7.英汉对比之被动与主动PPT课件

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1、Lecture 7被动与主动被动与主动Passive vs. Active1.英语惯用被动句的原因2.英语被动式的表现形式3.汉语多用主动式（限用被动句）的原因4.汉语主动式的的表现形式5.英汉互译中的语态转换英语惯用被动句的原因英语惯用被动句的原因施事的原因施事的原因人们表达思想的时候，通常使用主动句。但当主人们表达思想的时候，通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事动句的施事(agent) (agent) 由于以下的原因而不需要或不可由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时，英语往往采用被动句：能指明时，英语往往采用被动句：1. 1.施事未知而难以言明施事未知而难以言明a. The murderer

2、a. The murderer was caughtwas caught yesterday, and it yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.is said that he will be hanged.凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将会被绞死。凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将会被绞死。b. New factories b. New factories are being builtare being built all over the all over the country.country.全国到处在兴建工厂。全国到处在兴建工厂。2.

3、 2. 施事从上下文中可以不言自明施事从上下文中可以不言自明a. Your suggestion a. Your suggestion has been duly notedhas been duly noted. .你的建议已得到及时关注。你的建议已得到及时关注。b. She told me that her master had dismissed b. She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason her. No reason had been assignedhad been assigned; no objectio

4、n ; no objection had been madehad been made to her conduct. She to her conduct. She had been had been forbiddenforbidden to appeal to her mistress. to appeal to her mistress.她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。她向女主人申诉。3. 3. 施事施事( (agent)agent

5、)agent)agent)不如受事不如受事( (patient)patient)patient)patient)重要，或受事重要，或受事需要强调需要强调His only son His only son was run overwas run over by a car. by a car.她的独子被汽车轧了。她的独子被汽车轧了。有时为了有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语（隐去含糊的人称主语（vague pronoun vague pronoun subjectsubject），也用被动句：，也用被动句：At the tea party At the tea party theythey served

6、 only tea and served only tea and cake.cake.At the tea party only tea and cake At the tea party only tea and cake were were servedserved. .茶会上只供应茶和饼。茶会上只供应茶和饼。4. 4. 由于特殊原因而不需指明施事，如为了使叙述由于特殊原因而不需指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪显得圆通、得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪（tact or delicacy of sentimenttact or delicacy of senti

7、ment）Some things Some things have been saidhave been said here tonight that here tonight that ought not to ought not to have been spokenhave been spoken. .今晚有些人在此讲了不该讲的话。今晚有些人在此讲了不该讲的话。You are cordially invited to join in the You are cordially invited to join in the celebrations of the May Day Festi

8、val on Sunday, celebrations of the May Day Festival on Sunday, May 1May 1stst, at 10:00 a.m., at Zhongshan Park., at 10:00 a.m., at Zhongshan Park.五月一日（星期日）上午五月一日（星期日）上午1010点在中山公园举行点在中山公园举行“ “五五一劳动节一劳动节” ”庆祝活动，敬请光临。（出于礼貌、得体）庆祝活动，敬请光临。（出于礼貌、得体）英语惯用被动句的原因英语惯用被动句的原因句法的要求句法的要求句法的要求句法的要求英语重形合，注重句法结构和表达形式

9、。当主动英语重形合，注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时，出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑，式不便于表达时，出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑，往往采用被动式：往往采用被动式：1. 1. 为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接a. Some kinds of plastics a. Some kinds of plastics can be forcedcan be forced through machines which separate them into through machines which separate them into long, th

10、in strings, called fibres, and these long, thin strings, called fibres, and these fibres fibres can be makecan be make into cloth. into cloth.有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可以用来织布。这种纤维可以用来织布。b. He appeared on the stage and b. He appeared on the stage and was warmly was warmly applaude

11、dapplauded by the audience. by the audience.他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。c. Language c. Language is shapedis shaped by, and shapes, human by, and shapes, human thought.thought.语言受制于思想，又影响思想。语言受制于思想，又影响思想。2. 2. 为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心（end end focusfocus）和末端重量（）和末端重量（end weightend weight），以符合主

12、语简），以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯短、谓语复杂的表达习惯a. I was astounded that he a. I was astounded that he was preparedwas prepared to to give me a job.give me a job.他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。b. It b. It is universally acknowledgedis universally acknowledged that a single that a single man of a good fortune mu

