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1、Artemis091072 郭艳郭艳 李金莹李金莹 吴芸吴芸091073 强梅娟强梅娟091082 易均平易均平1. StructureBrief introductionEtymonogyBirth and childhoodMyths and storiesImage WorshipsAstronomy and computer2.3.Introduction IArtemis was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Some scholars believe that the name, and
2、 indeed the goddess herself, was originally pre-Greek. Homer refers to her as The Mistress of Animals (Potnia Theron), Artemis of the Wilds. In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. 4.Introduction IIShe w
3、as the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity, fertility, young girls and disease in women and often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role
4、of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth.Artemis later became identified with Selene,a Titaness who was a Greek moon goddess, sometimes depicted with a crescent moon above her head. She was also identified with the Roman goddess Diana,with the Etruscan goddess Artume, and with the Greek or Carian goddess
5、Hecate.5.EtymonogyA hypothesis connects Artemis to the Proto-Indo-European root meaning bear due to her cultic practices in Brauronia and the Neolithic remains at the Arkouditessa.The name could be related to artemes, safe, or artamos,a butcher. The earliest form of the name Artemis is the Mycenaean
6、 Greek a-ti-mi-te, written in Linear b syllabic script.6.Birth of ArtemisDesipte various conflicting accounts given in Classical Greek mythology of the birth of Artemis, they all agree that she was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and that she was the twin sister of Apollo.An account by Callimachus has
7、 it that Hera forbade Leto to give birth on either terra firma or on an island. Hera was angry with Zeus, her husband, because he had impregnated Leto. But the island of Delos disobeyed Hera, and Leto gave birth there.The myths also differ as to whether Artemis was born first, or Apollo. Most storie
8、s depict Artemis as born first, becoming her mothers mid-wife upon the birth of her brother Apollo.7.ChildhoodThe childhood of Artemis is not embodied in any surviving myth: the Iliad reduced the figure of the dread goddess to that of a girl, who, having been thrashed by Hera, climbs weeping into th
9、e lap of Zeus.A poem of Callimachus imagines some charming vignettes: at 3, Artemis asked her father, Zeus, to grant her six wishes. Her first wish was to remain chaste for eternity, and never to be confined by marriage. She then asked for lop-eared hounds, stags to lead her chariot, and nymphs to b
10、e her hunting companion. Also, she asked for a silver bow like her brother Apollo. And his father granted her.All of her companions remained virgins and Artemis guarded her own chastity closely. Her symbol was the silver bow and arrow.8.Myths-Artemis and ActaeonShe was once bathing in a vale on Moun
11、t Cithaeron, when the Theban prince and hunter Actaeon stumbled across her. One version of this story says that Actaeon hid in the bushes and spied on her as she continued to bathe; she was enraged to discover the spy and turned him into a stag which was pursued and killed by his own hounds. Alterna
12、tively, another version states that Actaeon boasted that he was a better hunter than she and Artemis turned him into a stag and he was eaten by his hounds.9.Interpretations of ActaeonThere are many different versions of what happened that day.Ovid says Actaeon was unaware:“And while Diana was being
13、bathed, as she had been many times before, Actaeon, Cadmus grandson, came to the grotto uncertain of his way and wandering through the unfamiliar wood; so fate carried him along.” Ovid, MetamorphosesOther versions paint Actaeon as a voyeur who deliberately spied on the goddess.Different stories have
14、 different points about the wild, divine justice, or fate. Either way, Artemis, like nature, is dangerous and merciless.10.Myths-Artemis and AdonisIn some versions of the story of Adonis, who was a late addition to Greek mythology during the Hellenistic period, Artemis sent a wild boar to kill Adoni
15、s as punishment for his hubristic boast that he was a better hunter than she.In other versions, Artemis killed Adonis for revenge. In later myths, Adonis had been related as a favorite of Aphrodite, and Aphrodite was responsible for the death of Hippolytus, who had been a favorite of Artemis. Theref
