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1、英英汉汉翻翻译译实实践践 1翻译实践英译汉常用的方法和技巧英译汉常用的方法和技巧:n分译法分译法(Division)n合译法合译法(Combination) 2 2试译以下句子试译以下句子:1. He, not surprisingly, did not come at all.2. He is honest. He is straightforward.3. About one hundred elements, two thirds of which are metals, have been found.4. He did not remember his father, who die
2、d when he was only three years old. 5. Im not the first person who has made mistakes.6. Is there any problem I mentioned that you dont understand?31. He, not surprisingly, did not come at all.n他根本就没来,这在预料之中。他根本就没来,这在预料之中。2. He is honest. He is straightforward.n他为人纯朴而坦诚。他为人纯朴而坦诚。3. About one hundred
3、elements, two thirds of which are metals, have been found.n n已经发现已经发现100种元素,其中三分之二是金属。种元素,其中三分之二是金属。4. He did not remember his father, who died when he was only three years old. n n他三岁时父亲就去世了,因此,他不记得父亲。他三岁时父亲就去世了,因此,他不记得父亲。5. Im not the first person who has made mistakes.n n犯错误的人多的是,我又不是头一个!犯错误的人多的是
4、,我又不是头一个!6. Is there any problem Is there any problem I mentionedI mentioned that you dont understandthat you dont understand? ?n n我提到的问题中,你们还有没有不懂的?我提到的问题中,你们还有没有不懂的?4分译法与合译法分译法与合译法n英语英语重形合重形合,而汉语则,而汉语则重意合重意合,这种,这种截然不同的外在表现形式要求我们在截然不同的外在表现形式要求我们在英汉翻译时要谨记这种差异,化繁为英汉翻译时要谨记这种差异,化繁为简,化长为短,化整为零。简,化长为短,化整
5、为零。n一般说来,一般说来,英语长句比较多,汉语英语长句比较多,汉语句子一般比较短。句子一般比较短。n因此,在很多情况下,原封不动地对因此,在很多情况下,原封不动地对原文中的长句进行汉译,往往会使译原文中的长句进行汉译,往往会使译文读者感到费解。文读者感到费解。5 5分译法与合译法分译法与合译法n分分/拆拆译译法法(Division):为为了了符符合合汉汉语语表表达达习习惯惯, 也也为为了了更更清清楚楚地地表表达达原原文文意意思思,在在翻翻译译时时可可以以改改变变原原文文结结构构,把把原原文文的的某某个个成成分分从从原原来来的的结结构构中中分分离离出出来来,译译成成一一个个独立成分、从句或并列
6、分句。独立成分、从句或并列分句。n此此处处所所谓谓的的句句子子不不在在于于结结尾尾处处用用句号,而在于句号,而在于有无主谓结构有无主谓结构。6 6分译法与合译法分译法与合译法n英英语语长长句句不不限限于于并并列列句句和和复复合合句句,简简单单句句有有时时也也很很长长。它它的的一一个个重重要要特点便是修饰语较长。特点便是修饰语较长。n英英语语长长句句的的翻翻译译通通常常采采用用分分译译法法分分译译成成几几个个短短句句,这这是是因因为为英英语语长长句句用用得得较较多多,相相对对而而言言汉汉语语中中用用得得较较少少;其其次次因因为为英英语语的的后后置置修修饰饰语语有有时时很很长长,而而汉汉语语的的修
7、修饰饰语语一一般般前前置置,不不宜过长。宜过长。 7 7分译法与合译法分译法与合译法n英英语语长长句句需需要要拆拆句句,因因为为英英语语的的长长句句结结构构复复杂杂,给给理理解解和和表表达达带带来来困困难难。然然而而,为为了了修修辞辞效效果果, 表表达达习习惯惯等等的的需需要要,有有时时对对英英语语的的短句也用拆译法短句也用拆译法,拆成更短的句子。例,拆成更短的句子。例: That guy was the most identifiable fox.n那个人十分狡猾,那个人十分狡猾,大家可以非常容易地看大家可以非常容易地看出来出来。 Im not the first person who ha
8、s made mistakes.n我不是第一个犯错误的人。我不是第一个犯错误的人。n犯错误的人多的是,我又不是头一个!犯错误的人多的是,我又不是头一个!8 8分译法与合译法n n含含定定语语从从句句的的句句子子:除除少少数数情情况况外外,这这类类从从句句都都是是长长句句。在在英英译译汉汉时时,如如能能将将定定语语从从句句译译成成前前置置定定语语,则则尽尽量量避避免免其其他他译译法法;如如译译成成前前置置定定语语不不合合适适,一一般般分分译译成成一一个个独独立立的的句句子子或或另另一一种种从从句句,如如状状语语从从句句等等。 例例:n n“Well, there is never anythin
9、g happened in my family Im ashamed of.”n n“嘿,我家可从来没出现过嘿,我家可从来没出现过见不得人的见不得人的事。事。”9分译法与合译法n n再如再如:n nIm going to see my grandmother, who was ill in bed, to take her some fresh-baked that my mother has made for her.n n我去看我去看病在床上的病在床上的祖母祖母, 给她带些给她带些妈妈妈妈刚烤好的刚烤好的蛋糕。蛋糕。n nMechanical energy can be changed i