13、st be in want of a wife.man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。一条举世公认的真理。修辞的需要修辞的需要修辞的需要修辞的需要英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动句可以达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动句可以减少以减少以填补词填补词“ “it”it”

14、、“ “there”there”引导的句式，使句子比较引导的句式，使句子比较干脆、有力。干脆、有力。 There are many ways to vary the basic There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.object.有许多方法可以变换英语有许多方法可以变换英语“ “主主- -动动- -宾宾” ”基本句型。基本句型。 The basic English sentence

15、 pattern of The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.英语英语“ “主主- -动动- -宾宾” ”基本句型可以用许多方法加以基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。变换。英语惯用被动句的原因英语惯用被动句的原因文体的需要文体的需要信息类文体如科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及信息类文体如科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体在英文中较多使用被动句。科技文体注重论述文体在英文中

16、较多使用被动句。科技文体注重事理合活动的客观叙述，力戒作者的主观臆断，因事理合活动的客观叙述，力戒作者的主观臆断，因而常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接、而常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接、叙事翔实、冷静，施事往往难以言明，也不宜言明。叙事翔实、冷静，施事往往难以言明，也不宜言明。公文注重叙述公正、无私，口气客观、正式。公文注重叙述公正、无私，口气客观、正式。The passive is generally more commonly used The passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in

17、 imaginative writing, in informative than in imaginative writing, notably in the objective, non-personal style of notably in the objective, non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.scientific articles and news items.英语惯用被动句的原因英语惯用被动句的原因英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向，其弊端在于：英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向，其弊端在于：罗嗦（罗嗦（

18、wordywordy）、间接（）、间接（indirectindirect）、无力）、无力（weakweak）、隐晦（）、隐晦（oracularoracular），故弄玄虚），故弄玄虚（mysteriousmysterious）而深不可测（）而深不可测（impenetrableimpenetrable），使），使交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕（交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕（passive passive smokescreensmokescreen）。）。“ “half the delatoriness, the passing of the half the delatoriness, the

19、passing of the bucks, the shrinking of responsibility, the bucks, the shrinking of responsibility, the lazymindedness, and the want of initiative”lazymindedness, and the want of initiative”结构被动句结构被动句 vs. 意义被动句意义被动句结构被动句结构被动句（syntactic passivesyntactic passive）vs. vs. 意义被动句意义被动句（notional passivenotio

20、nal passive）英语结构被动句多于意义被动句（用主动的形式英语结构被动句多于意义被动句（用主动的形式表达被动的意义），原因在于：表达被动的意义），原因在于：1. 1.绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。都有被动式。2. 2. 被动式可借助形态变化来表示，因而形式很多：被动式可借助形态变化来表示，因而形式很多：限定动词多种时态的被动式和非限定动词（不定式、限定动词多种时态的被动式和非限定动词（不定式、分词、动名词）的被动式；非人称被动式分词、动名词）的被动式；非人称被动式（impersonal passiveimpersonal p

21、assive）；双重被动式（）；双重被动式（double double passivepassive）。应用广泛，使用频率高。）。应用广泛，使用频率高。英语主动式的表现形式英语主动式的表现形式意义被动式意义被动式在英语句子里较少见在英语句子里较少见 1.These products sell like hot cakes. 1.These products sell like hot cakes. （=are =are soldsold） 这些产品十分畅销。这些产品十分畅销。2. The clock needs repairing. 2. The clock needs repairing.

22、（=is repaired=is repaired）这个钟需要修理。这个钟需要修理。3. The book is printing 3. The book is printing （=is being printed=is being printed）这本书正在印刷。这本书正在印刷。4. The room filled rapidly. 4. The room filled rapidly. （=was filled=was filled）房间很快就挤满了。房间很快就挤满了。词汇手段词汇手段表达被动意义：表达被动意义：名词（短语）名词（短语）Examinee Examinee （=person

23、 examined=person examined） 受审查者；受受审查者；受试人试人 Interviewee Interviewee （=person interviewed=person interviewed）受访者；）受访者；参加面试者参加面试者His astonishment His astonishment （=he was astonished=he was astonished） 他他 感到惊讶感到惊讶The imprisonment of the murderer The imprisonment of the murderer （=the =the murderer was

24、 imprisonedmurderer was imprisoned）凶手被监禁）凶手被监禁形容词形容词eatable (=fit to be eaten) eatable (=fit to be eaten) 可吃的可吃的desirable (=to be desired) desirable (=to be desired) 想要的想要的respectable (=deserving respect) respectable (=deserving respect) 值得尊敬的值得尊敬的acceptable (=to be accepted) acceptable (=to be acce

