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1、Selected Readings in American LiteratureTable of ContentsIntroduction Brief Outline of American LiteratureChapter I Colonial PeriodChapter Enlightenment and War of Independent periodIntroductionI. Brief Introduction of American Literature CourseII. How to define American Literature 1. American liter
2、ature is the literature produced in American English by American citizens. 2. Basic qualities of American Writers: independent individualistic critical innovative humorous Brief Outline of American literature1. Colonial period (1607-1775)AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor2. Revolutionary period (1775-1783)B
3、enjaminFranklinThomasPainePhilipFreneau3. Romanticism (1820-1861)WashingtonIrvingEdgarAllanPoeNathanielHawthorneWilliamWhitman*Transcendentalism*(NewEnglandRenaissance)RalphWaldoEmersonFillipThoreau4. The Age of Realism (1861-1914)Mark TwainHenry James5. American Naturalism (1900-1914)Stephen CraneT
4、heodore Dreiser6. The 1920sT.S. EliotWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway (Lost Generation)Imagism: Ezra PoundBrief Outline of American literature7. The 1930sSteinbeckHarlem Renaissance(Black American literature)HughesWrightEllison8. American DramaEugeneONeill9. The Post-war SceneSaul BellowSalingerPoet
5、ry:Confessional PoetryBlack Mountain PoetsSan Francisco RenaissanceThe Beat GenerationThe New York PoetsColonial Period(1607-1775)Chapter OneI.HistoricalIntroduction1. people:Indianswerenativeinhabitants.NowAmericansaremainlyimmigrantsmostlyfromEurope,esp.fromEngland.2. early history:1)Americawasfir
6、stdiscoveredbyColumbusattheendofthe15thcentury.2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean(Jamestown,Virginia)3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledonthenewcontinent“NewEngland”.(Plymouth,Massachusetts)3.What is the Puritan? (p7-9)PuritanisEnglishprotestant
7、,onedivisionofProtestant(onedivisionofChristianity,appearedinthe16thcentury,againsttherulingRomanCatholic.InEngland,thereweremanydivisionsinprotestant,forinstance,Quakers教友会教徒,Baptism洗礼).TheyregardedthereformationoftheChurchunderElizabethasincomplete,andcalledforitsfurther“purification”fromwhattheyc
8、onsideredtobeunscriptural(肆无忌惮的，无天理的)andcorrupt(a.堕落的，腐败的vt.腐蚀，使堕落)formsandceremoniesretained(vt.保留，保持)fromtheunreformedchurch.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: one part of them were the creators of the Plymouth(普利茅斯普利茅斯 ) colony, called “Separatists”. They were so suppressed (v
9、t.压制，镇压；压制，镇压；查禁；抑制；阻止查禁；抑制；阻止) by the church of England that they sought escape. Those Separatists first went into exile (n.流放；被流放者流放；被流放者 vt.流放，放逐，使流亡流放，放逐，使流亡) to Holland, then were aboard “Mayflower” in 1620 and settled down in Plymouth. America, therefore, as an infant was born. They considered
10、 that the Church of England had become hopeless and advocated to separate from it since general reform would be useless. The other part was the Englishmen in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Though they came later than those of Plymouth colony, they were richer and better-educated. They devoted themsel
11、ves to the reform of the Church of England and meant to clear away the rituals (n. 宗教等的仪式宗教等的仪式)of the Roman Catholic Church in it. In reality, only this part of them were true Puritans. They accepted the doctrine of original sin and total depravity (n.堕落，恶习堕落，恶习), and predestination(注定注定), and limi
12、ted atonement(赎罪，弥补赎罪，弥补) through a special infusion(灌输，激励灌输，激励) of grace (n.优美美(雅雅) pl.风度；度；缓期期 vt.使使优美美) from God. The main doctrine of Calvinism Puritans believed in was first shown in “total depravity (n.堕落，堕落，恶习)”. They believed in the “original sin” in which Adam the first man God created sinn
13、ed and which led to the conclusion that “in Adams fall, we sinned all.” They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could not redeem (vt.弥弥补；救；救赎(回回)；挽回声誉；挽回声誉；兑取取现金金) his original sinfulness. Moreover, they could not save themselves. Secondly Puritans underscored (vt.画底画底线) that man
