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1、1句子成分与基本句型句子成分与基本句型2一、什么是句子？一、什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？ ！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !3二、句子包括哪些成分？二、句子包括哪些成分？v主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或
2、从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.42.谓语：谓语：v谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.53.宾语宾语v宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，
3、代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.64.表语：表语：v表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词短
4、语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.75.定语定语v定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine. Whats you
5、r name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.86.状语状语v状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充
6、当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.97.宾语补足语宾语补足语v在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整
7、的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用v它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my na
8、me called.10 1、按句子的用途可分四种：、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：）陈述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class 4）感叹句：
9、）感叹句：How clever the boy is!三、句子种类两种分类法三、句子种类两种分类法11v2、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（并列句：由并
10、列连词（and, but, or等）或等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 123）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign
11、visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.13四、并列句的分类四、并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,
12、still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.14v五、简单句的五种基本句型五、简单句的
13、五种基本句型15种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh16指出下列句子划线部分是什么成分指出下列句子划线部分是什么成分vvThestudentsgotontheschoolbus.vvHehandedmethenewspaper.vvIshallansweryourquestionafterclass.vvWhatabeautiful
14、Chinesepainting!vvTheywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.vvHisjobistotrainswimmers.vvHetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.vvThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.vvHeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.17vvHiswishistobecomeascientist.vvHemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.vvTomcametoaskmeforadvice.vvHefoundit
15、importanttomasterEnglish.vvDoyouhaveanythingelsetosay?vvTobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.vvWouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?vvHesatthere,readinganewspaper.18vvItisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.vvHenoticedamanentertheroom.vvTheapplestastedsweet.19基本句型基本句型1主谓结构主谓结构本结构是由本结构是由主语加主语加不及物的谓语动
16、词不及物的谓语动词构成构成,常常用来表示主语的动作。用来表示主语的动作。如：如：Thesunrises.Tomhasalreadyleft.主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we we
17、re eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.20巩固练习：巩固练习：1 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。 2 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。 3 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化. .4 419191919年，在北京爆发了年，在北京爆发了“五五. .四四”运动。运动。5 5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。 2. The meeting will last two hours.3. Great ch
18、anges have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 5. Classes begin at eight every day. 1. She went home very late yesterday evening. 21基本句型基本句型2. 主谓宾结构主谓宾结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语主语+ +及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+ +宾语构成宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。宾语成分的多样化使得这一
19、结构异常复杂。如如：1.Tommadeaholeinthewall.2.Idontknowifhecancometomorrow.3.Theyhaventdecidedwheretogonext.4.ShestoppedteachingEnglishtwoyearsago.5.Ittookthemtenyearstobuildthedam.7.Motherpromisestogivemeapresent.22巩固练习：巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完
20、成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times. They have carried out the plan successfully. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 23基本句型基本句型3 3主语主语 + + 系动词系动词 + + 表语：表语：A foreign language is a we
21、apon in the struggleoflife.Theplansoundsperfect.Thismaterialfeelssoft.系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。 24一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第第一一类类：表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的，有有bebe， l
22、ooklook， feelfeel， seemseem， appearappear， smellsmell， tastetaste， soundsound， turn outturn out（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。 YouYoull be all right soon. ll be all right soon. You donYou dont look very well. t look very well. I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold. 25 He seems to be ill. He seems to be ill.
