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1、P高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件OutlineofthischarptorMembranestructureMembraneorganellesCellwallanditsarchitecture高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件StructureofmembraneThefluid-mosaicmodelThismodelemphasisthemosaic（镶嵌）:流动的酯双分子层中镶嵌着流动的蛋白Fluid（流动性）：脂质是液晶态随温度变化而流动（asymmetric)对称性:differentdistributionoflipids
2、andproteins高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件PlasmamembraneLipidcompositionishighlyvariableProteinserveasvarietyfunctionElectrochemicalgradientproducedbyH+-ATPasedrivingmanytransportsystemsSeveralclassofmembranemediateinteractionwithcellwallandreceptorhasbeenindentified高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Interactionofendo-menbranesystem高级
3、植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件GolgiApparatusTGNunitconsistofmorphologicallydistinctcisternaegiverisetodifferenttypeofcoatedvesicleServeascarbohydratefactory高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件XyloglucanPecticpolysaccharides高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件VacuolesCheaplyproducelargecellMultiplefunctionincludingstorageDigesti
4、on,pHandionichomeostasis,microbialdefense,sequestrationoftoxiccompoundsandpigmentation高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Thenucleusanditsnuclearporecomplex高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Peroxisomes高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件MitochondrionResembleprokaryotesLikeallplastids,aresemiautonomous,possesthegeneticmachinerytomakesomeofitspro
5、teinCellpowersuppliedstation高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件PlastidandChloroplast高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件ThylakoidStackedgranaInterconnectionstroma高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Whycellwallimportant(Chemically)Composedofpolysaccharides,proteinsandaromaticsubstances(Structurally):middlelamella,pri
6、marywallsecondwallPolysaccharide:Cellulosemicrofibrils(scaffold),HemicellulosescrosslinktheCellulosemicrofibrils,andthecelluloseandhemicellulosescomplexisembeddedbypectingelCellwallisborneatcellplateandcellenlargementdependentoncombinationactivitiesofendglycosidase,endotransglycosidse,andexpansinCon
7、stitutemajordietaryfibersforhumannutrition,usedinwoodpaperandtextileproduct,biomassforbio-energyandbio-chemicals.高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件MacromoleculesofcellwallCellulose,principlescaffoldingcomponentCellulosescaffoldingisinterlockedbyotherglycan(hemicelluloses)Pectinmatrix(richgalacturonicpolymers)arefillbe
8、tweencellwallStructuralproteinareencodedbylargegenefamillies高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件HemicellulosesTwomajorflowerplant:Xyloglucan(XyGs)CrosslinkthewallofdicotsandonehalfofmomocotsGlucurono-arabino-xylan(GAXs)commelinoid(鸭跖草族鸭跖草族)including bromeliads(凤凤梨科梨科), palm (棕榈棕榈科)，gingers(姜科）Cypress（莎草科）
9、andgrasses(禾本种)高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件XyGsLinerchainof1-4b-D-glucanRegularlyo-6-gluunitwassubstitutedwithnumerousa-D-XylSomeofa-D-Xylwasfurthersubstitutedbyb-D-galora-L-Arasometimesb-D-galora-L-Arawasfurthersubstitutedbya-L-fuc.高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件GAXGlucurono-arabino-xylanAllangios
10、permscontainatleastsmallamountsofGAXsAsmajorcrosslonkpolymerIncommelinoidmonocots高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件OtherlinkpolymerMixlinkage(1-3),(1-4)bGlucanGlucomannansGalactoglucomannansGalactomannans高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件PectinmatrixHighlyhydratedpolysaccharidesrichinD-galacturonicacid,twofundamentalconst