16、ore, Artemis killed Adonis to avenge Hippolytuss death.11.Myths-OrionOrion was a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. In some versions of his story he was killed by Artemis, while in others he was killed by a scorpion sent by Gaia. In some versions, Orion tried to seduce Opis,18 one of her foll
17、owers, and she killed him. In a version by Aratus,19 Orion took hold of Artemis robe and she killed him in self-defense.In yet another version, Apollo sent the scorpion. According to Hyginus 20 Artemis once loved Orion (in spite of the late source, this version appears to be a rare remnant of her as
18、 the pre-Olympian goddess, who took consorts, as Eos did), but was tricked into killing him by her brother Apollo, who was protective of his sisters maidenhood.12.Story-Trojan WarArtemis may have been represented as a supporter of Troy because her brother Apollo was the patron god of the city and sh
19、e herself was widely worshipped in western Anatolia in historical time. In the Iliad she came to blows with Hera, when the divine allies of the Greeks and Trojans engaged each other in conflict. Hera struck Artemis on the ears with her own quiver, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled cryi
20、ng to Zeus, Leto gathered up the bow and arrows which had fallen out of the quiver.13.Story-Iphigenia and the Taurian ArtemisArtemis punished Agamemnon after he killed a sacred stag in a sacred grove and boasted that he was a better hunter. When the Greek fleet was preparing at Aulis to depart for T
21、roy to begin the Trojan War, Artemis becalmed the winds. The seer Calchis advised Agamemnon that the only way to appease Artemis was to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia. Artemis then snatches Iphigenia from the altar and substitutes a deer.14.Story-Atalanta and OeneusArtemis saved the infant Atalant
22、a from dying of exposure after her father abandoned her. She sent a female bear to suckle the baby, who was then raised by hunters. But she later sent a bear to hurt Atalanta because people said Atalanta was a better hunter. This is in some stories.Among other adventures, Atalanta participated in th
23、e hunt for the Calydonian Boar, which Artemis had sent to destroy Calydon because King Oeneus had forgotten her at the harvest sacrifices. In the hunt, Atalanta drew the first blood, and was awarded the prize of the skin. She hung it in a sacred grove at Tegea as a dedication to Artemis.15.The bear
24、association is also present in the story of Callisto.Callisto was raped by Zeus, transformed into a bear, gave birth to a son Arcas. Eventually both were catasterized:transformed into constellations.story-Callisto and ArcasAs with Actaeon, many versions abound: Zeus, Hera, and Artemis are all credit
25、ed with transforming and/or tormenting Callisto.Ursa MajorUrsa Minor16.They both use the bow, Artemis for hunting.They are both “distant” deities; Artemis is virgin and unapproachable by humans; Apollo has many disastrous liaisons with humans, but keeps his distance in other ways.Both are associated
26、 with sudden death: Apollo specifically with diseases and plague.Both can strike humans down unexpectedly.story-The divine twins17.The divine twinsArtemis and Apollo are twins, both children of Leto by Zeus. In a familiar story, Leto fled to escape Heras wrath.O blessed Leto, rejoice, for you gave b
27、irth to children of splendor, Lord Apollo and Artemis, showerer of arrows, her in Ortygia first, Apollo in rocky Delos. Homeric Hymn to ApolloIn some versions, Artemis helps her mother give birth to Apollo, reflecting her role as facilitator of (animal) fecundity.18.The twins share many elements of
28、their nature: sometimes they are shown sharing a home, or sitting next to each other at the banquets of the gods, or Artemis and the nymphs dance while Apollo and the Muses play music. Here they fight together against the giants.The divine twins19.story-NiobeNiobes story is another story of hubris a
29、nd its comeupance.Niobe boasted that she was better than Leto since she had 14 children and Leto had only 2.Artemis and Apollo fixed that situation.Niobe turned into a stone which still weeps . . . 20.Later, Artemis and Apollo become associated with the moon and the sun, respectively.Artemis also be
30、comes associated with Hekate, a mysterious goddess with old Indo-European roots.Hekate eventually becomes the goddess of witchcraft, almost opposite to the chaste Artemis, but paradoxically an aspect of her the dark side.story-Hekate21.Images HuntressDancer Both destructive and nurturingTransitions