14、would be chosen by God unconditionally (a.绝对的绝对的,无条件的无条件的). 4.Why did Puritans come to America?(1) toreformtheChurchofEngland(2)tohaveanentirelynewchurch(3)toescapereligiouspersecution*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”5.What is the Puritanism?Puritanismisareligiousand
15、politicalmovementthatdevelopedinEnglandaboutthemiddleofthe16thcenturyandlaterspreadinfluenceintotheNewEnglandinAmerica.PuritanismwasalogicalaftermathoftheRenaissance,theReformation,theestablishmentoftheChurchofEngland,andthegrowthofPresbyterianism(a.宗长老会(制)的).Throughthesemovements,oneseesemergingthe
16、rightoftheindividualtopoliticalandreligiousindependence.American PuritanismPuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsofQueenElizabethandKingJamesI.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAme
17、ricannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.AcrossthepagesofAmericanliteraturePuritanismiswrittenlarge.Itmayalmostbeconsideredtheethical(伦理学)modeofAmericanthought.AsanextremeformoftheProtestantsensibility,Puritanismexaggerated(v.夸大，夸张)thoseprotestanttraits(叛徒)-especiallyindustry,frugality(节俭),hardships.T
18、heyfavoredadisciplined,hard,somber(a.暗色的；黯然的),ascetic(克己的),harshlife.Allthese,accordingtoMaxWeberandotheranalystsofsocialhistorycontributedtotheriseofcapitalism.Asacultureheritage(n.遗产，继承物，传统),Puritanismdidhaveaprofound(a.深度的深远的；见解深刻的；深奥的)influenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanen
19、during(持久的)influenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent(n.程度，范围，限度；广度，宽度，大小),somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets(信条).6. Puritanism in America(1) Doctrines:-Predestination(注定)-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)-Limited
20、atonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)（赎罪，弥补）(2)Puritanvalues(creeds):(p5)Hardwork,thrift(节俭),piety(虔诚),sobriety(节制,清醒),simpletastes.Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.7. Influence(1)AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginf
21、luencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.(2)Americanliteratureis based onamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.(3)PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianismknfju:nizm.Theyheldextremeopinions.Theyregardedthemselvesas“chosenpeople”ofGod.ThosewhochallengedtheirwayoflifewereopposingGodswil
22、l.Theywerezealous(a.热衷的)indefenseoftheirownbeliefs,intolerant(a.不容异己的)ofothers.Theydroveoutorpersecuted(vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰)thosewhoseopinionsseemeddangeroustothem.Theyembracedhardships,industryandfrugality(节俭).Theyfavoredadisciplined,hard,somber(a.暗色的；黯然的),ascetic(克己的),harshlife.Theyopposedpleasureandar
23、ts.Theysuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin.Theymadelawsaboutprivatemoralityaswellaspublicbehavior.Theyemphasizedawrathful(.怒气冲冲的；大怒的)GodandtoforgetHismercy.Theyweremuchconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy.II. Early American Writers and Poets1.South,Jamestown,Virginia:CaptainJohnSmith-firstAmeric
24、anwriter;8worksContributions:hisdescriptionofAmericawerefilledwiththemes,myths,images,scenes,charactersandeventsthatwereafoundationforthenationsliterature.HeluredthePilgrimsintofleeinghereandcreatingaNewland.2.North,NewEngland,PuritanWritersWilliamBradford:firstgovernorofPlymouth, The History of Ply
25、mouth Plantation,simplicity,earnestness,directreporting,readable,moving.JohnWinthrop:firstgovernorofBoston,The History of New England,candid(真正的)simplicity,honesty3.TwoPoets:AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylorJohnSmith(1580-1631)1.Introduction to the author(1)HewasanEnglishsoldier,sailor,andauthor(2)Heisrem
26、emberedforhisroleinestablishingthefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginia.HewasaleaderoftheVirginia佛吉尼亚州Colony(basedatJamestown)betweenSeptember1608andAugust1609,andledanexplorationalongtheriversofVirginiaandtheChesapeakeBay.切萨皮克湾切萨皮克湾 Chesapeake Bay美国东部大西洋沿岸的海湾。南段在弗吉尼亚，北段在
27、马里兰，长311千米，宽540千米面积约8,365平方千米。有多条河流注入，其中包括萨斯奎汉纳河、帕塔克森特河、波托马克河和詹姆斯河。詹姆斯敦是海湾区的第一个欧洲人居住区，建于1607年。一年后，J.史密斯船长探测并绘制了海湾及其各河口的地图。切萨皮克湾的水域有丰富的海洋生物，但到20世纪70年代，周围地区的开发使得海湾的污染严重，捕鱼量急遽下降。为了弥补损失政府已采取了各种措施。2. His literary achievements(1)He is the first American Writer. His first literary work comes from part of a
