
72、率越低，断奶小猪头数越多。55FeedingSowsDuringLactation哺乳母猪的饲养哺乳母猪的饲养56Objectives of Feeding the Sow During Lactation哺乳母猪的饲喂目标哺乳母猪的饲喂目标Stimulate Milk Flow 刺激泌乳量刺激泌乳量Maintain Body Condition of the Sow维持母猪体况维持母猪体况Prepare Sow for Rebreeding为下次繁殖做准备为下次繁殖做准备57The Effect of Feed Intake During Lactation on Reproductive
73、Performance哺乳母猪采食量对繁殖性能的影响哺乳母猪采食量对繁殖性能的影响_Daily Lactation Feed Intake (kg)_日采食量日采食量_ 1.5 2.2 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.0Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 44.530.8 27.4 19.6 15.8 9.0泌乳失重泌乳失重Backfat Loss During Lactation (mm) 8.9 7.1 6.4 5.7 4.2 4.0泌乳阶段背膘损失泌乳阶段背膘损失Weaning to Conception Interval (day) 29.8 32.4 23.6 16.4
74、 15.5 11.4断奶到怀孕的间隔时间断奶到怀孕的间隔时间Number of Eggs Ovulated 12.2 13.3 10.9 13.3 11.7 12.0排卵数排卵数% Sows in Estrus 8 Days After Weaning 8.3 33.3 50.0 58.358.3 83.3断奶后断奶后8天发情的母猪比例天发情的母猪比例_King and Dunkin, 1986, Anim. Prod. 17: 65-7558With proper management, modern sows have the capacity to consistently produc
75、e litters with 12-13 piglets and subsequently generate sufficient milk to support litter weight gains in excess of 3 kg a day. 如果管理恰当，现代母猪有能力连续每窝稳定产如果管理恰当，现代母猪有能力连续每窝稳定产仔仔12-13头，随后泌乳量足够，从而可使每天窝增头，随后泌乳量足够，从而可使每天窝增重超过重超过3公斤。公斤。However, this must be accomplished without compromising the sows ability to
76、 be re-bred shortly after weaning or affecting the size of the subsequent litter 但是，这种效益只能是在母猪断奶后即再配但是，这种效益只能是在母猪断奶后即再配种的能力并随后窝重不受影响的情况之下种的能力并随后窝重不受影响的情况之下。Feeding Sows in Lactation哺乳母猪的饲喂哺乳母猪的饲喂59Every effort should be made to stimulate the feed intake of the sow during lactation应设法提高泌乳母猪的采食量应设法提高泌
77、乳母猪的采食量 60Methods of Increasing Lactation Feed Intake增加哺乳母猪采食量的方法增加哺乳母猪采食量的方法61Although it is generally believed that high feed intakes in gestation are associated with lower feed intakes in lactation and subsequent loss of condition, recent evidence suggests that it is not necessarily the high feed
78、ing level in gestation that produces the negative effects but rather the fatness of the sow at farrowing. 虽然通常认为怀孕阶段的高采食量与哺乳阶段的虽然通常认为怀孕阶段的高采食量与哺乳阶段的低采食量和随后的体况损失有关，但是最近证据表明真正低采食量和随后的体况损失有关，但是最近证据表明真正原因不是高采食量，而是产仔时母猪体况过肥。原因不是高采食量，而是产仔时母猪体况过肥。Depending on genotype and parity, lactation intake begins to
79、 decline when backfat levels exceed 22 mm. The effect is particularly severe when back fat levels reach 24-25 mm. 视品视品种和胎次，背脂厚度超过种和胎次，背脂厚度超过22 mm时哺乳母猪的采食量会逐时哺乳母猪的采食量会逐步下降；当厚度超过步下降；当厚度超过24-25 mm时，影响尤其严重。时，影响尤其严重。Ensure Proper Body Condition of Sows确保母猪合适的体况确保母猪合适的体况62The mechanism through which a hig
