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1、学学术论文中的引言文中的引言(Introduction)是是对全文内容全文内容和和结构的构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有有一定的篇幅限制和相一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容固定的格式，但在内容和和结构模式上也有需要遵循的构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。律。第一第一层：Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of developmentReviewing previous research in this area第
2、二第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question 第三第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research第四第四层：Announcing your major findings Outlining the contents of your paper READ THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH AND SUMMARIZE THE READ THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH A
3、ND SUMMARIZE THE MAIN ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE FIRST LEVEL OF AN MAIN ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE FIRST LEVEL OF AN INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Forecast of the tracks of hurricanes (飓风)have improved steadily over the past three decades, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numer
4、ical models. These improvements, along with advances in warning systems and preparedness for emergencies, have brought about a significant decline in loss of life.引言开引言开头(即第一即第一层)最主要目的是告最主要目的是告诉读者者论文所涉及的研究文所涉及的研究领域及其意域及其意义是什么，研究要是什么，研究要解决什么解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。也就是，目前状况或水平如何。也就是说，开，开头要回答如下要回答如下问题：What is
5、 the subject of the research? How is the research going at present?句型句型1:研究主研究主题+谓语动词be Spot welding (点点焊) is the most widely used joining method in the automobile manufacturing industry.句型句型2: 研究主研究主题+ has become the battery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry.Forest d
6、ecline has become a favorite topic for environmental studies.句型句型3: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主研究主题In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.句型句型4: Recently there have /
7、 has been extensive / increasing /numerous publications / literature / reporting on + 研研究究领域域There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.句型句型5: Researchers have become increasingly i
8、nterested in +研究研究领域域或或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究研究领域域Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators.Researchers are paying more attention to high pressure injection (高高压喷射射).文献出文献出处的的标注注模式模式1：作者：作者(年代年代)十十谓语动词主主动语态+研究研究内容成果内容成果例例:P40 the second pa
9、ragraph Also, Fay (1991) found cooperative group projects integrated into science class to be successful experiences for students.模式模式2：研究内容成果：研究内容成果+谓语动词被被动语态+(作者年代作者年代)Success at this Science Day was found to be linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).模式模式3：It has been十十谓语动词被被动语态+by作作者者(年代年代)+th
10、at从句从句或：或：It has been+谓语动词被被动语态+that从句从句(作者年代作者年代)研究内容成果研究内容成果+谓语动词被被动语态+by作者作者(年代年代)It was found by Czemiak (1996) that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support.或或:It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).如何写研究如何写研究动机与目的机与目的 在介在介绍
11、了他人在某了他人在某领域的工作和成果之后，域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介下一步便介绍作者自己的研究作者自己的研究动机、目的与内机、目的与内容。介容。介绍研究研究动机可以从两个角度人手，一是机可以从两个角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解决的指出前人尚未解决的问题或知或知识的空白，二是的空白，二是说明解决明解决这一一问题，或填，或填补知知识空白的重要意空白的重要意义。 句型句型1：用表示否定意：用表示否定意义的的词例例little，few，no或或none of+名名词作主作主语。如：。如：例例 aLittle informationattentionworkresearch bFew studiesi
12、nvestigationsresearchersattempts CNo studiesdatacalculations dNoneofthese studiesfindingscalculations句型句型2:里表示里表示对照的句型。如照的句型。如: a. The research has tended to focus on, rather than on b. These studies have emphasized, as opposed to c. Although considerable research has been devoted to, rather less at
13、tention has been paid to例：例： Although there is much hope that three-dimensional coupled models will lead to better understanding of the factors that control hurricane intensity and to increased reliability of hurricane intensity forecasts, the present generation of models may not have enough horizon
14、tal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms.句型句型3：提出：提出问题或假或假设。如：。如：a. However, it remains unclear whetherb. It would thus be of interest to learn howc. If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for d. These findings suggest that this treatment might
15、not be so effective when applied toe. It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to如何写引言的如何写引言的结尾尾 研究目的完全可以作研究目的完全可以作为引言的引言的结尾。也可以尾。也可以简单介介绍一下文章的一下文章的结构及每一部分的主要内构及每一部分的主要内容，从而起到画容，从而起到画龙点睛的作用，使点睛的作用，使读者了解文者了解文章的章的轮廓和脉廓和脉络。至于研究至于研究结果，在引言中完全可以不写。研究果，在引言中完全可以不写。研究结果是果是结论部
16、分最主要的部分最主要的组成部分。成部分。Sections l describesSection2analysesSection3discussesSection 4 summarizes题名的名的结构构。英文英文题名以短名以短语为主要形式主要形式，尤以名名词短短语(noun phrase）最常）最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或）后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心确定好中心词，再，再进行前后修行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会序不当，会导致表达不准致表达不准。题名一般不名一般不应是是陈述句述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使述句容易使题名具有判断式的名具有