28、 letter with the title “ A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”(1608).(2)A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1621)(3)General History of Virginia (1624)波卡洪塔斯波卡洪塔斯 Pocahontas波瓦坦族印第安妇女，在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦
29、善待殖民者，从而维护了英国殖民者与美洲土著之间的和平。为有权势的波瓦坦人酋长之女。她插手营救了被俘的殖民地创建者J.史密斯。其后她改信了基督教，并与殖民地开拓者J.罗尔夫结婚，进一步确保了双方的和平。她后来到英国旅行，获国王接见，但在英国死于天花。WilliamBradford(1590-1657)BradfordsstatueinPlymouthRockStatePark,Plymouth,MassachusettsWilliamBradford(1590-1657)1.Introduction to the author(1)WilliamBradfordwasaleaderoftheSe
30、paratistsettlersofthePlymouthColonyinMassachusetts.(2)HewaselectedthirtytimestobetheGovernorafterJohnCarverdied.(3)Hewasthesecondsignerandprimaryarchitect(建筑师，设计师，缔造者)oftheMayflowerCompactinProvincetownHarbor.,thefirstgovernorofPlymouth2. His representative work:The History of Plymouth Plantation (1
31、856).JohnWinthrop(1587-1649)1.Introduction to the author(1)He was the first governor of Boston.(2)He had been a lawyer and lord of a manor in England.(3)He was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Group before sailing and the foremost(首要的，最佳的)leader throughout the remaining 19 years.2. His majo
32、r works:(1)Parts of his journal were first published in 1790.(2)The complete work was called The History of New England which was published in 1826.(3)His work is notable for its simplicity and honesty, yet it is valuable historical materials about that periodAnne Bradstreet (1612-1672)1) Anne Brads
33、treets Works“Some verses on the Burning of Our House”“The Flesh and the Spirit”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America2) Anne Bradstreets Life* She was born and educated in England.* At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband. * She had 8 children.* She became known
34、 as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.the first collection published by English colonists living in AmericaEdwardTaylor1.Introduction(1)He was born in England and attended Harvard University.(2)He was the best of the puritan poets in the colonial period.(3)His work followed the style and form
35、s of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century, and although Taylor was not the best of these, he showed an authentic(a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的) poetic ability.(4)Most of his works treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the psalms.(5)His work: Preparatory MeditationFeature
36、sofColonialPoets1.TheywereservantsofGod.2.Theyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted(vt.移栽；移植；使迁移 n.(器官)移植)Englishliterarytraditions.In English stylePuritan poets III. The Writing Style of Colonial America LiteratureThewritingstyleofthisperiodisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoric(n.雄辩言辞，虚夸的言辞；修辞学)isplainan
37、dhonest,withatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.Allthishasleftanobviousimprint(v.盖印，刻印)onAmericanwriting.ChapterTwoEnlightenmentandIndependenceWarPeriodTheAge of Enlightenmentwasaculturalmovementofintellectualsinthe17thand18thcenturies,whichbeganfirstinEuropeandlaterintheAme
38、ricancolonies.Itpromotedscience,skepticismandintellectualinterchangeandopposedsuperstition,intoleranceandsomeabusesbychurchandstate.TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewho
39、leworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Itcelebratedreasonsorrationality,equalityandscience.BenjaminFranklinBorn :January17,1706(Boston,MassachusettsBay,BritishAmerica)Died:April17,1790(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates)Nationality:AmericanProfession:author,printer,satirist,pol
40、iticaltheorist,politician,postmaster,scientist,inventor,civicactivist,statesman,diplomatSignature :Franklin stove（富兰克林暖炉）（富兰克林暖炉）Urinary catheter （导尿管）（导尿管）Glass armonica （玻璃琴）（玻璃琴）Bifocal glasses（双焦点眼镜）（双焦点眼镜）Success as an inventor and scientistinventionsLightning rod (避雷针避雷针)Temperatures effect on
41、 electrical conductivityConcept of cooling Atlantic Ocean currentsWave theory of lightContributions to ScienceOceanography findings 1785 returned Philadlphia and became the sixth President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennysylvania 1776 a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and drafte