80、h feed intake in gestation reduces feed intake in lactation appears to be mediated by factors that control hunger. 怀孕阶段怀孕阶段的高采食量会降低哺乳阶段的采食量，其机制似的高采食量会降低哺乳阶段的采食量，其机制似乎由控制饥饿的因子调节。乎由控制饥饿的因子调节。During lactation, insulin levels of sows fed lower amounts of feed in gestation are much higher than those of s
81、ows fed ad libitum. 在哺乳阶段，如怀孕在哺乳阶段，如怀孕阶段低采食量母猪的胰岛素水平要比自由采食母阶段低采食量母猪的胰岛素水平要比自由采食母猪的更高。猪的更高。These high insulin levels may stimulate appetite during lactation by reducing lipid mobilization and increasing peripheral glucose use. 哺乳阶段高胰岛素哺乳阶段高胰岛素水平可能通过减少脂肪分解代谢和增加动用外围水平可能通过减少脂肪分解代谢和增加动用外围葡萄糖来刺激食欲。葡萄糖来刺激食
82、欲。63The level of dietary protein has been shown to affect the amount of feed consumed during lactation. 日粮蛋白水平业已证明能够日粮蛋白水平业已证明能够影响哺乳阶段的采食量。影响哺乳阶段的采食量。 Piglet weaning weights were also higher when the sow received higher levels of dietary protein. 摄食高蛋白水平日粮的母猪产摄食高蛋白水平日粮的母猪产生的小猪断奶体重也高生的小猪断奶体重也高。The co
83、nsumption of low protein diets during lactation can also cause excessive delays in estrus and poor conception rates after weaning, particularly if fed to first litter sows. 尤其在饲喂初产尤其在饲喂初产母猪时，如哺乳阶段日粮蛋白水平低会导致发情期的过分延母猪时，如哺乳阶段日粮蛋白水平低会导致发情期的过分延迟和断奶后的怀孕率低。迟和断奶后的怀孕率低。Lactation diets should contain a minimu
84、m of 16% crude protein (0.95 lysine). 哺乳日粮应含至少哺乳日粮应含至少16%粗蛋白（粗蛋白（ 0.95 赖氨酸）赖氨酸）Ensure Adequate Dietary Protein确保足够的日粮蛋白确保足够的日粮蛋白64Effect of Protein Level During Lactation on Sow Feed Intake and Body Condition哺乳期日粮蛋白水平对母猪采食量和体况的影响哺乳期日粮蛋白水平对母猪采食量和体况的影响 Dietary Protein Level (%) 12 14 16 18_ _ 日粮粗蛋白水平日
85、粮粗蛋白水平_Sow Feed Intake (kg/day) 3.5 4.6 5.5 5.8采食量采食量Sow Weight at Farrowing (kg)152.2140.9143.6145.9产仔时体重产仔时体重Sow Weight at Weaning (kg)126.8130.0147.3152.3断奶体重断奶体重Sow Weight Change (kg)-25.4-10.9 +3.7 +6.4母猪体重变化母猪体重变化Piglet Weaning Weight (kg) 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.8小猪断奶重小猪断奶重Mahan and Grifo, 1975, J. Ani
86、m. Sci. 41: 1362-1367.65Sows will consume more feed if fed twice rather than once daily. Consumption is likely to increase further if they are fed even more frequently. 母猪日喂两次比一次采食量高。如果母猪日喂两次比一次采食量高。如果饲喂次数更多，可能采食量更大。饲喂次数更多，可能采食量更大。In a study conducted by the NRC-89 Committee on Confinement Managemen
87、t of Swine, sows fed three times a day consumed a total of 108.4 kg of feed during lactation while those fed only once a day consumed 101.6 kg of feed. 在在89年年NRC委员会对猪分娩管理的研究中，哺乳阶段日喂三次总委员会对猪分娩管理的研究中，哺乳阶段日喂三次总采食量采食量108.4 kg、而日喂一次总采食量、而日喂一次总采食量101.6 kg。In addition, weight loss during lactation was redu
88、ced for the group of sows fed three times a day (22.5 versus 28.5 kg of body weight lost). 另外，哺乳阶段日喂三次比日喂一次失另外，哺乳阶段日喂三次比日喂一次失重更少重更少(失重失重22.5对对28.5 kg ）。）。Increase Frequency of Feeding增加饲喂次数增加饲喂次数66Use Proper Particle Size (600-800 um)使用合适的粒度使用合适的粒度(600-800微米微米)Particle size reduction increases the s