17、判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑疑问句可有探句可有探讨性性语气，易引起气，易引起读者者兴趣趣。例如：can agricultural mechanization be realized without petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?）。 题名的字数名的字数。题名不不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。总的原则是，题名名应确切、确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内文特定内容的前提下，容的前提下，题名名词数越少越好数越少越好.中英文中英文题名的一致性名的一致性。同一
18、篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于但不等于说词语要一一要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。 1）实词大写虚词小写。如：Body Language and Human Communication2）位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。如：On the Principles of Tourism3）位于标题中冒号之后的副标题的
19、首位词首字母大写。 如：Efficacy of Partial Meal Replacement Products：A Meta and Pooling Analysis (部分饮食替代品的效能汇总合并分析)4）五个字母以上的虚词通常也大写。 如：The People Without a Country5）由连字符“-”连接的复合词的各词中，实词的首字母大写。如：The English-Speaking People in Quebec6）在科技论文的题目中,引导动词不定式的“to”字母T通常大写。如：Compounds To Be TestedBrevity (简洁)Clarity (明了明
20、了)Generality (高度概括高度概括)1 一般现在时：这是最常用的时态,描述没有时间性的“评述”、“讨论”、“报导”、“提出”、“认识”、“研究”等客观存在的背景信息介绍,常用现在时态;2 一般过去时：表示撰写论文前已作的工作或分阶段研究中的情况, 如描述实验活动中实验样品的制备、成分、实验现象,以及描述实验结果、数据、观察结果、得到的效果性能.3 现在完成时：表示某项研究或状态已经完成,强调其影响与作用,或是这种研究或状态到撰写论文时还在持续。英文摘要的英文摘要的语态。着重客观叙述,极力排除主观成分,不带感情色彩。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽
21、量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。 被动语态。以前以前强调多用被多用被动语态，例如：in this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 主动语态。现在主在主张摘要中摘要中谓语动词尽量采用尽量采用主主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力及表达有力。the author systematically introduces the history and development language. 信息性（信息性（报道性）摘要（道性）摘要（Informative Ab
22、stract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。指示性摘要（指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract， Descriptive
23、 Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。Teaching of English Writing and Cultivationof University Students Comprehensive QualityAbstract: Based on the theories of English
24、 language learning, the concept of quality education, and the authors teaching experience of English writing, this paper expounds the function of English writing in the cultivation of university students comprehensive quality from such aspects as language proficiency, logical thinking, and a rigorou
25、s work style. 摘要的长度应根据文献及摘要的用途而变化。一般来讲，指示性摘要以100-150 words 为宜。而学术论文的信息性摘要的长短约为正文字数的2%至3%；国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词，最多不超过500个词。本科毕业论文摘要可以说是信息性摘要的扩展。我校大学生毕业设计（论文）要求及撰写规范指出：本科毕业论文的中文摘要约500800字左右（限一页）。外文摘要内容与中文摘要一致。摘要中表示研究目的的常用句型如下：摘要中表示研究目的的常用句型如下：(1）The (primary) purpose of this study(paper) was to 本研究(本文)的(主
26、要)目的是 (2) The object (aim) of this study（the present research）was to 本研究旨在(3) This (The present) study was designed (undertaken) to本研究旨在(4) In this study, an attempt was made to (attempts were made to) 在本研究中,我们试图例例1: This object of this paper was to examine the problem of inefficient reading compreh
27、ension with non-English major college students, and tackles the problem with the teaching method of integrating grammatical information into lexicon teaching. 1）研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore 举例：Our objective in this report is to examine the2）评价：evaluate, validate 举例：To evaluate 3）
28、确定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize 4）证实：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify 5）阐明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of 6）介绍：describe, present, report 7）建立：establish, develop, set out 8）寻找：sea
29、rch for, look for, seek, find 9）识别、区分：identify, differentiate, discriminate 10）优选：optimize 11）比较：compare 12）回顾：review 13）相关：correlate A with B 14）回顾：review, summarize, present, outline, describe 15）目的：purpose, attempt, aim 16）重点：focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention 常用单词1）展示研究结果, 常用词汇有: show, result
30、, present等. 2）介绍结论, 常用词汇有: summary, introduce, conclude等. 1. We thus conclude that . . . ;2. The result shows that . . . ;3. The author suggests (recommends,concludes）that.4. This article shows that.5. It is suggested that.6. The authors suggestion (or:conclusion ）is that 7. The author finds it nece
31、ssary to .例如,多用many ,少用a lot of 或lot s of ;多用obtain ,少用get ;多用finally ,少用at last 或in the end ;多用正式动词(如perform ,invent 等) ,少用短语动词(如carry out ,make up 等)例：本文主要研究平面机构的可动性。This paper principally studies the movability of plane components.“主要(地) ”最常见的对应词是mainly ,这里用mainly 当然也可以,但用principally 更能体现英语正式、庄重的
32、语体特征。这类名词通常为表示动作的名词,如analysis ,comparison , study ,introduction 等,常见的结构为“make (give 等) + 名词(analysis 等) + 介词”, 意义相当于相应的动词, 如make a study of 相当于study ,make an analysis of 相当于analyse, give an introduction to 相当于introduce等等。例：本文研究了电容对频率响应的影响。A study of the effect of capacitance on frequency response is
33、 made. (比较: The effect of capacitance on frequency response is studied. )本文认为,这一定义具有重要意义。原译: The author holds that this definition has important meaning改译: This definition is of great significance.本文所讲的内容对通讯工程师来说是很感兴趣的。原译: The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communications engineers.改译:What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.
