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1、Text A Ancient Education in ChinaText B Innovation of Education in Ming & Qing DynastiesSupplementary Reading Chinas Employment Situation +整体上掌握TextA和TextB两篇文章的内容，包括背景资料，单词，相关专有名词等。+完成TextA和TextB的课后题目。+浏览TextC。2024/7/21+导读：春秋时孔子兴办私学，“有教无类”。突破了官府对文化教育的垄断，扩大了教育对象的范围。西汉武帝时推行儒学教育，在长安兴办太学，还令天下郡国设立学校，初步建立
2、起地方教育系统。隋唐科举制度的完备推动了教育事业的发展，自此，从中央到地方，已建立起了一整套学校体制。宋代学校制度更为完备，在中央有太学、国子学等，宋代私人讲学的书院兴起。书院注重依照封建伦理观念培养学生的道德品行，在学习方法上也鼓励讨论、辩难和让学生自讲心得，风气比较活跃。明朝强化了前代的科举制度。为了严厉控制士人的思想，实行八股取士，这体现出君主专制的强烈色彩。明代中期以来，书院比较兴盛，明朝后期东林书院以其评识朝政的活动而著名。清朝前期的科举和学校，基本承袭明代的制度，在教育方面进一步加强思想控制和文化专制。2024/7/21+IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770
3、BC-476BC),privateschoolsprevailedandmanyscholarsofdifferentschoolsofthoughtspreadtheirteachinginthisway.+Confucius,thegreateducator,devotedallhislifetotheprivateschoolsystemandinstructedmoststudents.+Itissaidthatoverthreethousanddisciplesfollowedhim,amongwhomtherewere72sageswhowentontobroadentheacce
4、ptanceofthephilosophysetoutbytheirmaster-Confucianism:aphilosophyembracingbenevolenceinliving,diligenceinlearning,andsoon.Besides that, other schools such as Taoism, also taught widely and this led afterwards to a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period. During the succeeding years,
5、private schools continued to exist although there were times when state education became fashionable.+DuringthereignofEmperorWudi,thegovernmentintroducedasystemwhichwasnamedtaixue.UsuallythestudentswereprovidedwithafreedietandmainlystudiedtheclassicalConfucianbooks.Followingexaminations,thosewithgoo
6、dmarkswoulddirectlybegivenofficialtitles.+TheNineGradesofRankintheRegimeSystem(orJiupinzhongzhengsystem),employedthefollowingmethod:ineachstateandcountytherewasofficialactingasZhongzhengwithauthoritytodecidehowpeoplewererankedinthelocalprecinctsaccordingtoability.+ThesystemoftheImperialExamination,o
7、rKejuinChinese,becamethemethodbywhichtalentedpeoplewererecognizedandselectedforfuturepositionsincivilservice.+Theimperialexaminationscomprisedtwopartsnamelyanartsexamandthewushuexam.Theartsexaminationincludescomposition,studyofbooks,laws,calligraphy,paintingsandsoon.+IntheSongDynastysubjectsraisedby
8、governmenthadbeenmuchlessthanthatintheTangDynasty,buttheexaminationforjinshiwasstillfashionable.Meanwhile,regardlessofformandcontent,thesystemunderwentgreatinnovation.+Firstlytheextensionofmatriculationwasbroadened.+Secondly,thefrequencyofexamswaslimitedtoafixedonceeverythreeyears.+Thirdly,thegreatr
9、eformerWangAnshi(1021-1086)advocatedaninnovationwhichwasmuchmorepractical.+Finally,examineesnameswerecloselycoveredontheirpaperswhichwerethenexchangedamongdifferentlocalexaminers.+IntheSongDynasty,fewgovernmentalschoolswereerected,butitwasthevogueforscholarstosetupnumerousprivateeducationalorganizat
10、ions-shuyuan.ThefourmostreputedshuyuanwerenamedBailudongInstituteofJiangxi,SongyangInstituteandYingtianfuInstituteofHenan,andYuluInstituteofHunan.+Centralgovernmentmanagedtofoundschoolscalledguozijian,andstrengthenedtheirfunctiontobetheonlyroadbywhichpeoplecouldtaketheexams.Therewereintotalthreestag
11、esleadingtorealizingthedreamofbecominganofficial:provincialexamination(xiangshi),metropolitanexamination(huishi)bytheBoardofRites,andPalaceexamination(dianshi)bytheemperorhimself.+Theprovincialandmetropolitanexaminerstestedonlyeight-leggedessaysandpeopleeasilyrealizedthatthequalityofthatsortofessayw