25、pted) 能够接受的能够接受的介词介词in ones possession/in the possession of in ones possession/in the possession of someone (=owned, held, kept or controlled by someone (=owned, held, kept or controlled by someone) someone) 为某人所有，在某人控制之下为某人所有，在某人控制之下汉语多用主动式（限用被动句）的原因汉语多用主动式（限用被动句）的原因汉语多用主动式（限用被动句）的原因汉语多用主动式（限用被动句）的

26、原因1. 1.“ “被字式被字式” ”曾被称为曾被称为“ “不幸语态不幸语态” ” （inflictive inflictive voicevoice）“ “被字式被字式” ”主要用以表达对主语而言是不如意或主要用以表达对主语而言是不如意或不企望的事，如不企望的事，如“ “被捕被捕” ”、“ “被剥削被剥削” ”、“ “被杀被杀” ”等。现代汉语受西方语言的影响，等。现代汉语受西方语言的影响，” ”被字式被字式“ “的使的使用范围有所扩大，有时也可以用来表达并非不如意用范围有所扩大，有时也可以用来表达并非不如意的事，如的事，如” ”被评为先进工作者被评为先进工作者“ “等，但大多数被动等，但大

27、多数被动意义不用意义不用” ”被字句被字句“ “。按照汉语的习惯，如果句中。按照汉语的习惯，如果句中无须指出施事，主动意义与被动意义又不至于发生无须指出施事，主动意义与被动意义又不至于发生混淆，一般就不用被动式结构，而用意义被动。混淆，一般就不用被动式结构，而用意义被动。It was done. It was done. 这件事已做了。（不说这件事已做了。（不说” ”这件事已被做了这件事已被做了“ “）It was well done.It was well done.这件事做得好。这件事做得好。 （不说（不说” ”这件事已被做得好这件事已被做得好“ “）It was poorly done.

28、It was poorly done.这件事做得不好。这件事做得不好。/ /这件事搞砸了。这件事搞砸了。/ /这件事被弄这件事被弄坏了。坏了。/ /这件事给弄糟了。这件事给弄糟了。注：英语表达这三种意义都可以用被动式，但汉注：英语表达这三种意义都可以用被动式，但汉语却用主动式，只有第三种意义才用被动式。语却用主动式，只有第三种意义才用被动式。 除了除了” ”被被“ “字外，字外，” ”让让“ “、” ”给给“ “、” ”叫叫“ “、” ”挨挨“ “、” ”受受“ “、” ”遭遭” ”等也可构成被动式，但也大等也可构成被动式，但也大多表达类似多表达类似“ “被动式被动式” ”的不如意或不企望的事

29、。如：的不如意或不企望的事。如：庄稼让大水冲跑了。庄稼让大水冲跑了。The crops were washed away by the flood.The crops were washed away by the flood.他们去年遭灾了。他们去年遭灾了。They were hit by a natural calamity last year.They were hit by a natural calamity last year.我叫雨淋了。我叫雨淋了。I was caught in the rain.I was caught in the rain.与汉语相比，英语的被动式可以表达

30、不如意的事，与汉语相比，英语的被动式可以表达不如意的事，也可以表达如意的事，还可以表达中性意义。此外，也可以表达如意的事，还可以表达中性意义。此外，英语的被动式是由系表结构演变而来的，可以表示英语的被动式是由系表结构演变而来的，可以表示动作（动句），也可以表示状态（静句），而汉语动作（动句），也可以表示状态（静句），而汉语的被动式却不是由系表结构演变而来的，一般只表的被动式却不是由系表结构演变而来的，一般只表示动作，而不表示状态。比较：示动作，而不表示状态。比较：The house is surrounded by trees. The house is surrounded by trees

31、. （静句）（静句）房子周围都是树。房子周围都是树。 （不用被动式）（不用被动式）The enemy was soon surrounded by our The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops.troops.（动句）（动句）敌人很快被我军包围了。敌人很快被我军包围了。 （被动式）（被动式）2.2.汉语的被动式除了受到意义的限制外，还受到汉语的被动式除了受到意义的限制外，还受到形式的限制。形式的限制。汉语正常的被动式式必须把主事者说出来，汉语正常的被动式式必须把主事者说出来，“ “被被” ”字底下一般要用宾语，当施事不需要或难于提及时，字底下一般

