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1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries英语国家概况英语国家概况The United The United Kingdom of Great Kingdom of Great Britain and Britain and Northern IrelandNorthern IrelandChapter 2 HistoryThe United Kingdom of Great The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritain and Northern Ireland英英英英语语语语国国
2、国国家家家家概概概概况况况况 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationITransition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain since World War
3、IIIVAdditional InformationVCONTENT Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Founding of the NationI 2. Feudal Society 1 Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons Foreign Language Tea
4、ching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries the first known settlers on the Britain Isles were the Iberians (Between 3000 and 2000 BC ) The Earliest Settlers on the British Isles 1.1 The Iberians Foreig
5、n Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula in the 470s Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press
6、A Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Brita
7、in and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,100 years ago, dragging each stone into place. Stonehenge and its Statue 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pr
8、essA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.2 The Beaker FolkEarly Bronze Age people living about 4,500 years ago in the temperate zones of Europe; They received their name from their distinctive bell-shaped beakers, decorated in horizontal zones by finely toothed
9、stamps. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.3 The Celts The Celts of the Heroic Age, opening with the fifth century BC, began to arrive in Britain at about 700 BC and kept
10、coming until the arrival of the Romans. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vThe name of BritainBritonsvTribal societyvCeltic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh)
11、Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vFirst invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain vSecondCaesars second raid in 54 BCvThir
12、d and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of BritainvLeftGermanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island. 1.4 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century) Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pre
13、ssForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, 恺撒大帝恺撒大帝, 100 BC-44 BC)vChanged the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly.vLaunched a series of political a
14、nd social reforms.vAssassinated by a group of nobles. 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century)Julius Caesar Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vCapable administrators & good
15、builders (towns and cities & roads)Building of London River Thames “London Bridge”Building of roads 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountrie
16、s 1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century)vGermanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)vEnglish (language of the Angles)dominant languagevRoman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Cant
17、erbury Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Heptarchy Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Spea
18、king English-Speaking CountriesCountries St. Augustine (圣奥古斯丁圣奥古斯丁, ？-604/605)vFirst archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle (传道者) of England, who founded the Christian church in southern England.vPope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission, usually known as the Gregorian mission, to
19、Britain to Christianize the Kingdom of Kent.vConverted many Anglo-Saxons to Roman Christianity.1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCoun
20、tries 1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)vthe Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden)vAlfred the Great: king of Wessex Peace Treaty: The eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law known as the Danelaw.From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish
21、kingsIn 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Alfred the Great (阿尔弗雷德大帝阿尔弗雷德大帝, 871-899)vHe prevented England from fa
22、lling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. vCompilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign, c. 890.1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)Alfred the Great Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to Englis
23、h-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vIn 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.vDuke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King. 1.1.6 The Norman ConquestNorman CavalierWilliam the
24、 Conquer Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Norman Conquest ( (诺曼征服诺曼征服) )vThe military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy.vIt is primarily affected by his dec
25、isive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066) and results ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.1.1.6 The Norman Conquest Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English
26、-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Immediately after Christmas 1066, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.1.1.6 The Norman Conquest Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teachi
27、ng and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries House of Anjou (安茹王朝安茹王朝, 1154-1485)v14 kings vAlso known as the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝)vtransforming England into one of the most mature kingdoms in EuropevMajor Events: the Magna Carta (大宪章), Hundre
28、d Years War 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)vIn 1154, Henry II ascended the throne.vHenry II reformed t
29、he courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度)institutionalized common lawvJohn ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service.vHe was forced to sign the Magna Carta (大宪章大宪章). Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA
30、 Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Magna CartavA charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215. vThe charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and o
31、f the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the statute books of England and Wales.vContained 63 clauses.vSignificance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today 1.2.1 Great Charter (Ma
32、gna Carta) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vProvisions of Oxfordlimiting the Kings power by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council (枢密院)vParlerto talkvOffi
33、cial formation of the two houses of parliament:House of LordsHouse of Commons1.2.2 Birth of Parliament Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries va series of wars fought between En
34、gland and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted the concept of English nationalism promoted the development of the textile industryraised the social position of the bourgeois class1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Languag
35、e Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries House of York (约克王朝约克王朝)vYounger branch of the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) of England.vreigned over England from 1461-1485vThe symbol of the House of York was a white rose because in Christian sym