12、asthekeytoachievingapass.+AsthetightholdonaffairsheldbytheQingDynastybecamemoreandmoreunpopular,theeducationsystemalsoneededfreshideasandinputasitwasadisservicetothecountry.Atrendappearedtowardsthewayinwhichthepositionsofcourtofficialscouldbepurchasedandthissometimesevengaverisetounlawfulpasstothede
13、gradedsystem.+ItisinterestingtonotethatoneofcharactersdepictedinthenovelFanJinZhongJuisquiteatypicalvictimofthedecliningsystem.+1.Taoism(道教):referstoaphilosophicalorreligioustraditioninwhichthebasicconceptistoestablishharmonywiththeTao(道),whichisthemechanismofeverythingthatexists.Taoismhadnotonlyapr
14、ofoundinfluenceonthecultureofChina,butalsoonneighboringcountries.WhilethephilosophicalTaoismisnotinstitutionalized,thereligiousTaoismisinstitutionalizedandpresentinmultiplecountries.TaoistphilosophyisdeeplyrootedincontemporaryChina,andisanunavoidablepartofmodernChineselife.2024/7/21+2.NorthernandSou
15、thernDynasties（南北朝）：TheSouthernandNorthernDynastieswasaperiodinthehistoryofChinathatlastedfrom420to589AD.Thoughanageofcivilwarandpoliticalchaos,itwasalsoatimeofflourishingartsandculture,advancementintechnology,andthespreadingofMahayanaBuddhismandDaoism.Theperiodsawlarge-scalemigrationofHanChinesepeo
16、pletothelandssouthoftheYangtzeRiver.2024/7/21+3.WangAnshi(王安石):AChineseeconomist,statesman,chancellorandpoetoftheSongDynastywhoattemptedcontroversial,majorsocioeconomicreforms.ThesereformsconstitutedthecoreconceptsandmotivesoftheReformists,whiletheirnemesis,ChancellorSimaGuang,ledtheConservativefact
17、ionagainstthem.Ineconomics,hisreformsexpandedtheuseofmoney,brokeupprivatemonopoliesandintroducedsomeformsofgovernmentregulationandsocialwelfare.Inmilitaryaffairs,hesupportedtheuseoflocalmilitias;andineducationandgovernment,heexpandedtheexaminationsystemandtriedtosuppressnepotism.Thoughsuccessfulfora
18、while,heeventuallyfelloutoffavoroftheemperor.2024/7/21+4.Manchuethnicgroup(满族):TheManchupeopleorManareanethnicminorityofChinawhooriginatedinManchuria(northeasternChina).Forcenturies,theManchuethnicityhasacculturatedwiththemajorityHanethnicityofChina.MostManchutodayspeakStandardChinese,whiletheManchu
19、languageisonlyspokenbyelderlypeopleinremotenortheasternChinaandafewscholars;therearearoundtenthousandspeakersofXibe,acloselyrelatedlanguagespokenintheIliregionofXinjiang.Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenaresurgenceofinterestinManchucultureamongbothethnicManchusandHan.ThenumberofChinesetodaywithsome
20、Manchuancestryisquitelargewith10.68millionmembers(inChina),Manchuisthe3rdlargestethnicgroupinChinaaftertheHanandtheZhuang.2024/7/21+导读：就业是民生之本，是人民改善生活的基本前提和基本途径。中国有近亿人口，是世界上人口最多的国家。在中国，解决就业问题任务繁重、艰巨、紧迫。中国政府从亿万人民的根本利益出发，高度重视就业问题。中国政府依据中华人民共和国宪法，以及中华人民共和国劳动法等法律法规，保障劳动者的就业权利，采取各种政策措施积极促进就业，不断满足劳动者的就业需求
21、。中国政府从国情出发，通过实践探索并借鉴国际经验，制定和实施了一系列积极的就业政策。目前，中国已建立起市场导向的就业机制，计划经济时期形成的企业富余人员问题基本得到解决，在经济发展和经济结构调整中就业规模持续扩大，就业结构逐步优化，就业渠道不断拓宽，就业形式更加灵活，总体上保持了就业形势的基本稳定。2024/7/21+Employmenthasavitalbearingonpeopleslivelihoods.Itisthefundamentalprerequisiteandbasicapproachforpeopletoimprovetheirlives.+Chinaisthemostpop
22、ulouscountryintheworld.TosolvetheemploymentissueinChinaisastrenuous,arduousandpressingtask.+Chinesegovernmentrecognizestheimportanceoftheissueofemployment.BasedontheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theLaborLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,andotherlawsandregulations,theChinesegovernmenthasprotec
23、tedtheworkersrighttoemployment,andadoptedvariouspoliciesandmeasurestopromoteemploymentactivelyandsteadilymeettheirneedsforemployment.+TheChinesegovernmenthasexploredanddrawnoninternationalexperiencesandadaptedthemforuseinthedomesticsituation,formulatingandimplementinganumberofproactiveemploymentpoli
