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1、英国社会与文化英国社会与文化lecture_3Literature: 4 major periods nOld English Literature before the Norman Conquest (1066)nMedieval Literature (before the English Renaissance beginning from the 15th century)nModern Literature nContemporary Literature (post-WWII)The formation of the Old EnglishnPre-Roman-ConquestC
2、elts and Britons: Gaelic and Celtic.nThe Roman Conquest since 43 AD: LatinnThe Roman departure in 407 A. D.the invasion of Anglo, Saxon and Jute: Icelandic, Viking, Danish, Germanic influences. Confluence of Different Linguistic Sources n450 A. D. Anglo, Saxon and Jute from North-West Germany invade
3、d and occupied part of Britain n793-95 Viking invasions (Danish and Norwegian) in Scotland, northern and eastern Englandn9th century Danish invasions; occupation of eastern Englandn885 partition of England (under King Alfred the Great)n917-26 England reoccupied Danish-held territories.n1013 Danish c
4、onquestOld English Literaturec.a., the 10th century, BeowulfAuthor: anonymousSetting: Scandinavian Date of writing: between the 8th and the 11the century nAudio clips from an Old English versionPrologue 1,2,3Hollywood movie adaptation, 2007Medieval literaturenFrench influence and English affirmation
5、 (1)The official language of the British court Turning pointJohn Kings losses of French lands in 1204 (2) Enriched subjects for literaturecourtly loveGeoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)nContribution to the middle English(1)Wide range of linguistic sources(2)Helped to form a London-based standard languageThe
6、 Canterbury TalesVivid and ironic portrayal of charactersnThe very perfect gentle Knight a mercenary solidernThe nun a sensual woman who enjoys the pleasure of the sensesnThe wife of Bathwho has five husbandsThe works meritsnA diversity of characters, social levels, and ways of life.nRestraint from
7、authorial judgment.nHumor and satire.Modern literaturenEnglish Renaissance sonnet: travelled to England from Italy in the 16th century drama: the age of ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)Stratford-upon-AvonThe Globe TheatrenShakespeares complete works:n 38 playsn 2 narrative poemsn 154 sonnet
8、sHis Position in World Literary Historynone of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the worldnone of the greatest giants of the Renaissancenone of the first founders of realismna literary giant “not of an age, but for all time” (John Benson).Hamlet (1601)Othello (1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth
9、 (1606)Romeo and Juliet (1595)Two major poets in the 17th centuryJohn Donne (1572-1631)John Milton (1608-1674)18th century literaturePoetry Alexander Pope (1688-1744) The Rape of the Lock (1712-14) Drama Richard Sheridan(1751-1816) The School for Scandal (1777)The Rise of the NovelDaniel Defoe, Robi
10、nson Crusoe (1719)Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones: A Foundling (1749)Jonathan Swift, Gullivers Travels (1726)Swifts joking epitaphnHe knew a hundred pleasant stories,nWith all the turns of Whigs and Tories;nWas cheerful to his dying day,nAnd friends would let him have his way.nHe gave the l
11、ittle wealth he hadnTo build a house for fools and mad,nAnd showed by one satiric touch,nNo nation wanted it so much.nThat kingdom he hath left his debtor;nI wish it soon may have a better.19th century literaturenPoetry Romantic poets first generation: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge sec
12、ond generation: Lord Byron, Percey Bysshe Shelley, John KeatsCharacteristics of Romanticism in BritainnA rejection of the rules of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality.nA deepened high appreciation of the beauties of nature.nBelief in the emotion and imagination rather than r
13、eason or external canons.nFocus on individual concerns and reverence for the common man.nUse of everyday language in poetry.nAn increasing importance of women and children.nMost popular genres: poetry and novels.Find the Matching authors for the quotes in the left-hand column nI wandered lonely as a
14、 cloud.nIf winter comes, can spring be far behind?nBeauty is truth, truth beauty, -that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.nJohn KeatsnWordsworthnPercey B. ShelleynOther images of the Lake District: Windermere, Thirlmere, Dewent Water, and Grasmere.Fiction: leading form of literature i
15、n EnglishnRegent Period (1810-1820): Jane AustennVictorian Period(1837-1901) : Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Bronts,Thomas Hardy et al.Jane Austen (1775-1817)Three or four families in a country village is the very thing to work on. Her fictionnNorthanger Abbey (1798, 1818)nSense
16、and Sensibility (1795-97,1811)nPride and Prejudice (1795-97, 1813)nPersuasion (1818)nEmma (1815)nMansfield Park (1814)Victorian eranThe period coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1837 to 1901.nA time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems.
17、nNew inventions and discoveries in biology, geology and anthropology shook peoples religious belief.Main features of Victorian literaturenDiversity, complexity and abundant writers and great works.nThe novel became the most powerful expression of progressive thought.nCritical realists: Charles Dicke
18、ns, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Bronte sisters et al.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)nOliver Twist (1837-38)nDavid Copperfield (1849-50)nGreat Expectations (1860-61)nHard Times (1854)Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)nNovel of character and environmentnTess of the DUrbervilles (1891)nJude the Obscure (1895)20
19、th century modernismnModern experience in an alienating urban, industrial societynRejection of conventional forms of realismnInteriority of charactersnNew techniques: steam of consciousness, montage, fragmentationnRenovated concept of timeLeading figures of early 20th centurynT.S. EliotnD.H. Lawrenc
20、enJames JoycenVirginia WoolfJames Joyce (1882-1941)Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Contemporary literature: Nobel Prize LaureatesnT. S. Eliot (1948)nBertrand Russell (1950)nWinston Churchill (1953)nSamuel Beckett (1969)nWilliam Golding (1983)nSeamus Heaney (1995)nHarold Pinter (2005)nDoris Lessing (2007)A preview of the next lecturenBritish artsnBritish government and political parties