89、urface area of the grain, thus allowing for greater interaction with digestive enzymes and improving digestibility 粒度变小增加谷物的表面积，以此增加粒度变小增加谷物的表面积，以此增加与消化酶相互作用从而改善消化率。与消化酶相互作用从而改善消化率。It also improves the ease of handling and mixing characteristics 粒度小也使加工和混合更加容易。粒度小也使加工和混合更加容易。However, excessive grind
90、ing will increase the energy costs of feed processing, cause dust problems and increase the incidence of gastric ulcers 但是，过度粉碎增加饲料加工的能量消耗、引但是，过度粉碎增加饲料加工的能量消耗、引起粉尘问题和增加胃溃疡机率。起粉尘问题和增加胃溃疡机率。Feed intakes are also reduced with excessive grinding 过度粉碎过度粉碎也可降低采食量。也可降低采食量。67Effect of Particle Size on Lacta
91、tion Performance 粒度大小对泌乳性能的影响粒度大小对泌乳性能的影响Goodband et al., 200568Use of a pelleted diet has been shown to increase sow feed intake during lactation. 使使用用颗颗粒粒日日粮粮已已经经表表明明能能增增加加泌泌乳乳阶段的采食量。阶段的采食量。 Pelleted diets also tend to reduce the amount of feed wastage.颗粒日粮也能减少饲料浪费。颗粒日粮也能减少饲料浪费。 However, since ver
92、y few producers have the ability to pellet on the farm, the advantages of feeding a pelleted diet are only available to producers purchasing a commercially formulated lactation diet. 但但是是，由由于于很很少少猪猪场场有有能能力力制制粒粒，饲饲喂喂颗颗粒粒饲料的优点仅适用于购买商品配制泌乳日粮。饲料的优点仅适用于购买商品配制泌乳日粮。Feed Pelleted Diets饲喂颗粒日粮饲喂颗粒日粮69Effect o
93、f Pelleted Diets on Lactation Performance 制粒日粮对泌乳性能的影响制粒日粮对泌乳性能的影响MashPellets 粉料粉料 颗粒料颗粒料Feed Intake 采食量采食量6.006.22Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 7.366.95泌乳失重泌乳失重Fat Loss (mm) 脂肪损失脂肪损失2.251.00_Baudon and Hancock, 200370It has been well demonstrated that sows will consume more of a wet feed than they wil
94、l of a dry one. 已经表明母猪对湿料比干已经表明母猪对湿料比干料采食更多。料采食更多。Although it would be impractical for most producers to convert their operations to a wet feeding system, the simple act of mounting the water nipple in the farrowing crate directly over the feed hopper can help to stimulate sow feed intakes. 虽然让大多虽然让
95、大多数猪场转变成湿喂操作系统是不现实的，但是简单湿式可直数猪场转变成湿喂操作系统是不现实的，但是简单湿式可直接在产仔箱的料槽里安装乳头饮水器也能刺激母猪采食量接在产仔箱的料槽里安装乳头饮水器也能刺激母猪采食量。Care should be taken to clean the feeder on a regular basis in order to prevent molds from developing on the wet feed. 应该定应该定期清理料槽以防湿料期清理料槽以防湿料产生产生霉菌感染霉菌感染。Consider Wet Feeding考虑湿喂考虑湿喂71Dry FeedW
96、et Feed 干喂干喂 湿喂湿喂Sow Feed Intake (kg/day) 采食量采食量 4.7 5.3Sow Energy Intake (MJ DE/day) 62.3 69.3能量摄入量能量摄入量Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 29.8 23.2泌乳失重泌乳失重_OGrady and Lynch, 1978, J. Agric. Res. 17: 1-6.Effect of Wet Feeding on Lactation Performance 湿喂对泌乳性能的影响湿喂对泌乳性能的影响 72High water intakes are required t