32、要用宾语，当施事不需要或难于提及时，就无法采用被动结构。就无法采用被动结构。英语被动式的使用比汉语自英语被动式的使用比汉语自由得多。英语的主动句大多可转变成被动句，而由得多。英语的主动句大多可转变成被动句，而汉汉语主动句大多数不能转成被动句。语主动句大多数不能转成被动句。He is respected by everybody.He is respected by everybody.人人都尊敬他。（比较：人人都尊敬他。（比较：“ “他受到每个人的尊敬他受到每个人的尊敬” ”）The ceremony was abbreviated by rain.The ceremony was abbre

33、viated by rain.因为下雨，仪式举行得很短。（不能译为因为下雨，仪式举行得很短。（不能译为“ “仪式被仪式被雨缩短了雨缩短了” ”）汉语汉语汉语汉语多用主动式多用主动式多用主动式多用主动式（限用被动句限用被动句限用被动句限用被动句）的原因）的原因）的原因）的原因汉语主动式的表现形式汉语主动式的表现形式汉语主动式的表现形式汉语主动式的表现形式既然汉语的被动式受到意义和形式的限制，大多数被动意既然汉语的被动式受到意义和形式的限制，大多数被动意义就必须采用其他形式表达。义就必须采用其他形式表达。使用受事主语导致大量的使用受事主语导致大量的“ “当然被动句当然被动句” ”（即形式主动，（即

34、形式主动，意义被动）意义被动）昨晚我盖了两条被子。（不说昨晚我盖了两条被子。（不说“ “昨晚我被两条被子盖着昨晚我被两条被子盖着” ”）Last night I was covered up with two quilts.Last night I was covered up with two quilts.困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome, the work has The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been f

35、inished and the problem has been solved.been finished and the problem has been solved.爸爸，你想死我们了！爸爸，你想死我们了！Daddy, we miss you very much!Daddy, we miss you very much!当不需要或不可能说出施事者时（如不知道，不言而喻或当不需要或不可能说出施事者时（如不知道，不言而喻或隐含在上下文中），汉语可以采用隐含在上下文中），汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句无主句或主语省略句来保来保留句子的主动形式。留句子的主动形式。注意看看信的地址是否写对了。注意

36、看看信的地址是否写对了。Care should be taken to see that the letter is Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.properly addressed.请听众保持肃静。请听众保持肃静。The audience are requested to keep silent.The audience are requested to keep silent.要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance m

37、ust be given careful consideration Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.when the aircraft is to be manufactured.当施事者难以言明时，汉语采用当施事者难以言明时，汉语采用通称或泛称通称或泛称（如（如“ “人人” ”、“ “有人有人” ”、“ “人们人们” ”、“ “大家大家” ”、“ “某人某人” ”等）作主语，以等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式。保持句子的主动形式。大家都认为这

38、样做是不妥当的。大家都认为这样做是不妥当的。It is generally considered not advisable to act that It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.way.有人给你打电话。有人给你打电话。You are wanted on the phone.You are wanted on the phone.大家忽然听到了防空警报，急忙寻找掩护。大家忽然听到了防空警报，急忙寻找掩护。The air raid sirens were suddenly heard to warn The ai

39、r raid sirens were suddenly heard to warn people to take shelter at once.people to take shelter at once.点评：英语多数情况下采用被动式翻译此类汉语句式点评：英语多数情况下采用被动式翻译此类汉语句式当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换形式转换形式来来表达被动意义。表达被动意义。1. 1.处置式（即处置式（即“ “把字式把字式” ”或或“ “将字式将字式” ”）Whenever work Whenever work is being doneis being

40、done, energy , energy is being is being convertedconverted from one form into another. from one form into another.凡是做功，都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形凡是做功，都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。式。Goodyear, an American, had been trying for Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber years to find a wa

41、y in which rubber could be could be mademade hard, nonsticky, and yet elastic. hard, nonsticky, and yet elastic.有一个叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种有一个叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但是却有弹性。方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但是却有弹性。2.2.“ “为为所所” ”式，是较古的被动式，与现代的被动式，是较古的被动式，与现代的被动式结合，即式结合，即“ “被被所所” ”，如：，如：她被花言巧语所陶醉。她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicat

42、ed with sweet words.She is intoxicated with sweet words.幽王击鼓，诸侯兵不至，幽王死于骊山之下，为幽王击鼓，诸侯兵不至，幽王死于骊山之下，为天下笑。（天下笑。（吕氏春秋吕氏春秋 疑似疑似）King You beat the drum to ask the dukes and King You beat the drum to ask the dukes and princes to send their troops to his rescue but princes to send their troops to his rescue

43、but they all refused. King You died at the foot of they all refused. King You died at the foot of Mount Li, the object of universal ridicule.Mount Li, the object of universal ridicule.3.3.“ “是是的的” ”，即表示状态的静句，通称可以与表，即表示状态的静句，通称可以与表示动作的动句相互转换。如：示动作的动句相互转换。如：这些产品是我国制造的。（我国制造这些产品）这些产品是我国制造的。（我国制造这些产品）Th

44、ese products are made in our country.These products are made in our country.历史是人民创造的。（人民创造历史）历史是人民创造的。（人民创造历史）History is made by the people.History is made by the people.邮件是人工分检的。（人工分检邮件）邮件是人工分检的。（人工分检邮件）The mail is sorted out by hand.The mail is sorted out by hand.4.4.“ “的是的是” ”式，一般可以与式，一般可以与“ “是（由

45、）是（由）的的” ”式相互转换，如：式相互转换，如：推荐我的是一位教授。（我是由一位教授推荐的）推荐我的是一位教授。（我是由一位教授推荐的）I was recommended by a professor.I was recommended by a professor.上次来接我的是一位叫百马的先生。上次来接我的是一位叫百马的先生。Last time I was received by a gentleman Last time I was received by a gentleman named Bai Ma.named Bai Ma.5.5.“ “加以加以/ /予以予以” ”式，组成倒

46、置的动宾结构，如：式，组成倒置的动宾结构，如：这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。This question will be discussed in the next This question will be discussed in the next chapter.chapter.不应对缺点加以掩饰。不应对缺点加以掩饰。The shortcomings must not be covered up.The shortcomings must not be covered up.要对这些弊病加以揭露。要对这些弊病加以揭露。The defects must be poi

47、nted out.The defects must be pointed out.除了上述的形式之外，汉语还可以通过各种变通除了上述的形式之外，汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段，用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的的手段，用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义，如：被动意义，如：1 1）The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.古代文化重见天日。古代文化重见天日。2 2）纯情男女我们在书中见过不少，但这一对写得）纯情男女我们在书中见过不少，但这一对写得最真。最真。We

48、 have seen many love matches in novels, We have seen many love matches in novels, but this couple is most movingly described.but this couple is most movingly described.英汉互译中的语态转换英汉互译中的语态转换英语民族注重客体思维，往往以客观、冷静的表英语民族注重客体思维，往往以客观、冷静的表达方式叙述事物，多采用被动式；汉语民族注重主达方式叙述事物，多采用被动式；汉语民族注重主体思维，强调体思维，强调“ “悟性悟性” ”，重视，

49、重视“ “事在人为事在人为” ”和个人感受，和个人感受，在语言的使用上多用主动式。因此，在英汉互译时，在语言的使用上多用主动式。因此，在英汉互译时，要根据英汉语各自不同的特征进行相应的语态和句要根据英汉语各自不同的特征进行相应的语态和句式的转换，也称换态译法，或式的转换，也称换态译法，或语态转换语态转换语态转换语态转换法。法。 1. 1.保留原主语，被动转换为主动保留原主语，被动转换为主动The president The president was assassinatedwas assassinated in a theatre in a theatre last night.last n

50、ight.总统昨晚在一家剧院总统昨晚在一家剧院遇刺遇刺。Many basins Many basins were formedwere formed by the subsidence of by the subsidence of the earths crust.the earths crust.许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而形成形成的。的。的。的。The speed of the molecules The speed of the molecules is increasedis increased when when

51、they they are heated.are heated. .当分子当分子当分子当分子受热受热时，分子的速度就时，分子的速度就增加增加。BearingBearing must be lubricatedmust be lubricated. .轴承必须轴承必须上油上油。英译汉中语态的转换英译汉中语态的转换2.2.无施动者的被动句转换为汉语句中具有主动形式无施动者的被动句转换为汉语句中具有主动形式的简化被动态。的简化被动态。汉语中简化被动语态是由主语和谓语配合起来，自汉语中简化被动语态是由主语和谓语配合起来，自然表示被动意义，句中不要任何被动的词语。这种被然表示被动意义，句中不要任何被动的