10、nto electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.n n机械能可转变为电能,机械能可转变为电能,而而电能又可转变电能又可转变以机械能以机械能。10分译法与合译法n n再如再如:n nIn a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved.n n当两国发生争端时,当两国发生争端时,如与两国都友好如与两国都友好,第三国,第三国则力避卷入。则力避卷入。n nMy chances of get
11、ting to revolutionary China are very slim, although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable us to visit the countries of Socialism.n n我到革命的中国来的希望相当小,虽然我并没我到革命的中国来的希望相当小,虽然我并没有放弃努力来争取一张护照,有放弃努力来争取一张护照,以便访问社会主以便访问社会主义国家义国家。11分译法与合译法n拆拆译译法法大大致致有有三三种种形形式式:顺顺拆拆法法、倒倒拆拆法、抽词拆译法法、抽词
12、拆译法。 n n顺顺拆拆是是把把句句子子按按意意群群分分成成片片段段,将将片片段段按按原原来来的的顺顺序序译译出出。但但拆拆译译后后的的句句子子相相互间必须衔接互间必须衔接,这往往需要,这往往需要加词加词。 例例:n nThey tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more furiously throughout the country.n n他们企图扑灭反抗,他们企图扑灭反抗,结果结果反抗越来越猛,反抗越来越猛,遍及全国遍及全国。 12分译法与合译法n n再如再如:n nEach kind of atom seems to have a
13、definite number of“hand”that it can use to hold on to others.n n每一种原子似乎都有一定数目的每一种原子似乎都有一定数目的“手手”,用来抓牢其它原子用来抓牢其它原子。 n nLet AB in the figure above represent an inclined plane, the surface of which is smooth and unbending.n n设上图中设上图中AB代表一个倾斜平面,代表一个倾斜平面,其表其表面光滑不弯面光滑不弯。 13分译法与合译法n倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序,将倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序
14、,将后面的提前译出。例后面的提前译出。例: n nIt was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.n n过去向我们学习的人,现在反而超过了过去向我们学习的人,现在反而超过了我们。我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策这对我们确实是一个鞭策。n n那些曾经向我们学习过的人现在已经超那些曾经向我们学习过的人现在已经超过了我们。过了我们。这对我们确实是一个挑战这对我们确实是一个挑战。14分译法与合译法n n再如再如:n nThey remarked now he took a different seat f
15、rom that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.n n他往常做礼拜的时候,总坐在固定的座位他往常做礼拜的时候,总坐在固定的座位上,上,可是那天他们发现他不坐在老位置了可是那天他们发现他不坐在老位置了。n nThere is a universal tendency of every body to move towards every other body.n n每个物体都要向其他任何一个物体移动每个物体都要向其他任何一个物体移动, 这是一个普遍存在的倾向这是一个普遍存在的倾向。15分译法与合译
16、法n n抽词拆译,顾名思义是将句子中某个词抽抽词拆译,顾名思义是将句子中某个词抽出来,另行翻译。出来,另行翻译。有的词如果按原文的结有的词如果按原文的结构翻译不好处理构翻译不好处理,这时如将这个词译成句,这时如将这个词译成句子就能更准确地表达出原意,译文也比较子就能更准确地表达出原意,译文也比较通顺。例通顺。例: n nI put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting, where rays streamed through the narrow window near my bed.n n我趁着我趁着正要落下去的半个月亮
17、光正要落下去的半个月亮光穿上衣服;穿上衣服;月光从床边狭窄的窗子照射了进来。月光从床边狭窄的窗子照射了进来。n n半轮残月渐渐西坠半轮残月渐渐西坠,月光透过床旁边的一扇,月光透过床旁边的一扇狭窄的窗子照射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。狭窄的窗子照射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。16分译法与合译法n nLaw enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.n n执法部门不能负责任地对此不闻不问。执法部门不能负责任地对此不闻不问。n n执法部门执法部门如果负责任如果负责任,就不能对此不闻不问。,就不能对此不闻不问。n nOn behalf of all of you
18、r American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality, for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.n n我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢,我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢,感谢你们的盛情款待,感谢你们的盛情款待,这种盛情是无可比拟的这种盛情是无可比拟的。中国人民以好客闻名于世,中国人民以好客闻名于世,名不虚传名不虚传。17分译法与合译法n nThe Chinese seem justifiably