11、itutentareHGA(homegalacturonan)andRGI(rhamnogalacturonanI),andtheirmofifiedformxylogalacturonanandrhamnogalacturonanII(RGII)DerterminingwallporosityProvidingchargedsuefacesthatmodulatepHandionbalanceRegulatingcelltocelladhesionAlertplantcelltopresenceofsymbioticorganism,pathogenandinsects高级植物生理学细胞及细
12、胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件StructuralproteinofcellwallHRGPs(hydroxy-prolinerichglycoprotein)PRPs(prolinerichproteins)GRPs(glycinerichproteins)Arabinogalactanprotein高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件AromaticsubstanceLargefractionwashydroxyl-cinnamicacid(ferulicacidandcoumaricacid)高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallarchitectureBuildingbloc
13、kiscomingfrommanyway,sodoesthearchitecturePrimarycellismadeoftwo,sometimesthreestructurallyindependentbutinteractionnetwork高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件WallofangiospermsarearrangedintwodifferentarchitectureTypeIcellwallMostdicotsandnon-commelinoidcontainnearlyequalamountsofXyGxandcellulose.withaverage200nmXyGxare
14、enoughtobindtwocelllosemicrofibrilis.AndXyGx,cellosenetworkareembeddedinpectinmatrixtwopectinlayersareconnectedbysaltsbondofCa2+高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件TypeIIcellwall1.Commelinoidmomocotscellwall2.SimilarwithtypeI,insteadofXyGx,GAXistheprinciplepolymerstointerlockthecellulosemicro-fibrils3.pecinislessthantyp
15、eIbutGlAinGAXprovidingsaltsbondwithCa2+4.lessstructuralproteinbycomparisonwithtypeI,buttheaccumulatedextensiveinterconnectionofphenylpropanoids高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallbiosynthesisandassemblyOriginatedfromthedevelopingcellplatesDuringthetelophaseofmitoticcell,aphragmosome,wasformbyaflattenmembranevesi
16、clescontaincellwallcomponentswasarrangedbycellcytoskeleton.,exceptcellulose,polysaccharides,structuralprotein,andabroadspectrumcellsynthesisenzymeweresecretedbyGolgiapparatusderivedvesicles高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Polysaccharidessynthesisprecursor,sugarnucleotideSugarnucleotideinter-convertingw
17、asfoundinGolgibodySugarnucleotideformationoccurredintwodistinctpathwayDenovaandsalvage高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Monosaccharidesconversion洋芹糖洋芹糖高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Cellulosemicro-fibrilsareassembledatplasmamembraneTheonlypolymeraremadeoutsidemembranearecelluloseandcalloseCellusesynthaseismutipleunitscomplexIsoformof
18、sucrosesynthasecansplitsucroseintoUDP-glcCallosesynthaseslocatedincellmembraneisactivatesbydamageofcelluloseandcalloseCellusesynthaseforplantdefenseabioandbioinvading高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件GenesofcellulosesynthaseBaseonhomologousanalysisofgenesofcellulosesynthasesinAcetobacteriumxylinumandAgrobacteriumtumef
19、aciensDeborahDelmerandcolleaguesconedcelAgeneincottonGenomeofArabidopsiscontainingseveralCottonhomologscelA高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallandcellgrowthCellexpansioninvolvesextensivechangesinthemassandcompositionoccurringexpansionorelongationDuringthosegrowthprocess.existedcellwallmustchangetoincorporatenewm
20、aterial,surfaceincreasingandinducingwateruptakingbyprotoplastCellcanextend10.100,even1000tomesoftheiroriginalsizebutkeepingsamethicknessofcellwallSoregulationofcelllooseningisconsideredprimaryandimportantreactionofcellgrowth高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellgrowthmannerMostplantcellgrowbyuniformdepositionofcellwal
21、lmaterialswheresomeofthemdemonstratetipgrowthPlantcellpossessarrayofcorticalmicrotubesunderlyingandconnectedtoplasmamembraneTheorientationofmicrotubesarraypridictcellwallstructuralmaterialsespeciallycellulosedeposition)willeffectscellgrowthdirection高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwalllooseningmechanismsTheacidgr
22、owthhypothesispostulatedthatauxindependentacidificationofcellwallpromoteswallextensibilityandcellgrowth高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwalllooseningmechanismsEnzymesforwalllooseningactivities1.XET(xyloglucanendo-transglycoslase)2.Expansin(withoutinvitrohydrolicandtrans-glycolyticactivities)maydobreakageofhydroge
23、nbond.高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwalllooseningmechanismsIntypeIcellwallcellgrowthisassociatedwithsubtlebiochemicalchangeinpectinnetworkCelluloseandlinkglycanareembeddedinpectinnetworks,pectinmustbecontroltheaccesstheenzymestoitssubstratesNewlysynthesisofcellwallpectinarehighlymethylated,whencellstopgrowthma
24、nymethylgroupwereremovedbydesertification,withwillfacilityCa2+bindtoformrigidcellwallconnectionItwasdemonstratedmeristimaticandelongationzonearelessCa2+andCa2+HGAjunction高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwalllooseningmechanismsMoreobviousbiochemicalreactionoccurintypeIIcellwallAlongGAXwerehighsubstitutedbyAraandGl
25、cA,inmaximumgrowthrateofcoleoptiles,thosesidechainnotonlypreventinghydrogenbondbetweenchainsbutalsomakethosepolymerwatersolublewhilemoreandmorenonsidechainGAXwasfoundinstopgrowingcellSometypeIIcellingrasscellstheyaccumulatemixedb-glucans高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Mixedb-glucanregulatecellgrowth高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Re
26、lockedthestructuralpolymerwhencellgrowthceasedfortypeIOnelockingcomponentcellwallisextensionssuchasHRGPsinwhichtheflexibleregionofthoseproteinswillwraparoundcellulosemicrofibrils.Androdlikepartwillseverasspacer.betweenextensionmaycovalentlybindtoeachotherFortypeIIcellwallthreoninerichproteins(TRP)wi
27、lltaketheplaceofHRGPandcrossinglinedphoneticcompoundwillalsotakeroleinfixthecellwallform.高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallandcelldifferentiationFruitripeninginvolvesdevelopmentallyregulatedchangesincellwallarchitectureSecondarycellwallareelaboratedafterprimarycellwallhasstoppedAcumulatingsuberinandcutinLignin
28、becomemajorcomponentinsomecellssecondarywallSomesecondarywallcanserveasstoragematerials高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Suberin(萨布林)高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件accumulationofCutintoformcuticle高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Lignin高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件StoragematerialsCotyledonandendospermofdevelopingseedscontaininglittleornocellulose,butsinglechainpolys
29、accharidefoundinprimarywallFunctionasstrongwalltoprotectembryoorimposemechanicaldormancy,andstoragecarbohydrateforgermination高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallutilizationbyhumanbeingAsfood(AGP,(arabionoglactoprotein)andpectin)Feedfungiandbacteriahydrolatesasaminofood,sugarforbioethanolandotherfinechemicalsFibr
30、ils,paperindustry,textiles高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件CellwallmodificationEnvironmentaladaptationMutationGeneticengineering高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件AssignmentStrategyplantgeneticengineeringforbiofuel.Thanksforyourpatience!高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Referenceforassignment1.YuanJS,TillerKH,Al-AhmadH,StewartNR,StewartCNJr.TrendsPlantSci
31、.2008Aug;13(8):421-9.Epub2008Jul16.Review.2.TaylorLE2nd,DaiZ,DeckerSR,BruneckyR,AdneyWS,DingSY,HimmelME.TrendsBiotechnol.2008Aug;26(8):413-24.Epub2008Jun23.Review.3.SticklenMB.NatRevGenet.2008Jun;9(6):433-43.Review.4.LiX,WengJK,ChappleC.PlantJ.2008May;54(4):569-81.5.Erratumin:Science.2007May18;316(5813):804高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件Thanksforyourpatience!高级植物生理学细胞及细胞壁课件