52、词语。这种被动态的特点是：不带表示被动态的词语；不带施动者；动态的特点是：不带表示被动态的词语；不带施动者；受动者多为物，间或也可以是人或物，主动形式而具受动者多为物，间或也可以是人或物，主动形式而具有被动意义。英语中无施动者的被动句一般可以译成有被动意义。英语中无施动者的被动句一般可以译成汉语的简化被动态。汉语的简化被动态。He He was scaredwas scared out of his wits.out of his wits.他他吓得魂飞魄散吓得魂飞魄散。The movie will The movie will be shownbe shown again tomorrow.

53、 again tomorrow. 这部电影明天还要这部电影明天还要放映放映。The novel The novel has already been translatedhas already been translated into into many languages.many languages.这本小说已译成好几种语言。这本小说已译成好几种语言。Some books Some books are to be tastedare to be tasted, others to , others to be be swallowedswallowed, and some few to b

54、e , and some few to be chewed and chewed and digesteddigested. .书有可书有可浅尝浅尝浅尝浅尝者，有可者，有可吞食吞食者，少数则须者，少数则须咀嚼咀嚼咀嚼咀嚼消化。消化。3.3.转化为汉语无主句转化为汉语无主句汉语中只有谓语而无主语的句子比比皆是。英语中汉语中只有谓语而无主语的句子比比皆是。英语中不带施动者的被动句可译为汉语的无主句。不带施动者的被动句可译为汉语的无主句。The matterThe matter was never mentioned was never mentioned again.again.后来（后来（ ）再

55、也没提这件事。）再也没提这件事。Tremendous research workTremendous research work has been done has been done to to bring about such fantastic speeds.bring about such fantastic speeds.为了达到这样神奇的速度，（为了达到这样神奇的速度，（为了达到这样神奇的速度，（为了达到这样神奇的速度，（ ）进行了大量的研）进行了大量的研）进行了大量的研）进行了大量的研究工作。究工作。究工作。究工作。Some picturesSome pictures were

56、hung were hung on the wall.on the wall.墙上（墙上（ ）挂了一些画。挂了一些画。A considerable investmentA considerable investment has been madehas been made in in the exploration of the sea depths.the exploration of the sea depths.在海底勘探方面（在海底勘探方面（) ) 进行了巨额投资。进行了巨额投资。4.4.转化为汉语的转化为汉语的“ “施动者施动者+ +主动式谓语主动式谓语+ +受动者受动者“ “等句等

57、句式式把英语被动句的主语改作为宾语，以原句中的施动把英语被动句的主语改作为宾语，以原句中的施动者作主语。这种译法，就是把英语的者作主语。这种译法，就是把英语的被动句转换成汉被动句转换成汉语的如下句式：语的如下句式：句式一：句式一：施动者施动者+ +主动式谓语主动式谓语+ +受动者受动者Yet, Yet, only a part of this energyonly a part of this energy is used by man.is used by man.然而，然而，人类人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。只利用了这种能源的一部分。He He is revered and admired

58、is revered and admired by all of usby all of us. . 我们我们大家都敬仰大家都敬仰他他，钦佩，钦佩他他。如原句未说出施动者，可以补上如原句未说出施动者，可以补上 “ “大家、人们、有大家、人们、有人人” ”之类的之类的泛称词作为主语泛称词作为主语。如：。如：Mr.Li is considered to be a good teacher. Mr.Li is considered to be a good teacher. 大家认为李先生是位好老师。大家认为李先生是位好老师。He is believed to be deeply intereste

59、d in the He is believed to be deeply interested in the subject.subject.人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。句式二：句式二： 施动者施动者+“+“把、给把、给” ”等等+ +受动者受动者+ +主动式谓语主动式谓语Rivers are controlled by dams.Rivers are controlled by dams.拦河坝把河流控制住了。拦河坝把河流控制住了。The famous hotel had been practically The famous hotel had been

60、 practically destroyed by the big fire.destroyed by the big fire.大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。WeWe are brought are brought freedom and happiness by freedom and happiness by socialism.socialism.社会主义社会主义给给我们我们带来了自由和幸福。带来了自由和幸福。5.5.有些应用被动句可译为汉语的判断句，即用汉语有些应用被动句可译为汉语的判断句，即用汉语的的“ “是是. .的的” ”表示。表示。T