19、 proud of their economic achievements.n n中国人似乎为他们的经济成就而自豪,中国人似乎为他们的经济成就而自豪,这这是合乎情理的是合乎情理的。n nSurprisingly, Turkey defeated England in European Football Championship.n n土耳其竟然在欧洲足球锦标赛上击败了英土耳其竟然在欧洲足球锦标赛上击败了英格兰,格兰,真是令人大吃一惊真是令人大吃一惊。n nI tried vainly to persuade him to change his mind.n n我试图说服他改变主意,我试图说服他
20、改变主意,但但我失败了我失败了。18分译法与合译法定定语语从从句句比比较较长长,译译成成汉汉语语定定语语时时显显得得罗罗嗦嗦,或或定定语语从从句句结结构构并并不不长长,但但译译成成汉汉语语定定语语后后不不合合逻逻辑辑或或不不符符合合汉汉语语表表达达习习惯惯,就就把把定定语语从从句句拆拆译译成成汉汉语语的的并并列列的的独独立立句句。这这时时可可重重复复先先行行词词,或或用用代代词词“这这、那那、其其”作作为为独独立立的的主主语语,当当从从句句中中的的which和和as代代表表整整个个主主句句时时,一一般般都都译译成成并并列列句句,主主语语用用上上述述的的代代词词。有有时时从从句句具具有有一一定定
21、的的状状语语意意义义,翻翻译译时时应把状语意义表达出来。应把状语意义表达出来。 1919分译法与合译法 例例: Like charges repel, but opposite charges attract, which is one of the fundamental laws of electricity.同性相斥,异性相吸,同性相斥,异性相吸,这是电学的这是电学的一个基本规律一个基本规律。 Liquid water changes to vapour, which is called evaporating.液态水变成蒸汽,液态水变成蒸汽,这叫蒸发这叫蒸发。2020分译法与合译法 再
22、如再如:Power is equal to work divided by the time, as has been said before.功率等于功除以时间,这在前面已经功率等于功除以时间,这在前面已经讲到。讲到。Television equipment makes use of devices that can also be considered optical.电视装置使用了这样的器件,电视装置使用了这样的器件,这些器这些器件也可被看作光学器件件也可被看作光学器件。2121分译法与合译法 再如再如:The sun is a mass of condensed gases or li
23、quid, the temperature of which is about 10,000 on the surface.太阳是其表面温度约为太阳是其表面温度约为10,000的气体或液的气体或液体凝聚成的团块。(可能会引起误解体凝聚成的团块。(可能会引起误解, 把把10,000看成是修饰气体或液体)看成是修饰气体或液体)太阳是由气体或液体凝聚而成的团块,其太阳是由气体或液体凝聚而成的团块,其表面温度约为表面温度约为10,000。(结构简洁结构简洁,意义清晰意义清晰)2222分译法与合译法 再如再如:Matter has certain features or properties that
24、enable us to recognize it easily. 物质具有一定的物质具有一定的能使我们容易识别它们的能使我们容易识别它们的特征和特性。(略显长,不够流畅)特征和特性。(略显长,不够流畅)物质具有一定的特征和特性,我们可以根物质具有一定的特征和特性,我们可以根据这些特征和特性来识别它们。据这些特征和特性来识别它们。2323分译法与合译法 再如再如:Immediately, the bandit opened fire, killing four workers and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.刹那间那匪徒开
25、火了,打死了四名工人,刹那间那匪徒开火了,打死了四名工人,打伤了打伤了后来死于枪伤的后来死于枪伤的第五个人。第五个人。刹那间那匪徒开火了,打死了四名工人,刹那间那匪徒开火了,打死了四名工人,打伤了另一名。打伤了另一名。这名工人后来也因伤势这名工人后来也因伤势过重而死去过重而死去。2424分译法与合译法n n合合译译法法(Combination):和和分分译译法法不不同同,合合译译法法是是将将不不同同的的句句子子成成分分组组合合在在一一起起,使其更符合汉语的表达方法。使其更符合汉语的表达方法。n n一一般般说说来来,英英语语句句子子要要比比汉汉语语句句子子长长,一一个个英英语语句句子子要要比比汉
26、汉语语句句子子具具有有更更大大容容量量。因因此此,在在汉汉译译英英时时常常会会把把两两个个或或两两个个以以上上的的汉汉语语句句子子翻翻译译成成一一个个英英语语句句子子。比比较较口口语语化化的的英英语语句句子子也也较较短短,在在英英译译汉汉时也会使用合译法。时也会使用合译法。25分译法与合译法n n例如例如:n nShe was born in a very small town. The town is in the north of China near the sea.n n她出生在中国北方一个沿海的小镇。她出生在中国北方一个沿海的小镇。n nWhen we praise her, we
27、are not merely being polite.n n 我们对她的赞扬不仅仅出于礼貌。我们对她的赞扬不仅仅出于礼貌。n nIt was midnight, and there were few people on the street.n n午夜时分,街上行人稀少。午夜时分,街上行人稀少。26分译法与合译法n n例如例如:n nIt was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end .n n1945年年4月月,第二次世界大战已接近尾声。,第二次世界大战已接近尾声。n nShe went back home to take
28、 care of her husband. He was seriously ill.n n她回家去照料她回家去照料病重的病重的丈夫。丈夫。n nThey sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and fro there.n n他们在他们在人来人往的人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书。候车室里坐下来看点书。27分译法与合译法n“There be +主主语语+定定语语从从句句”,在在这这样样的的复复合合句句中中,主主要要为为主主的的意意义义不不在在there be上上,而而在在从从句句的的谓谓语语部部分分。翻翻