97、o support the demands for milk production. 高饮水量对母猪泌乳生产是必需的高饮水量对母猪泌乳生产是必需的。A lactating sow can consume as much as 30 litres of water per day. If the flow rate is 500 mL/minute, then a sow will need to spend at least 60 minutes a day drinking in order to meet her daily water requirements. 哺哺乳乳母母猪猪每每天天
98、消消耗耗30升升水水，如如果果饮饮水水器器水水流流速速500毫毫升升/分分钟钟。为为满满足足每每天天需需要要，母母猪猪每每天天饮饮水水至少要至少要60分钟。分钟。Particularly following a difficult delivery, some sows may be unwilling to stand for this amount of time and therefore water consumption will be reduced which will have a negative effect on lactation feed intake. 尤尤其其分分
99、娩娩困困难难后后，一一些些母母猪猪不不能能承承受受长时间饮水。因此饮水量降低对泌乳和采食量产生负作用。长时间饮水。因此饮水量降低对泌乳和采食量产生负作用。Increase Water Consumption增加饮水增加饮水73Provision of a second water nipple that allows sows to drink while lying down has been shown to be beneficial particularly shortly after farrowing 为母猪再准备一个额外饮水器，当它躺为母猪再准备一个额外饮水器，当它躺下时也能饮水
100、，这在母猪刚产仔时是最有帮助的下时也能饮水，这在母猪刚产仔时是最有帮助的。74Techniques to Increase Water Intake增加饮水量的技术措施增加饮水量的技术措施A flow rate of at least 1.5 to 2.0 litres per minute has been shown to be beneficial in ensuring adequate water intake for sows. 为使母猪有足够的饮水量，饮水器水流速为每分钟为使母猪有足够的饮水量，饮水器水流速为每分钟1.5-2.0升证明是有益的升证明是有益的 。Check wate
101、r lines frequently to ensure obstructions are not limiting water flow 经常检查水管，确保无障碍物限制水流经常检查水管，确保无障碍物限制水流Many producers find that filling the sows feed trough with water after feeding is a useful way of stimulating water intake. 许多养殖者发现喂料后在食槽中注水对刺激饮水量是有用许多养殖者发现喂料后在食槽中注水对刺激饮水量是有用的方式的方式。 The depth of t
102、he water in the trough is very important as pigs are not designed to lick up water. For sows, a depth of 3.8 cm is recommended. 由于猪不愿意舔水，食槽中水深非常重要。由于猪不愿意舔水，食槽中水深非常重要。对于母猪建议食槽水深为对于母猪建议食槽水深为3.8 cm。75Although nipple and bite drinkers will eventually provide adequate water, some sows may become frustrat
103、ed and stop drinking before sufficient water has been obtained. 虽然乳头饮水器最终能提供足够饮水虽然乳头饮水器最终能提供足够饮水,但是有些母猪在饮水足够之前由于不耐烦、可能停但是有些母猪在饮水足够之前由于不耐烦、可能停止饮水。止饮水。Research has shown that lactating sows receiving water from a trough located next to the feed hopper drank more water and wasted less, resulting in hig
104、her feed intakes and therefore weaning heavier pigs研究表明在料槽旁再安装一个饮水槽，哺乳母猪饮研究表明在料槽旁再安装一个饮水槽，哺乳母猪饮水更多、浪费少，可导致采食量高、断奶仔猪体重水更多、浪费少，可导致采食量高、断奶仔猪体重大大。 76Comparison of Water Consumption by Lactating Sows Provided Water Via a Trough or a Drinker哺乳母猪通过料槽和饮水器饮水消耗量比较哺乳母猪通过料槽和饮水器饮水消耗量比较TroughDrinker 料槽料槽 饮水器饮水器Wa
