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1、Unit1Talesoftheunexplained Grammar and usage 牛津版牛津版高二高二 Module2ThedisappearanceofJustin(make)Kellyveryunhappy.has made Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedintherecentpast,butareconnectedtothepresent.Note:The uses of the present perfect tense I(notsee)JustinsincelastFridaynighthav
2、e not seenWealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthatstartedinthepast,andisstillhappeningnow.Note: 1.We(study)Englishforaboutfiveyears.2.They (live)inthesouthsincetheirdaughterwasborn.3.I(read)yourarticlethreetimes.Itswellwritten.4.Thestudent(finish)herhomeworkalready.5.Eric(go)backtohis
3、hometowntoday.6.Thepolice(justfinish)searchingthearea.have studiedhave livedhave readhas finishedhas gonehave just finishedWeusethepresentperfecttensewhentheexacttimeofanactionisnotclearor important. We use it with timeexpressionssuchas: alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetWe use already fo
4、r affirmativestatements and yet for negativestatements.We use for + a period of time andsince+apointintime.already,yet;for,since He has just gone out.(=He went out a fewminutesago.)Weuse thepresentperfecttense heretotellothersthatheisntherenow.Ihavejustheardthenews.(NowIknowthenews.)Weusethepresentp
5、erfecttensetotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedonlyashorttimeago.Inthiscase,just isused.Payattentiontothe position of just.Note:We can also use the present perfecttenseforrepeatedactions,thatis,weusethepresentperfecttensewiththetimeexpressionsonce/twice/threetimesTom has rung up three times thismorni
6、ng.(Nowitisstillinthemorning.)Tomrangupthreetimesthismorning.(Now it is not still in themorning.)Actions occurring in an incomplete periodmight be indicated by today or this morning/afternoon/evening/week/month/year/century orallday/night/week,allthetime,alwaysetc.Lookatthefollowingsentencesandpoint
7、outwhattenseortensesareusedinthemandthereasonswhytheyareused. 1.WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears.Webegantostudyitfiveyearsago.2.Theymovedtothesouthin1990andhavelivedtheresincethen.3.Ericlefthomelastyearandhasjustcomeback.4.Justinhasbeenawayfromhomeforseveraldays.HedisappearedlastFriday.5.Theybo
8、ughtthishousethreeyearsagoandtheyhavelivedheresincethen.6.Mybrotherwenttoseemygrandpalastweek.Hehasvisitedhimthreetimesthismonth.The present perfect tense and the past simple tense 1youmypen?Yes,Iitonyourdeskjustnow.(see)2youdinner?Yes,IitwithMary.(have)3thepostmanyetthismorning?thepostmanthismornin
9、g?(come) HaveseenHavehadhadDidcomeHavecomenThepresentperfecttenseisnormallyusedforanactionwhichlaststhroughoutanincompleteperiod,butwiththepastsimpletense,weusetimeexpressionswhichafixedpointinthepast.WehaventseenJustinforaweek.(Heisstillmissing.)Justindisappearedlastweek.(ItmaymeanthatthisweekJusti
10、nishere.)Hehassmokedsinceheleftschool.(Hestillsmokes.)Hesmokedforsixmonths.(Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen. Sometimes,however,theactionfinishesatthetimeofspeaking.Ithasbeenverycoldlatelybutitsjustbeginningtogetwarmer.On meeting someone, you may say: Ihaventseenyouforages.(ButIseeyounow.)1Tomhashada
11、badcarcrash.(Hesprobablystillinhospitalnow.)Tomhadabadcarcrash.(Buthesprobablyoutofhospitalnow.)2Thelifthasbrokendown.(Wehavetousethestairs.)Theliftbrokedown.(Butitsprobablyworkingagainnow.)Forapastactionwhosetimeisnotdefiniteandoftenhasaresultinthepresent.Read the diary entry and thencompleteitusin
12、gthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets. (2)saw(3)hasvisited(4)loves(5)hasntvisited(6)hasswum(7)hasnevermet(8)hasdived(9)hasfound(10)hasntfound(11)Has,beenThe uses of the Present perfect continuous tense1.Iforanhourandhestillhasntturnedup.(wait)2.ImsosorryImlate.youlong?havebeenwaitingHavebeenwaitingWe
13、 sometimes use the Present perfectcontinuous tense to talk about actions thatstartedinthepastandarestillcontinuing,orhavejustfinishedbutarestillconnectedtothepresentinsomeway.Note:TheformofthePresentperfectcontinuoustenseWeformthepresentperfectcontinuoustensewithhave/hasbeenandthepresentparticipleof
14、theverb. Answers:(2)havebeentalking(3)havebeentaking(4)havebeenwatching(5)haveseen(6)havebeenwritingPresentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuoustense?Li Jia has read a book aboutStonehenge.LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.In the first sentence, it means theaction read isntstillcontinuing, andLiJi
15、aknowswhatthebookisaboutnow, but in the second sentence , itmeanstheactionreadisstillcontinuing.Ivecleanedthehouse.Ivebeencleaningthehouse.ReadPoint1onpage10.IEgypttwicethismonth.(visit)IEgyptfortwomonths.(tour)Thepresentperfectcontinuoustensecantbeusedwithtimeexpressionssuchastwiceorhowmanytimes,be
16、causeinthistensetheactioniscontinuous,notstoppedandstartedagain.Wecanusethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensefornon-stopactions.havevisitedhavebeentouringhow many times/how long have you swum in thelake?have you been swimming in thelake?HowmanytimesHowlongWe us
17、ually use the present perfect tense toaskquestionsbeginningwithhowmany/much,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowlong.A state verb or an action verbIhavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(stateverb)I have taken photos of UFOs with thiscamera.(actionverb)I have been taking photos
18、of UFOs with thiscamera.(actionverb)Anactionmeanssomethinghappeningorchanging.Astatemeanssomethingstayingthe same. Some examples of action verbsaredo,go,andplay.Someexamplesofstateverbsarelike,knowandexist.Astateverbdoesntmeananaction,so it cant be used in a continuoustense.Theyvealwayshadabiggarden
19、.Howlonghaveyouknowneachother?Hesbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident. Ive never visited Paris. Ive already been to Paris.always, never, yet, already and ever cant be used in a continuous tense. IvenevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.always, never, yet, already and evercantbeusedinacontinuoustense. Iv
20、enevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.always,never,yet,alreadyandevercantbeusedinacontinuoustense. Answers on page 11 A (1)heard (2) been doing (3) been researching (4) been doing (5) started (6) done (7) read (8) found (9) started (10) been doing (11) been making Sample answersB 1 He has been wa
21、iting at an underground station. 2 They have been traveling in an UFO. It looks like a saucer. 3 They probably have talked to animals or plants on the earth as well as creatures on other plants. 4 They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.How long have you learnt English? Or How
22、long have you been learning English?It has snowed for a long time.It has been snowing for a long time.BothpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfectcontinuoustenseAn action which began in the past and isstillcontinuingorhasonlyjustfinishedcan,with certain verbs, be expressed by eitherthe present perfect or present perfectcontinuous.Verbswhichcanbeusedinthisway include expect, hope, learn, lie, live,sleep,sit,study,wait,want,rain,etc.Part C1 and C2 on page 88 inWorkbookReviewTaskpartHomework同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全