29、译译时时可可以以使使用用合合译译法法把把主主句句译译成成“有有+名名词词(兼兼语语式式谓谓语语)”,把把从从句句译译成成谓谓语语。构构成成“有有人人做做(是是)”,“没没有人做(是)有人做(是)”的格式。例如的格式。例如:n nThere are some metals which are lighter than water.n有有些金属比水轻。些金属比水轻。28分译法与合译法n再如再如:nThere is nothing that does not contain contradiction; without contradiction nothing would exist.n没有什么事
30、物不包含矛盾,没有矛盾没有什么事物不包含矛盾,没有矛盾就没有世界。就没有世界。nThere are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.n有许多麻醉品,会对身心造成危害。有许多麻醉品,会对身心造成危害。29n练一练练一练:1. Illogically, she hopes to pass the exam without learning hard.2. Its certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.3. Energy can nei
31、ther be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.3030n n练一练练一练练一练练一练: :1. 1. IllogicallyIllogically, she hopes to pass the exam without learning , she hopes to pass the exam without learning hard.hard.n她希望不用好好学就可以通过考试她希望不用好好学就可以通过考试, 这是这是不合逻辑的不合逻辑的。2. 2. Its certainIts certain that man will
32、 eventually solve the riddle of that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.UFO.n人类最终一定会解开人类最终一定会解开UFO之迷,之迷,这一点是这一点是可以肯定的可以肯定的。3. 3. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.n能量既不能创造也不能消灭能量既不能创造也不能消灭, 这是公认的这是公认的法则。法则。 3131练一练练一练: 4. There is no place on the earth
33、where the days are longer in winter than in summer.5. He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with. 6. We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.3232练一练练一练: 4. There is no place on the earth where the days are longer in winter th
34、an in summer.n n地球上地球上没有没有一个地方冬天的白昼比夏天长。一个地方冬天的白昼比夏天长。5. He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with. n n他花了很长时间介绍这本书,其实他花了很长时间介绍这本书,其实没有必要没有必要,因为因为学生们对它已经很熟悉了。学生们对它已经很熟悉了。6. We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.n n我们尽力劝说他放
35、弃错误的信念,但我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念,但没有成功没有成功。3333练一练练一练: 6. Friction wears away metal in the moving parts, which shortens their working life.7. This design with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.8. Water expands on freezing as can be seen from the break in waterpipes in cold winter.34346
36、. Friction wears away metal in the moving 6. Friction wears away metal in the moving parts, parts, which shortens their working lifewhich shortens their working life. .n运动部件间的摩擦力使金属磨损,运动部件间的摩擦力使金属磨损,这就缩这就缩短了运动部件的使用寿命短了运动部件的使用寿命。7. This design 7. This design with all its disadvantageswith all its dis
37、advantages is is considered to be one of the best.considered to be one of the best.n尽管有种种缺点尽管有种种缺点,这个设计仍被认为最佳,这个设计仍被认为最佳设计之一。设计之一。8. Water expands on freezing 8. Water expands on freezing as can be seen as can be seen from the break in waterpipes in cold winterfrom the break in waterpipes in cold winter. .n水在结冰时膨胀,水在结冰时膨胀,这可以从严冬水管的破这可以从严冬水管的破裂看出来裂看出来。353536