《Cultural-Patterns跨文化交际的文化模式PPT课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Cultural-Patterns跨文化交际的文化模式PPT课件（24页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Intercultural CommunicationX.CulturalPatterns2021/7/232021/7/231 1Cultural Patterns2021/7/232021/7/232 21. Defining Cultural Patternsn nPeopleandculturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations.n nAusefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutbeliefsandvaluesandotherorient
2、ationscollectivelyisculturalpatterns.2021/7/232021/7/233 31. Defining Cultural Patternsn nYoushouldthinkofculturalpatternsasYoushouldthinkofculturalpatternsasaasystemofbeliefsandvaluessystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatworkinthatworkincombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotcombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotal
3、waysconsistent,alwaysconsistent,modelforperceivingthemodelforperceivingtheworldworld. .n nThesepatternscontributenotonlytotheThesepatternscontributenotonlytothewayapeopleperceiveandthinkaboutthewayapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,butjustasimportantlyforourworld,butjustasimportantlyforourpurposes
4、,purposes,themannerinwhichtheyliveinthemannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworldthatworld. .2021/7/232021/7/234 42. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nWearemuchmorethanourculture.TheThedominantvaluesdominantvaluesofaculturemaynotofaculturemaynotbethebethevaluesofindividualsvaluesofindividualswithintha
5、twithinthatculture.culture.Factorsasdivergentasage,gender,andFactorsasdivergentasage,gender,andco-culturalaffiliations,alongwithco-culturalaffiliations,alongwith“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,occupation,personalexperience”alsooccupation,personalexperience
6、”alsoshapeyourviewofyourenvironment.shapeyourviewofyourenvironment.2021/7/232021/7/235 52. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nHeterogeneityInfluencesCulturalPatterns.AnyattempttodelineateaAnyattempttodelineateanationalnationalculturecultureorortypicalculturalpatternsforanytypicalculturalpatte
7、rnsforanyculturecultureisextremelyhazardousbecauseofisextremelyhazardousbecauseoftheheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties.theheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties.CommonculturalpatternsthatcouldbeCommonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustsaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustbelimitedtotheb
8、elimitedtothedominantculturedominantcultureineachineachcountry.country.2021/7/232021/7/236 62. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nCulturalPatternsChange.CultureschangeandthereforesodotheCultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculturevaluesoftheculture. .However,evengrantingthedynamicHowev
9、er,evengrantingthedynamicnatureofcultureandvaluesystems,wenatureofcultureandvaluesystems,weagainremindyouthatregardlessofagainremindyouthatregardlessofculture,culture,thedeepstructuresalwaysresistthedeepstructuresalwaysresistchangechange. .2021/7/232021/7/237 72. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patte
10、rnsn nCulturalPatternsAreOftenContradictory.Inmanyinstances,wefindInmanyinstances,wefindcontradictorycontradictoryvaluesvaluesinaparticularculture.Thatis,inaparticularculture.Thatis,thereisoftenathereisoftenagulfgulfbetweenthevaluesbetweenthevaluesthatarethatarearticulatedarticulatedandthevaluesthat
11、andthevaluesthatareareactedoutactedout. .2021/7/232021/7/238 82. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nCulturalPatternsAreInterrelated.ThepatternsdonotoperateinisolationThepatternsdonotoperateinisolationtheyaretheyareinterrelatedandintegratedinterrelatedandintegrated. .n nCulturalPatternsArepoin
12、tslyingonacontinuum.TherationaleisasimpleoneculturalTherationaleisasimpleoneculturaldifferencesareusuallyamatterofdifferencesareusuallyamatterofdegrees.degrees.2021/7/232021/7/239 93. Diverse Cultural Patternsn nHofstedesValueDimensionsn nTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbecksValueOrientationsn nHallsHigh-Cont
13、extandLow-ContextOrientationsn nTing-ToomeysResearchonFaceandFacework2021/7/232021/7/2310103.1 Hofstedes Value Dimensions 2021/7/232021/7/2311113.1.1 Individualism/Collectivismn n“I” Consciousness“ “人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待机会，他们制造机会。机会，他们制造机会。” ”“ “你
14、该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要失败的。失败的。” ”“ “你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你的自我之演进，开展和表现。的自我之演进，开展和表现。”林语堂，林语堂，199019902021/7/232021/7/231212 3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivismn
15、 n“We” Consciousness“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,he“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst.”atfirst.”“ “夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。” ”论语论语 雍也雍也“ “独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁义。义。”章炳麟
16、章炳麟 菌说，菌说，189918992021/7/232021/7/2313133.1.2 Uncertainty Avoidancen nHigh-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoHigh-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilitystabilityfortheirmembers,establishingfortheirmembers,establishingmo
17、remoreformalrulesformalrules,nottoleratingdeviant,nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors,seekingideasandbehaviors,seekingconsensusconsensus,and,andbelievinginabsolutetruthsandthebelievinginabsolutetruthsandtheattainmentofexpertise.attainmentofexpertise.n nLow-uncertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyLow-unc
18、ertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.ideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.2021/7/232021/7/2314143.1.3 Power Distancen nThepremiseofthed
19、imensiondealswiththeThepremiseofthedimensiondealswiththeextentextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthattowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerpowerinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsisdistributedunequallyisdistributedunequally. .n nPeopleinhigh-power-distancecount