36、bolism, white is the symbol of light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory.House of Lancaster (兰开斯特王朝兰开斯特王朝)va branch of the house of Plantagenet. vThe badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary, who was often called the Mystical Rose of Heaven. vIt won th
37、e Wars of the Roses.1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vA war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It red
38、uced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. vThe House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603). 1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485) Foreign Language Teaching and R
39、esearch PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries House of Tudor (都铎王朝都铎王朝)vAn English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603vMarked by Henry VIIIs break with the papacy (教皇) in Rome (1534)
40、 and the beginning of the English ReformationvThe period witnessed the high point of the English Renaissance.1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking Countries
41、Countries Transition to the Modern AgeII 2.1 Religious Reformation 2.2 The Civil War 2.4 The Industrial Revolution 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speakin
42、g CountriesCountries 2.1 Religious ReformationvReasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant vImmediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorcevAct of SupremacyHenry VIII“the only supreme head of the church of England” vIn essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.Henry VIII Fore
43、ign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries King Henry VIII (1491-1547)vKing of England (1509-1547), who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformati
44、on. vHis attempt to divorce his first wife is the immediate cause of the Reformation.vIn 1534, he declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.2.1 Religious ReformationHenry VIII Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA G
45、uide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vQueen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Her reign is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate. In religion she was relatively tolerant.Consolidated the Church of England.Defended the fruit of
46、 the Reformation in essence.Elizabeth2.1 Religious Reformation Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vGolden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign tra
47、de, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foodsThe American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.2.1 Religious Reformation Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Res
48、earch PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vparliamentary clashes over monopoliesthe monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court vKing Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven y
49、ears.vThe various classes in England soon split up into two camps:Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentices, peasantsKing: gentry, big landlords and monopolists 2.1 Religious Reformation Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide t
50、o English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vthe civil war (1642-1651)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王党人) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圆颅党人) vResult: the monarchy was abolishedEngland was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republic 2.2 The Civil WarRoundheads with pikes Foreign Lan
51、guage Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vThe Commonwealth (1649-1660)Cromwell, the head of the CommonwealthConservative in social reforms and protected property ownershipIn 1660, Parliament
52、 had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth. 2.2 The Civil WarCromwell Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolu
53、tionvRestoration:1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish CatholicismvGlorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament) removed the ruling monarch and e
54、stablished Constitutional Monarchy Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Bill of Rights (人权法案人权法案)vFormally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settlin
55、g the Succession of the Crown (1689) vpassed by the Parliament in 1689vThe main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of James IIvSignificance: limiting the power of the monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Foreign Language Teaching
56、and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Seven Years War (1756-1763)vconsidered as the first global conflict in historyvinvolving most of the great powers of the time, such as Britain, France, Austria, Swe
57、den, and Spain.vCauses: overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires between Britain and France, and territorial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire2.4 The Industrial Revolution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to E
58、nglish-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.4 The Industrial RevolutionvThe Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasons:huge marketcolonies in America and Indiacapitalenclosure movementlaborvA series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the
59、 beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mule Power loomSteam engine Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Spinning JennyPower loom2.4 The Industr
60、ial Revolution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vMeans of Transportationcanals were dug to ship goodsthe steam locomotive was invented in 1814the first railway was complet
61、ed in 1825large merchant fleetSteam EngineMerchant Fleet2.4 The Industrial Revolution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vBy the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revol
62、ution was accomplished in Britain.vThe influence: Britain changed in many waysdramatically increased industrial productivitythe process of urbanizationchanges in the social class structurethe conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue2.4 The Industrial Re
63、volution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireIII 3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.3 The Fall of
64、the Empire Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vFirst British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in t
65、he West Indies.vSecond British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victorias foreign policyNew ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India”In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War again
66、st China In Africa, controlled Suez Canal and conquered EgyptUnion of South Africathe 4th dominion3.1 The Formation of the British Empire Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries
67、3.1 The Formation of the British EmpireQueen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 1819-1901) Ruled from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in the Britain history (the Victorian Age)the Victorian Age: featured by tremendous achievements in almost every aspectHer foreign policyNew Imperialism, leads to the gr
68、eat expansion of the British Empire. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vOn the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It contr