23、It appears that he is unhappy. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one.The day turned out (to be) a fine one. 2
24、6第第二二类类：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，有有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.27 Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. MaryMarys face went red. s face went red. His dream has come
25、 true. His dream has come true. The boyThe boys blood ran cold.s blood ran cold. 28第第三三类类：表表示示保保持持状状态态的的，有有keepkeep， remainremain， continuecontinue，staystay等等。 Keep quiet, children! Keep quiet, children! The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time. time. It remai
26、ns to be proved.It remains to be proved. 291.1.系系动动词词后后的的表表语语可可以以是是名名词词、代代词词、数数词词、形形容容词词、分分词词、动动名名词词、不不定定式式、副副词词、介介词词短短语语、词词组、从句，系动词组、从句，系动词bebe可用于上述所有情况。可用于上述所有情况。 Thenewswassurprising.（分词）（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）（副词）Th
27、ebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）（从句） 30 2.所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，如：所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，如：Ourfuturewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.H
28、eoftenwenthungry. 313.3.能能用用不不定定式式作作表表语语的的系系动动词词有有：appearappear，seemseem， getget， prove prove， remain remain， turn out turn out等。等。 She appears/ seems to be very youngShe appears/ seems to be very young. . He appears/ seems to have caught coldHe appears/ seems to have caught cold. . They got to be f
29、riendsThey got to be friends。 The meeting turned out to be successfulThe meeting turned out to be successful. . The theory proved to be rightThe theory proved to be right. . Much remains to be doneMuch remains to be done. . 32 4.4.能能接接从从句句的的有有：bebe， seemseem， appearappear， soundsound， looklook等。等。 T
30、hatThats why he fell ill.s why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him.My idea is that we should help him. It It seems/ seems/ appears appears to to me me that that something something is is wrong. wrong. It It sounds sounds to to me me as as if if someone someone were were trying trying to
31、to get into the house. get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if it is going to rain.33 5.5.能能接接介介词词短短语语的的有有：bebe， feelfeel， looklook， soundsound， taste taste，remainremain等。等。 bebe是是特特别别活活跃跃的的系系
32、动动词词，其其后后可可接接很很多多介介词词短短语作表语。语作表语。 He He is is at at home/ home/ in in the the library/ library/ on on the the way home/ on holidayway home/ on holiday. .They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.The road is under repair.346.6.系动词能和介词搭配的范围很
33、小。如：系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如： It feels like a rainIt feels like a rain. .It looks like a rainIt looks like a rain. . It It sounds sounds like like a a train train going going under under my my roomroom. . It tastes of applesIt tastes of apples. .（这有苹果的味道。）（这有苹果的味道。） The concert remains in my memoryThe conce
34、rt remains in my memory. . 35 7.7.能能接接分分词词的的系系动动词词有有：bebe， becomebecome， getget， growgrow， seem seem， appear appear等。等。 His His report report was was surprsurprisisinging/ / disappointing/delighting/movingdisappointing/delighting/moving/ / astonishingastonishing Theboy Theboy was was moved/delighted
35、/surprised/ moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonisheddisappointed/astonished。 He He has has become/ become/ got/ got/ grown/ grown/ interested interested in modern physicsin modern physics。 He seems/ appears drunkHe seems/ appears drunk。 系系动动词词后后还还可可接接代代词词、数数词词、动动名名词词、副副词词及及其其词词组组，基基本本都都是是b
36、ebe的的用用法法。其其他他系系动动词词几几乎乎不不能能这样用或很少这样用这样用或很少这样用。page4336英语基本句型英语基本句型4 双宾语结构双宾语结构此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物谓语动词及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾后说间接宾语语（人），则要借助于介词（人），则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She mad
37、e a beautiful dress for me.37用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替表示为了某人，替某人某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的） buy, call, cook, choose, d
38、raw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。等。38巩固练习：巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the diction
39、ary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 39英语基本句型英语基本句型5 5 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构 说明说明:此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾宾语语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：Thesunkeepsuswa
40、rm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut. 40 They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on. 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：句型结构方式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如：如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.41巩固练
41、习：巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tel
42、l me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We wont let her go out at night. 429那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一
43、种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to someone telling stories. I have never seen the word used that way before. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way. T
44、he school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 43补充补充句型句型6Therebe句型句型说明：说明：此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构构成，用以表达存在关系可以称成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。它它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之之后，后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,rem
45、ain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.44 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：态和情态变化。如： 现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there mi
46、ght be. 肯定有肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 45巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的战
47、前这儿一直有家电影院的. There was only a well in the village. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone in the office. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 46巩固练习：巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。恰好
48、那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。铃响了。 There happened to be nobody in the room. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars. There goes the bell. 47高考考点探讨1、简单句的五
49、大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中时在阅读中时常需要借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，常需要借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。语句子来表达清楚的。2、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对现在对连词的选择和使用连词的选择和使用上。如：上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定
50、语从句和状语，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。从句的连接词、关联词。3、各种、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。48Wish you success!Wish you success! Thank you! Thank you!