105、ter Used (L/day) 饮水量饮水量2318Water Spillage 水损耗水损耗ND3.6Feed Consumption (kg/day) 采食量采食量6.616.04Pig Weaning Weight (kg) 断奶体重断奶体重6.035.81ND=no detectable wastage 未发现差异未发现差异Gadd, 1996 77Reduce Farrowing Room Temperature降低产仔舍温度降低产仔舍温度The effective environmental temperature of the farrowing room is one of
106、the most critical factors affecting feed intake in lactating sows and many producers maintain their farrowing room at too high a temperature. 产圈环境温度是影响母猪采食量的最关键产圈环境温度是影响母猪采食量的最关键因子之一，许多猪场都维持圈舍温度太高。因子之一，许多猪场都维持圈舍温度太高。 Sows maintained at a lower temperature (20C) consume more feed, lose less weight an
107、d wean heavier piglets compared with those housed at the higher temperatures. 母猪维持较低温度母猪维持较低温度( 20C) 相对于高温会使采食量更高、体重损失小、断奶体重大。相对于高温会使采食量更高、体重损失小、断奶体重大。78Effect of Environmental Temperature on Lactation Performance环境温度对哺乳母猪性能的影响环境温度对哺乳母猪性能的影响 Temperature 温度温度 27oC 21oC Sow Feed Intake (kg/day) 采食量采食量
108、 4.6 5.2Sow Weight Loss (kg) 110 Days to Weaning 21.0 14.0110天到断奶母猪失重天到断奶母猪失重Piglet Weight at 28 Days (kg) 6.2 7.0小猪小猪28天断奶体重天断奶体重Lynch, 1978.79Cooling Systems 冷却系统冷却系统In order to stimulate feed intake, attempts should be made to cool down the farrowing room. 为了刺激采食，应当努力降低为了刺激采食，应当努力降低产仔圈舍温度。产仔圈舍温度。
109、 If building a new barn, producers might consider the installation of snout coolers or drip cooling. 如果建造一个新畜舍，生产如果建造一个新畜舍，生产者要考虑安装喷嘴式冷却器或滴水冷却器。者要考虑安装喷嘴式冷却器或滴水冷却器。Snout coolers with an airspeed of 0.3 m/sec have been shown to increase feed intake by 250 g/day. 喷嘴式冷却器流速喷嘴式冷却器流速0.3米米/秒秒已经显示能增加采食量已经显示能
110、增加采食量250克克/天天。Drip coolers providing 2 litres per sow per hour (running for 3 minutes in a 10 minute cycle) have also been shown to be effective in increasing feed intake. 滴水冷却器每小时每头母滴水冷却器每小时每头母猪提供猪提供2升水升水(每每10分钟循环中运行分钟循环中运行3分钟分钟)对增加采食量是对增加采食量是有效的。有效的。80Effect of Cooling System on Lactation Performa
111、nce of Sows冷却系统对母猪泌乳性能的影响冷却系统对母猪泌乳性能的影响ControlSnout Cooler Drip Cooler Combined 对照组对照组 喷嘴式冷却器喷嘴式冷却器 滴水冷却器滴水冷却器 组合式冷却器组合式冷却器Feed Intake (kg/day) 4.04.865.385.86 采食量采食量Weight Loss (kg)19.8614.3810.82.0体重损失体重损失McGlone et al., 1988815If the temperature of the farrowing room is to be decreased, supplemen
112、tal heat must be provided for the baby pigs. Use heat lamps, covered creeps, heat pads etc 如果产仔圈舍温度降低，如果产仔圈舍温度降低，应当为仔猪提供额外热量，如使用产热灯、应当为仔猪提供额外热量，如使用产热灯、覆盖乳猪设备、产热垫等等。覆盖乳猪设备、产热垫等等。82Floor Type 地面类型地面类型The farrowing floor surface influences heat loss and therefore could affect feed intake. 产仔圈舍产仔圈舍地面质地影
113、响热量损失，因此影响到母猪采食量地面质地影响热量损失，因此影响到母猪采食量Sows housed on plastic-coated, expanded metal or woven wire floors consumed about 0.5 kg less than sows housed on highly conductive floor surfaces such as metal (i.e. Tri-bar) or concrete. 圈养在塑料包裹的膨胀金属或铁丝网地圈养在塑料包裹的膨胀金属或铁丝网地面的母猪比在高传导地面象金属或混凝土地面的母面的母猪比在高传导地面象金属或混凝土