20、riesPeopleinhigh-power-distancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsofbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflifelifeSocialhierarchySocialhierarchyisprevalentandisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality.institutionalizesinequality.n nTopeopleinlow-power-distancecountries,aTopeopleinlow-power-
21、distancecountries,ahierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedhierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience.forconvenience.2021/7/232021/7/2315153.1.4 Masculinity/Femininityn nMasculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantMasculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietyarevaluesinasocietya
22、remaleorientedmaleorientedandisandisassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasambition,ambition,differentiatedsexroles,achievement,thedifferentiatedsexroles,achievement,theacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanlinessacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanliness. .n nCulturesthatvaluefemininityasa
23、traitstressCulturesthatvaluefemininityasatraitstresscaringandnurturingbehaviorscaringandnurturingbehaviors.Afeminineworld.Afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsothattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsopromot
24、essexualequalitypromotessexualequalityandholdthatpeopleandandholdthatpeopleandtheenvironmentareimportant.theenvironmentareimportant.2021/7/232021/7/2316163.1.5 Long/Short Term Orientation2021/7/232021/7/2317173.2 Halls High-Context and Low-Context Orientationsn nHallcategorizesculturesasHallcategori
25、zesculturesasbeingeitherhighorlowbeingeitherhighorlowcontext,dependingonthecontext,dependingonthedegreedegreetowhichtowhichmeaningmeaning comesfromthecomesfromthesettingssettingsororfromthefromthewordsbeingwordsbeingexchangedexchanged. .n nHalldefinescontextas“theHalldefinescontextas“theinformationt
26、hatsurroundsinformationthatsurroundsaneventanevent;itisinextricably;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”oftheevent.”2021/7/232021/7/2318183.2.1 High-Contextn nAhighcontext(HC)communicationorAhighcontext(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostofthemessageisoneinwhi
27、chmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessagepartofthemessage. .n nInhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryInhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneoushomoge
28、neouswithregardtoexperiences,withregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike.High-informationnetworks,andthelike.High-contextcultures,becauseoftraditionandcontextcultures,becauseoftraditionandhistory,history,changeverylittleovertimechangeverylittleovertime. .2021/7/232021/7/2319193.2.1 High-C
29、ontextn n“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifethey“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifetheydonotrequire,nordotheyexpect,muchin-donotrequire,nordotheyexpect,muchin-depth,backgroundinformation”.Meaning,depth,backgroundinformation”.Meaning,therefore,isnotnecessarilycontainedintherefore,isnotnecessarily
30、containedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilencegestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence. .Meaningisalsoconveyed“throughMeaningisalsoconveyed“throughstatuestatue(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,(age,sex,education,familybackgro
31、und,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsandaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsinformalfriendsandassociatesinformalfriendsandassociates.”.”2021/7/232021/7/2320203.2.1 High-Contextn nHigh-contextculturestendtobemoreawareHigh-contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheiroftheirsurroundingssurroundi
32、ngsandtheirandtheirenvironmentenvironment anddonotrelyonanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationverbalcommunicationasastheirmaininformationchannel.theirmaininformationchannel.n nInhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationInhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationisavailableintheenvironmentthatisavailableintheen
33、vironmentthatitisitisunnecessarytoverbalizeeverythingunnecessarytoverbalizeeverything. .2021/7/232021/7/2321213.2.2 Low-Contextn nAlowcontext(LC)communicationisjusttheAlowcontext(LC)communicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,opposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisthemassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplici
34、tcodevestedintheexplicitcode. .n nInlow-contextcultures,thepopulationisInlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesslesshomogeneoushomogeneousandthereforetendstoandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thiscompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thislackofalargepooloflackofalargepoolofcomm
35、onexperiencescommonexperiences meansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithmeansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneedotherstheyneeddetailedbackgrounddetailedbackgroundinformationinformation.” .”2021/7/232021/7/2322223.2.2 Low-Contextn nInlow-contextcultures,theInlow-contextcultures,theverbalmessageverba
36、lmessage containsmostoftheinformationandverycontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleisembeddedinthecontextorthelittleisembeddedinthecontextortheparticipants.participants.n nPeopleinhigh-contextculturesperceivelow-Peopleinhigh-contextculturesperceivelow-contextpeople,whorelyprimarilyonverbalcontextp
37、eople,whorelyprimarilyonverbalmessagesforinformation,aslesscredible.messagesforinformation,aslesscredible.TheybelievethatsilenceoftensendsabetterTheybelievethatsilenceoftensendsabettermessagethanwords,andanyonewhoneedsmessagethanwords,andanyonewhoneedswordsdoesnothavetheinformation.wordsdoesnothavetheinformation.2021/7/232021/7/2323233.2.3 Case Study2021/7/232021/7/232424