31、of maidens22.I sing about Artemis of the golden arrows, chaste virgin of the noisy hunt, who delights in her shafts and strikes down the stag, the very own sister of Apollo of the golden sword. She ranges over shady hills and windy heights, rejoicing in the chase as she draws her bow, made all of si
32、lver, and shoots her shafts of woe. The peaks of the lofty mountains tremble, the dark woods echo terribly to the shrieks of wild beasts. But she with dauntless heart looks everywhere to wreak destruction on animals.Huntress23. dancer.But when the huntress, who delights in her arrows, has had her fi
33、ll of pleasure and cheered her heart, she unstrings her curved bow and makes her way to the great house of her dear brother, Phoebus Apollo, in the rich land of Delphi, where she supervises the lovely dances of the Muses and Graces. After she has hung up her unstrung bow and arrows, she takes first
34、place and, exquisitely attired, leads the dance. And they join in a heavenly choir to sing how Leto of the beautiful ankles bore two children who are by far the best of the immortals in sagacious thought and action.Homeric Hymn to Artemis24.“Zeus has made you a lion among women, and given you leave
35、to kill any at your pleasure.” (Hera to Artemis, Homers Iliad)“Artemis, lovely Artemis, so kind to the ravening lions tender, helpless cubs, the suckling young of beasts that stalk the wilds.” (Chorus in Aeschylus, Agamemnon)Destructive and Nurturing25.The combination of hunter and nurturer may seem
36、 strange but it makes sense in a hunter-gatherer context.Hunter-gatherers are aware that they can only live by killing their fellow creatures, but they also have a big stake in maintaining the populations of the wild animals they hunt without them, they starve.In the agricultural society of historic
37、al Greece, hunting issues are less central to survival, but they are honored in the figure of Artemis.Destructive and Nurturing26.Artemis and the transitions of maidensIn Homers Odyssey, the marriageable girl Nausicaa is compared to Artemis: standing out above her companions, even more beautiful.Gre
38、ek girls dedicated their dollies to Artemis when they were about to get married.In Greek society, marriage was a womans most vital initiation, and Artemis was equally their liminal deity.27.Sanctuary of Artemis at BrauronNear Athens, the sanctuary at Brauron was dedicated to another period of girls
39、lives: the wildness of late childhood.Aristocratic families brought their daughters here to serve the goddess as “Little Bears.” The Little Bears performed various cult activities, among them a footrace in honor of the goddess.28.Proud parents dedicated images of their daughters as Little Bears.(Inc
40、identally, girls also ran races elsewhere in Greece; here in honor of Hera at Sparta.)29.The hymn shows some of the associations of Artemis:virginitythe hunt and destruction of animalsthe bow, arrows, = distance, mercilessnessmountains, winds, wildernesssilverher twin Apollodancing and singinga grou
41、p of maidens, either her hunting companions or her dancing companions30.Artemis other range of powers is hinted at by her cult statue at Ephesus:promoter and overseer of the fertility of animalshelp to women in childbirthoverseer of the transition of virgins into bridesemblem of transition of young
42、men into adult status, from “wild” to civilized31.WorshipsThis is her temple at Sardis.Artemis was patron goddess of a number of major cities, a number of them in Asia Minor.32.WorshipA gorgon marks the pediment of her archaic temple at Aphaia.Leopards flank the gorgon, which somehow recalls the pot
43、nia theron . . .33.WorshipAt Jerash in Jordan, she had a vast temple complex in Roman times34.This is a reconstruction at perhaps her most famous sanctuary in antiquity, Ephesus in Turkey, whose cult statue was much copied.35.Artemis in astronomy and computerA minor planet, (105) Artemis; a lunar cr
44、ater; the Artemis Chasma and the Artemis Corona (both on Venus) have all been named for her.As Selene she is associated with the Moon, and as Phoebe her name was borrowed for a moon of Saturn.Artemis technology, which is redefeined how the computer resist virus, worm, Trojan horse and other vicious procedure so as to improve the safety of computers.36.37.Reference In Search of Diana of Ephesus, New York Times, August 21 1994.Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology, Dutton 1959Guthrie, W. C. K. The Greeks and Their Gods, Beacon 1955Iliad, Homer website38.39.