114、地面的母猪少采食猪少采食0.5公斤。公斤。83Ventilation and Insulation通风和隔热通风和隔热The maximum ventilation rate of the farrowing room should be checked to ensure adequate airflow. Although this may not necessarily cool the sows, fresh air is beneficial in stimulating appetite. 检查产仔圈舍最大通风量确保足够气流。尽管这不能冷却检查产仔圈舍最大通风量确保足够气流。尽管这
115、不能冷却母猪，但新鲜空气对刺激食欲是有益的母猪，但新鲜空气对刺激食欲是有益的。Providing the proper amount of insulation is useful in preventing increases in farrowing room temperature during hot days. The standard insulation specification for the roof is 0.4W/m2/oC and for walls 0.5W/m2/oC. 提供适当量隔热层对预防大热天产仔圈舍温度升高是有用提供适当量隔热层对预防大热天产仔圈舍温度升高
116、是有用的。屋顶标准隔热层规格为的。屋顶标准隔热层规格为0.4W/m2/oC，而墙壁标准隔热，而墙壁标准隔热层为层为 0.5W/m2/oC。84Diet Modification 日粮调整日粮调整In situations where it is not possible to reduce the farrowing house temperature, consideration should be given to feeding diets with a reduced heat increment. 在无法降低产仔圈舍温度的情在无法降低产仔圈舍温度的情况下，应考虑饲喂能降低热增耗的日粮
117、况下，应考虑饲喂能降低热增耗的日粮。Incorporating fat or oil as a partial substitute for carbohydrate will reduce the heat increment of the diet and thus allow sows to consume more energy in hot weather. 添加油脂代替部分碳水添加油脂代替部分碳水化合物将减少日粮热增耗，由此让母猪在夏天采食更多能量化合物将减少日粮热增耗，由此让母猪在夏天采食更多能量Reducing the protein level of the diet and
118、 using synthetic amino acids to provide the proper balance of amino acids can also achieve this purpose. 降低日粮粗蛋白水平、使用合成氨基酸降低日粮粗蛋白水平、使用合成氨基酸提供氨基酸平衡也能达到这个目的提供氨基酸平衡也能达到这个目的。Feeding during the cooler times of the day will also stimulate feed intake. 在当天凉爽时间饲喂也能刺激采食在当天凉爽时间饲喂也能刺激采食。85Effect of Light 光照的影响
119、光照的影响There is evidence to suggest that sows exposed to longer periods of lighting during the day may have higher feed intakes. 有证据表明如母猪接受光照较长有证据表明如母猪接受光照较长会提高采食量。会提高采食量。Increased weaning weights and higher milk yields which are commonly associated with increased feed intakes have been observed when
120、sows were housed in farrowing rooms with 16 hours of light per day in comparison with 8 hours of light per day. 母猪在产仔母猪在产仔圈舍中每天光照圈舍中每天光照16小时与小时与8小时相比，他们的高采小时相比，他们的高采食量常与泌乳量高、仔猪断奶体重大相关食量常与泌乳量高、仔猪断奶体重大相关。Improved rebreeding performance has also been reported. 也有报道称光照能改进母猪的再繁殖性能也有报道称光照能改进母猪的再繁殖性能 86Eff
121、ect of Lighting Duration on Sow Lactation Performance光照持续时间对母猪泌乳性能的影响光照持续时间对母猪泌乳性能的影响 8 hrs Light16 hrs Light16 hrs Dark 8 hrs Dark 8h光照光照16h黑暗黑暗 16h光照光照8h黑暗黑暗Pigs Born Alive 出生活猪数出生活猪数11.612.1Pigs Weaned 断奶猪数断奶猪数 7.9 9.4Survival Rate (%) 成活率成活率80.184.4Milk Yield (kg) 泌乳量泌乳量 5.1 6.121 Day Litter Wea