61、his pamphlet of technical glossary This pamphlet of technical glossary is is redacted redacted by an engineer.by an engineer.这本技术词汇小册子这本技术词汇小册子这本技术词汇小册子这本技术词汇小册子是是一位工程师编写一位工程师编写一位工程师编写一位工程师编写的的。My first thirty years were spent in Western My first thirty years were spent in Western America.America.我的

62、前我的前我的前我的前3030年年年年是是在美国西部度过在美国西部度过在美国西部度过在美国西部度过的的。6.6.用汉语用汉语“ “被被” ”，“ “受受” ”等词表示被动等词表示被动着重被动动作的英语被动句，可译成汉语的完全被着重被动动作的英语被动句，可译成汉语的完全被动态，用表示被动的助词动态，用表示被动的助词” ”被被“ “或跟或跟 “ “被被” ”意义相同的意义相同的“ “受、受、给、挨、叫、让、由、使给、挨、叫、让、由、使” ”等构成，或用等构成，或用“ “加以加以” ”、“ “予予以以” ”等后加谓语动词表示被动。等后加谓语动词表示被动。His argumentHis argument

63、 was refuted down was refuted down to the last to the last point.point.他的言论他的言论被被驳得体无完肤。驳得体无完肤。The education of the youngThe education of the young is seen to is seen to be of be of primary importance.primary importance.教育青少年教育青少年被被视为头等重要的大事。视为头等重要的大事。The boyThe boy was beatenwas beaten black and bl

64、ue.black and blue.那孩子那孩子给给打得青一块紫一块。打得青一块紫一块。S Shehe was caughtwas caught in the downpour.in the downpour.她她让让大雨淋着了。大雨淋着了。Problems should be resolved in good time.Problems should be resolved in good time.问题要及时问题要及时加以加以解决。解决。T The law of motionhe law of motion will be discussed will be discussed in th

65、e next in the next article.article.运动定律将在下一篇论文中运动定律将在下一篇论文中予以予以讨论。讨论。汉语中的汉语中的简化被动语态简化被动语态是由主语和谓语配合起来，是由主语和谓语配合起来，自然表示被动意义，句中不要任何表示被动的词语。自然表示被动意义，句中不要任何表示被动的词语。这种被动态的特点是：这种被动态的特点是：不带施动者；受动者多为物，间或也可以是人或动不带施动者；受动者多为物，间或也可以是人或动物；主动形式而具有被动意义。这类句子英译时一般物；主动形式而具有被动意义。这类句子英译时一般要用被动语态来处理。要用被动语态来处理。汉译英中语态的转换汉译

66、英中语态的转换锻炼身体的重要性无论怎样估价也不过分。锻炼身体的重要性无论怎样估价也不过分。The importance of physical training cannotThe importance of physical training cannot be be overestimatedoverestimated. .收音机的成本降低了收音机的成本降低了80%80%。The cost of radio sets The cost of radio sets was reducedwas reduced by 80%.by 80%.所有努力工作的人都所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励应得到鼓

67、励。All those who work hard All those who work hard should be encouragedshould be encouraged. .汉语中某些汉语中某些解释性句子解释性句子转化为英语被动语态转化为英语被动语态汉语和英语在主语的应用上很不同。英语语法通则汉语和英语在主语的应用上很不同。英语语法通则要求每一个句子有一个主语。汉语语法的通则是：在要求每一个句子有一个主语。汉语语法的通则是：在语言环境下能暗示或说话人双方能意会时，就不必说语言环境下能暗示或说话人双方能意会时，就不必说出主语。这种无主句虽然没有形式上的主语，但却能出主语。这种无主句虽

68、然没有形式上的主语，但却能表现出完整而明确的语义。表现出完整而明确的语义。一开始一开始(.)(.)只能学习只能学习少数句型少数句型。At first onlyAt first only a few sentence patternsa few sentence patterns cancan be be learned.learned. (.)(.)要把必要的要把必要的资料资料收集起来，加以分析。收集起来，加以分析。The necessary quantity ofThe necessary quantity of datadata should beshould be collected a

69、nd analyzedcollected and analyzed. .最后最后(.)(.)达成了达成了协议协议。At lastAt last an agreement an agreement was arrived at.was arrived at.我们提议对计划做修改。我们提议对计划做修改。We propose that We propose that some changes should be madesome changes should be made in the plan.in the plan.昨天昨天(.)(.)捉到了凶手。捉到了凶手。That murdererThat