24、ciesCurrently,Chinahasestablishedamarket-orientedemploymentmechanism;largelysolvedtheproblemofsurplusenterprisepersonnelarisingovertheyearsundertheplannedeconomy;and,inthecourseofeconomicdevelopmentandeconomicrestructuring,expandedtheemploymentscopecontinuously.Asaresult,theemploymentstructurehasgra
25、duallybeenoptimized;theavenuesforemploymenthavebeensteadilybroadened;theformsofemploymenthavebecomemoreflexibleandtheemploymentsituationhasbeenmaintainedbasicallystable.2024/7/21Text B Chinas Employment Situation+Newformsofemploymentmushroomed,suchasjobsinforeign-investedfirmsandeconomicentitiesofdi
26、verseforms,part-timejobs,temporaryjobs,seasonaljobs,workonanhourlybasisandjobswithflexibleworkinghours,andbecameimportantavenuesfortheexpansionofemployment.+Asfarastheemploymentstructureisconcerned,from1990to2003theproportionofthoseemployedintertiaryindustryrosesteadily;theproportionofthoseemployedi
27、nsecondaryindustryremainedataround21.6percent;andtheproportionofthoseemployedinprimaryindustrydroppedto49.1percent.2024/7/21Text B Chinas Employment Situation+Inthefieldoflaborandemployment,ChinahascarriedoutremarkablyeffectiveexchangesandcooperationwiththeInternationalLaborOrganization,theUnitedNat
28、ionsDevelopmentProgram,theWorldBank,theAsianDevelopmentBank,andanumberofotherinternationalorganizationsandmanycountries.+Chinaexercisesaproactiveemploymentpolicy,andhasestablishedtheemploymentprincipleofworkersfindingtheirownjobs,employmentthroughmarketregulationandemploymentpromotedbythegovernment.
29、TheChineseGovernmenthaspersistedinpromotingemploymentbywayofdevelopingtheeconomy,adjustingtheeconomicstructure,deepeningreform,coordinatingurbanandruraleconomicdevelopment,andimprovingthesocialsecuritysystem.Ithasadoptedvariouseffectivemeasuresanddoneeverythingpossibletoincreasejobopportunities,expa
30、ndthescopeofemployment,andkeeptheunemploymentratewithinasociallytolerablerange.2024/7/21Text B Chinas Employment Situation+1.theConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国宪法):TheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaisthehighestlawwithinthePeoplesRepublicofChina.Thecurrentversionwasadoptedbythe
31、5thNationalPeoplesCongressonDecember4,1982withfurtherrevisionsin1988,1993,1999,and2004.Threepreviousstateconstitutionsthoseof1954,1975,and1978weresupersededinturn.TheConstitutionhasfivesectionswhicharethepreamble,generalprinciples,fundamentalrightsanddutiesofcitizens,structureofthestate(whichinclude
32、ssuchstateorgansastheNationalPeoplesCongress,theStateCouncil,theLocalPeoplesCongressandLocalPeoplesGovernmentsandthePeoplesCourtsandthePeoplesProcuratorates),thenationalflagandtheemblemsofthestate.2024/7/21+2.WorldBank(世界银行):TheWorldBanksofficialgoalisthereductionofpoverty.AccordingtotheWorldBanksAr
33、ticlesofAgreement(Asamendedeffective16February1989)allofitsdecisionsmustbeguidedbyacommitmenttopromoteforeigninvestment,internationaltradeandfacilitatecapitalinvestment.TheWorldBankdiffersfromtheWorldBankGroup,inthattheWorldBankcomprisesonlytwoinstitutions:theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),whereasthelatterincorporatesthesetwoinadditiontothreemore:InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),MultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA),andInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes(ICSID).2024/7/21+Thank+You!