122、ning Weight (kg)28.442.921 天断奶窝重天断奶窝重Return to Estrus (%) 返情率返情率77.8100Mabry et al., 1982 (J. Anim. Sci. 57: 292-295)87Ensure Provision of Palatable Diets确保提供适口性好的日粮确保提供适口性好的日粮Choose palatable ingredients (corn, wheat, hulless barley, soybean meal, fat) 选择适口性好的原料（玉米、小麦、去选择适口性好的原料（玉米、小麦、去皮大麦、豆粕、脂肪）皮大
123、麦、豆粕、脂肪）Avoid the use of any ingredient of questionable palatability (rye, canola meal, lupins, fababeans) 避免使用影响适口性的避免使用影响适口性的原料（裸麦、菜粕、羽扁豆、蚕豆）原料（裸麦、菜粕、羽扁豆、蚕豆）Do not use moldy feed in lactation diets 不要在泌乳日粮中不要在泌乳日粮中使用发霉饲料使用发霉饲料Avoid excessive levels of dietary calcium (1.0%) 避免日粮避免日粮钙水平过高钙水平过高( 1.0
124、%)Avoid excessive grinding (target 600-800 um) 避免过度粉碎避免过度粉碎（目标（目标600-800微米）微米）88Use of Flavors 香味剂的使用香味剂的使用 The use of flavors in animal feeds has increased considerably in the past decade as more attention is being paid to ingredient and diet palatability. 由于人们越来越关注原料和由于人们越来越关注原料和日粮的适口性，近十年来动物饲料中已广
125、泛使用香味剂日粮的适口性，近十年来动物饲料中已广泛使用香味剂 Many experiments have been conducted using feed flavors in the hope of increasing the feed consumption of sows during lactation. 已进行了很多使用饲料香味剂来提高泌乳母猪已进行了很多使用饲料香味剂来提高泌乳母猪采食量的实验采食量的实验The products used have ranged from simple spices and tonics to aroma modifiers, sweetene
126、rs, flavor intensifiers and artificial flavors as well as certain natural feed ingredients. 所所使用的香味剂已从单一调味剂、增效剂到香味调节剂、使用的香味剂已从单一调味剂、增效剂到香味调节剂、甜味剂、香味加强剂、人工香味剂，以及某些天然饲料甜味剂、香味加强剂、人工香味剂，以及某些天然饲料添加剂添加剂89Use of Flavors 香味剂的使用香味剂的使用Although some results indicate that flavor additives can be used to attract
127、 sows to their diet, increase feed intake and reduce sow weight loss during lactation, producers should be aware that very little is known on what specific flavors pigs find attractive. 虽然一些结论虽然一些结论显示香味添加剂用在母猪诱食、增加采食量、减少泌乳显示香味添加剂用在母猪诱食、增加采食量、减少泌乳失重方面有效果，但是生产者应当意识到我们仍然知道失重方面有效果，但是生产者应当意识到我们仍然知道的很少究竟是
128、哪种香味剂有诱食作用。的很少究竟是哪种香味剂有诱食作用。Since flavours tend to be expensive feed ingredients, considerable caution should attend their use in sow diets. 既然香味剂是昂贵的饲料原料，对于它们在母猪既然香味剂是昂贵的饲料原料，对于它们在母猪料中的使用应当小心谨慎。料中的使用应当小心谨慎。90Effect of Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Lactation Performance喷雾干燥血浆蛋白对泌乳性能的影响喷雾干燥血浆蛋白对泌乳性能的
129、影响Bertelsen et al., 200591Avoid Over Conditioned Sows (25 mm) 避免体况过肥避免体况过肥Increase Dietary Protein Level (16%) 提高日粮蛋白水平提高日粮蛋白水平(16%)Increase Feeding Frequency (3x day) 增加饲喂次数增加饲喂次数Pellet Diet 颗粒颗粒Wet Feed 湿喂湿喂Ensure Adequate Water Intake 确保足够饮水确保足够饮水Reduce Farrowing Room Temperature (20 C) 降低产仔圈舍温度降低产仔圈舍温度(14 hours) 保持保持 足够的光照足够的光照(14 小时小时)Choose Palatable Ingredients 选用适口性好的原料选用适口性好的原料Methods of Increasing Lactation Feed Intake提高泌乳母猪采食量的方法提高泌乳母猪采食量的方法92