69、olled about a quarter of the worlds landmass.The British boasted that they had “an empire on which the sun never set”.3.1 The Formation of the British Empire Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking
70、 CountriesCountries 3.2 Britain in the World Wars Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 3.2.1 World War IvBy the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenge
71、d by other European nations and the US.vTwo camps in Europe:Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USv The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Gui
72、de toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vMost countries support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers won.vThe cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debt3.2.1 World War I Foreign Language Teaching and Research P
73、ressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vGermanylaunching a plan to conquer EuropevBritainappeasement vdeclared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 valliance with the Soviet Union and the United States vGermany surrend
74、ered unconditionally on May 7, 1945vgreat costlost its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States3.2.2 World War II Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Winston Churchil
75、l (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, 1874-1965)vBritish statesman, orator, and author. vfamous for his speechesThe famous line “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” comes from his first speech as Prime Minister.vAs the Prime Minister (1940-45, 1951-55), he rallied the Brit
76、ish people during World War II and led Britain from the brink of defeat to victory.3.2.2 World War IIWinston Churchill Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vIndependence movem
77、entIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt vBritish Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies)3.3 The Fall of the Empire Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Spea
78、king CountriesCountries IV 4.1 “Three Majestic Circles” 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Britain since World War II Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vOne of the Big
79、Three after WWIIvForeign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Gu
80、ide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)vMilitary alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) on April 4, 1949 vDuring the Cold WarNATOs primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the We
81、stern Allies military response to a possible invasion by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (华约).vIn the post-Cold War erato foster dialog and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in EuropevBritain joined the NATO in 1949.4.1. “Three Majestic Circ
82、les” Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vMargaret ThatcherReestablished “special relationship” with the United Statesagainst European integration vTony Blairmore positive to
83、wards Europe (but refused to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Cartoon: The Special Relationship between Britannia & Uncle Sam Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Press
84、A Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特玛格丽特希尔达希尔达撒切尔撒切尔, 1925-2013)vBritains first female prime minister who served three consecutive terms in office (1979-1990).vthe Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politi
85、cs and leadership style.vShe accelerated the evolution of the British economy from statism (国家主义) to liberalism.4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Margaret Thatcher Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking Engli
86、sh-Speaking CountriesCountries Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特玛格丽特希尔达希尔达撒切尔撒切尔, 1925-2013)vHer political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (放松管制), flexible labor markets, the privatization of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions.vDied of a stroke
87、 on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87.Margaret Thatcher4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, 1953
88、- )vServed as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997-2007.vPursued a more positive policy toward Europe yet refuse to adopt the euro in 1999.vStrengthened the close relationship with the United States and joined the U.S. in many military actions, such as the “Operation Desert Storm” in 1
89、991.4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Tony Blair Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 50 Things You Need to Know About British History Foreign Language Teaching and Resea
90、rch PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order： 1.Stonehenge 3100 BC2.Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD3.St Augustine and Christianity 3th4.King Alfred t
91、he Great and the Doom Book 8785.Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 10666.Magna Carta and trial by jury 12157.Declaration of Arbroath 13148.Canterbury Tales 1387-14009.Peasants Revolt 138110.The longbows at Agincourt 1415 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and R
92、esearch PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 11.Religious Settlement 1559 12.Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 158813.Shakespeare 156414.Gunpowder Plot 160515.Plantation of Ulster 161116.Execution of Charles I 164917.Glorious Revolution
93、and Bill of Rights 168818.The Bank of England 169419.Act of Union 170720.Britains first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 1721 50 Things You Need to Know About British History Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking En
94、glish-Speaking CountriesCountries 21. Gin craze and British drink culture 172922. The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 175723. Longitude 175924. Watts Steam Engine 176525. Arkwrights Spinning Frame 176926. Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 177627. The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of Am
95、erica 178128. Nelsons death and the Battle of Trafalgar 180529. William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade 180730. Battle of Waterloo and national identity 181550 Things You Need to Know About British History Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Res
96、earch PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 31. Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 182932.Factory Acts and the British weekend 183333.Dr Livingstone and Africa 185634.Charles Darwin and evolution 185935.The Red House and “my home is my castle” 185936.The l
97、aws of association football 186337.Suffragettes 191338.The Battle of the Somme 191639.The BBC 192740.Gandhi and Indian Independence 193150 Things You Need to Know About British History Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to Englis
98、h-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 41. The Blitz 194042. Frank Whittle and the jet engine 194143. The NHS and Welfare State 194844. SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 194845. The Beatles 196046. Monty Python and British humour 196947. Britain joins Europe 197348. Miners strike and Mrs Thatcher 198449. The Channel Tunnel 199150. The Good Friday Agreement 1998 50 Things You Need to Know About British History 英英语语国国家家概概况况