70、 murderer was caughtwas caught yesterday. yesterday.汉语汉语泛称句泛称句转化为英语习惯被动句转化为英语习惯被动句汉语中有许多泛称句，其中有的是用汉语中有许多泛称句，其中有的是用“ “有人、人们、有人、人们、大家大家” ”等做主语，有的看来是无主句，有的则是句中等做主语，有的看来是无主句，有的则是句中的独立结构，如的独立结构，如“ “据悉、应该说、这说明、必须承认、据悉、应该说、这说明、必须承认、由此可见由此可见” ”等等。从语态上来说，汉语中这类习惯用等等。从语态上来说，汉语中这类习惯用语是主动式，英译时则用英译的习惯被动式。在表达语是主动式

71、，英译时则用英译的习惯被动式。在表达方式上，通常利用以方式上，通常利用以it it作形式主语的句型。作形式主语的句型。曾经曾经有人提出有人提出立即设计和生产这种装置。立即设计和生产这种装置。It was suggestedIt was suggested that such devices should be that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.designed and produced without delay.已经指出已经指出，他们的建议在某种程度上是合理的。，他们的建议在某种程度上是合理的。It

72、 has been pointed out It has been pointed out that their suggestions that their suggestions is reasonable to a certain degree.is reasonable to a certain degree.据说据说，她能讲几种外国语。，她能讲几种外国语。It is said It is said that she can speak several foreign that she can speak several foreign languages. (orlanguages.

73、 (or she is saidshe is said to be able to speak to be able to speak several foreign language.)several foreign language.)大家知道大家知道，宇宙万物都在不断的运动和变化。，宇宙万物都在不断的运动和变化。It is known to all It is known to all that everything in the that everything in the universe is in constant motion and constant universe is

74、in constant motion and constant change.change.还不知道还不知道今天下午是否要开会。今天下午是否要开会。It is not yet knowIt is not yet know whether there will be a whether there will be a meeting this afternoon.meeting this afternoon.汉语中这类习惯用语及其译法如下：汉语中这类习惯用语及其译法如下：据悉（闻）据悉（闻）.it is learned that.it is learned that.据推测（有人猜测据推测（有人

75、猜测)It is supposed that.)It is supposed that.据估计（预计）据估计（预计）it is estimated (predicated, calculated) it is estimated (predicated, calculated) that.that.必须承认（勿容置疑）必须承认（勿容置疑）it must be admitted that.it must be admitted that.人们有时问人们有时问 it is sometimes asked that.it is sometimes asked that.据报道据报道it is rep

76、orted that .it is reported that .无可否认无可否认 it cannot be denied that.it cannot be denied that.有人宣布有人宣布 it is declared that .it is declared that .有人主张有人主张 it is asserted that .it is asserted that .可以有把握的说可以有把握的说. It may be safely said that . It may be safely said that .汉语汉语完全被动态完全被动态转化为英语被动句。转化为英语被动句。汉

77、语中的完全被动态用表示被动的助词汉语中的完全被动态用表示被动的助词“ “被被” ”或跟或跟“ “被被” ”意义相同的意义相同的“ “受、由、遭、给、挨、叫、让、为受、由、遭、给、挨、叫、让、为. .所所.”.”等构成。汉语用完全被动态的句子一般要相应的译等构成。汉语用完全被动态的句子一般要相应的译成英语的被动句子。成英语的被动句子。他仅有的一点钱也被抢去了。他仅有的一点钱也被抢去了。He was robbed of what little money he had.He was robbed of what little money he had.他他受受人尊敬。人尊敬。HeHe is res

78、pectedis respected/honored/esteemed) by all./honored/esteemed) by all.这些小孩每天早晨由母亲这些小孩每天早晨由母亲替替他们穿衣服。他们穿衣服。These childrenThese children are dressed are dressed by their mother by their mother every morning.every morning.他他遭到遭到了邻居们的嘲笑。了邻居们的嘲笑。He was laughed atHe was laughed at byby his neighbors. his

79、neighbors.这组织已这组织已给给不良分子破坏了。不良分子破坏了。The organizationThe organization has been destroyedhas been destroyed by by undesirable elements.undesirable elements.这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。The problemThe problem must be dealtmust be dealt with appropriate with appropriate means.means.该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。The planThe plan will be examinedwill be examined by a special by a special mittee.