42、d the Declaration of Independence 1756 became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce 1751 established Pennsylvania Hopsital 1751 opened The Academy and College of Philadelphia 1736 created the Union Fire Company 1749 became a Justice of the Peace for Philadelp
43、hiaSuccess as a politician 1753 both Harvard and Yale awarded hime honorary degreesSuccess as an authorPoor Richards Almanack 1733The Way to Wealth 1758The Autobiography1791Representative worksOne of the famous lines in this book： eat to live，not live to eatThe portrayal of the humorous Poor Richard
44、 as a character and axioms of wisdom printed on the margins of the pages for more than 20 years. Poor Richard was a convincing character testifying to Franklins talents in story telling. Poor Richards Almanack The Way to Wealth An essay written by Benjamin Franklin in 1758. It is a collection of ada
45、ges and advice presented in Poor Richards Almanak during its first 25 years of publication, organized into a speech given by Father Abraham to a group of people. Many of the phrases Father Abraham quotes continue to be familiar today. The essays advice is based on the themes of work ethic and frugal
46、ity.Part Four:this section is very brief (about political advocations)Part One:letters to his son The AutobiographyPart Two:giving a more detailed account of his public library planPart Three: discussing the Rise and Progress of Franklin Philosophical ReputationAmarblestatueofBenjaminFranklinstandsi
47、ntheatriumofBenjaminFranklinHighSchoolinNewOrleansMemorialmarblestatueBenjaminFranklinNationalMemorialFranklin on the hundred dollar billBenjamin Franklin on the first US postage stamp, 1847issue of 1918issue of 1903issue of 1895issue of 1861 The image of Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster Gene
48、ral of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. Postage stamps more than any other notable American, save that of George Washington.Benjamin Franklin on U.S. PostageBorn1706inBoston,BenjaminFranklinwasthe15thofhisfathers17children.Hewenttoschoolasachildwiththeintentofbecomingaminister,ashisfath
49、er,Josiah,intended.However,thatideawasdroppedafterFranklinshowedakeeninterestinreadingandwriting.Hewasapprenticedtohisbrother,Jamesatayoungage,butafterfightingwithhisbrotherhequitthejobandmovedtoPhiladelphia,whereheworkedforamannamedSamuelKeimer.Afterbefriendingsomeprominentpoliticalfigures,includin
50、gtheroyalGovernor,FranklinleftforEngland,wherehespent18monthsworkingforaprinterwithhisfriendJamesRalph,withwhomhelaterbecameestranged.ShortlyafterreturningtoAmericain1726,FranklinformedadebatingclubcalledtheJunto.Twoyearslater,hetookoverThe Pennsylvania GazettefromKeimerandturneditintoasuccessfulpub
51、licationwithtoolsfromLondon.In1730,Franklinwedhisoldsweetheart,DeborahRead,withwhomhehadtwochildren.Thefirst,WilliamFranklin,wasbornapproximatelyoneyearlater;heisthemantowhomtheAutobiographyisaddressedinPartOne.Throughoutthe1730s,Franklinheldsomeminorpositionsdoingprintingworkforthegovernment.Inthat
52、time,hebeganPoor Richards AlmanacandbecamepostmasterofPhiladelphia.Towardstheendofthedecade,heinventedtheFranklinstove.Inthe1740s,Franklinworkedonseveralprojects,includingthefirebrigade,thepoliceforce,theUniversityofPennsylvania,thestreetsweepingserviceandsomeothersmallerpublicworksprojects.Heretire
53、dfromtheprintingbusinessin1748andbegantoconductscientificexperimentsinlightning.In1753,hewasawardedhonorarydegreesfromHarvardandYale,andhebecamePostmasterGeneralofAmerica.Thefollowingyear,whenwarbrokeoutbetweenEnglandandFrance(theFrenchandIndianWarFranklinbegantodraftproposalsoutliningmeansbywhichfu
54、ndscouldberaisedforcolonialdefense.Hesucceededinmanyofhisproposals,andhepersonallyplayedalargepartinorganizingthewareffort.TheAutobiography,however,breaksoffin1757;itisleftunfinished.TheAutobiographyitselfwaswritteninthreedifferenttimes:1771inEngland,1783-83inFrance,and1788inAmerica.IfFranklinmeanttocompleteit,hediedbeforehegotthechance.
