初中英语语法结构图

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1、一名词一名词I. 名词的种类：名词的种类：专有名有名词普通名普通名词国名国名.地名地名.人名，人名，团体体.机构名机构名称称可数名可数名词不可数名不可数名词个体名个体名词集体名集体名词抽象名抽象名词物物质名名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例例词1一般情况在一般情况在词尾加尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名尾的名词后加后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches

2、, dish-dishes3以以-f或或-fe结尾的尾的词变-f和和-fe为v再加再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以以辅音字母加音字母加y结尾的名尾的名词，变y为i加加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加以元音字母加y结尾的尾的名名词，或，或专有名有

3、名词以以y结尾的，加尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以以辅音音字母加字母加-o结尾尾的名的名词一般加一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来不少外来词加加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加以元音字母

4、加-o结尾的尾的名名词加加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以以-th结尾的名尾的名词加加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例例词1改改变名名词中的元音字母或其中的元音字母或其他形式他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish

5、, species li, yuan, 3 只有复数形式只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, contents4 一些集体名一些集体名词总是用作复数是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名部分集体名词既可以作既可以作单数数（整体）也可以作复数（整体）也可以作复数（成（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, part

6、y6 复数形式表示特复数形式表示特别含含义customs(海关海关), forces(军队), times(时代代), spirits(情情绪), drinks(饮料料), sands(沙沙滩), papers(文件文件报纸), manners(礼貌礼貌), looks(外表外表), brains(头脑智力智力), greens(青菜青菜), ruins(废墟墟)7表示表示“某某国人国人”加加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japan

7、ese以以-man或或-woman结尾尾的改的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成合成名名词将主体名将主体名词变为复数复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名无主体名词时将最后一将最后一部分部分变为复数复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分将两部分变为复数复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构

8、成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名数名词在末尾加在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名复数名词一般在末尾加一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不不规则复数名复数名词后加后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以以s结尾的人名所有格加尾的人名所有格加s或者或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所

9、有关系表示各自的所有关系时,各名各名词末尾末尾均均须加加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系表示共有的所有关系时在最后一在最后一词末加末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店表示某人家店铺，所有格，所有格后名后名词省略省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法所有格的用法：表示表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday

10、 2表示自然表示自然现象象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地表示国家城市等地方的名方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人与人类活活动有特殊有特殊关系的名关系的名词the lifes time, th

11、e plays plot7某些固定某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：讲到此处用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一指一类

12、人或事，相当于人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示表示“每一每一”相当于相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示表示“相同相同”相当于相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不用于人名前，表示不认识此人或此人或与某名人有与某名人有类似性似性质的人或事的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you

13、 were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定用于固定词组中中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后之后This room is rather a big one.8用于用于so(as, too, how)+形容形容词之后之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠定冠词的用法：的用法：1表

14、示某一表示某一类人或物人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名用于世上独一无二的事物名词前前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或的人或事事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于用于乐器前面器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容用于形容词和分和分词前表示一前表示一类人人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示表示“一家人一家人”

15、或或“夫夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数用于序数词和形容和形容词副副词比比较级最高最高级前前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的的名名词前前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示用于表示发明物的明物的单数名数名词前前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数在逢十的复数数词之前，指世之前，指世纪的某个年代的某个年代in the

16、 1990s11用于表示用于表示单位的名位的名词前前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名用于方位名词，身体部位名，身体部位名词，及表示，及表示时间的的词组前前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠零冠词的用法：的用法：1专有名有名词，物，物质名名词，抽象名，抽象名词，人名地名等名人名地名等名词前前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名名词前有前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制等限制I want this book, not t

17、hat one. / Whose purse is this?3季季节，月份，星期，月份，星期，节假日，一假日，一日三餐前日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示表示职位，身份，位，身份，头衔的名的名词前前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，学科，语言，球言，球类，棋，棋类名名词前前He likes playing football/chess.6与与by连用表示交通工具的名用表示交通工具的名词前前by train, by air, by land7以以and连接的两个相接的两个相对的名的名词并用并用时

18、husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名表示泛指的复数名词前前Horses are useful animals.三代三代词：I. 代代词可以分可以分为以下七大以下七大类：1人称人称代代词主格主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主物主代代词形容形容词性性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名名词性性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, th

19、eirs3 反身代反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4 指示代指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑疑问代代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 关系代关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7 不定代不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ mu

20、ch, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑

21、问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和和every:

22、each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和和no：no等于等于not a

23、ny，作定语。，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, so

24、me other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trou

25、sers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us

26、are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容四形容词和副和副词（讲到此到此处）I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修修饰some, any, every, no和和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以以-able, -ible结尾的形容尾的形容词可置于有最高可置于有最高级或或only修修饰的名的名词之后之后the best bo

27、ok available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置等可以后置 the only person awake4 和空和空间、时间、单位位连用用时a bridge 50 meters long5 成成对的形容的形容词可以后置可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容形容词短短语一般后置一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容多个形容词修修饰同一个名同一个名词的的顺序：序：代代词数数词性状形容性状形容词冠冠词前的

28、前的形容形容词冠冠词指示代指示代词不定代不定代词代代词所所有格有格序序数数词基数基数词性性质状状态大小大小长短短形状形状新旧新旧温度温度颜色色国籍国籍产地地材材料料质地地名名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容复合形容词的构成：的构成：1形容形容词+名名词+edkind-hearted6名名词+形容形容词world-famous2 形容形容词+形容形容词dark-blue7名名

29、词+现在分在分词peace-loving3 形容形容词+现在分在分词ordinary-looking8名名词+过去分去分词snow-covered4 副副词+现在分在分词hard-working9数数词+名名词+edthree-egged5 副副词+过去分去分词newly-built10数数词+名名词twenty-yearII. 副副词副副词的分的分类：1时间副副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度度副副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地地点点副副词here, nearby, outsid

30、e, upwards, above6疑疑问副副词how, where, when, why3方方式式副副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接接副副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程程度度副副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关关系系副副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最

31、高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和和most。1.同级比较时常常用同级比较时常常用 asas以及以及not so(as)as2.如：如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用

32、表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。句型。如：如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our schoo

33、l is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示表示“最高程度最高程度“的形容词没有最高级的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介五介词I. 介介词分分类：1简单介介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2 合成介合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, witho

34、ut3 短短语介介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4 双重介双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分分词转化成的化成的介介词considering(就而就而论), including6 形容形容词转化成化成的介的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介常用介词区区别：1表示表示时间的的in, on, atat表示片刻的表示片刻的时间，in表示一

35、段的表示一段的时间，on总是与日子是与日子有关有关2表示表示时间的的since, fromsince 指从指从过去到去到现在的一段在的一段时间，和完成，和完成时连用，用，from指从指从时间的某一点开始的某一点开始3 表示表示时间的的in, afterin指在一段指在一段时间之后，之后，after表示某一具体表示某一具体时间点之后或点之后或用在用在过去去时的一段的一段时间中中4表示地理位置的表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范表示在某范围内，内，on指与什么毗指与什么毗邻，to指在某指在某环境范境范围之外之外5表示表示“在在上上”的的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，只表示在某

36、物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示占去某物一部分6表示表示“穿穿过”的的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通表示从内部通过，与，与in有关，有关，across表示在表面表示在表面上通上通过，与，与on有关有关7表示表示“关于关于”的的about, onabout指涉及到，指涉及到，on指指专门论述述8between与与among的区的区别between表示在两者之表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的用于三者或三者以上的中中间9besides与与except的的区区别besides指指“除了除了还有再加上有再加上”，except指指“除了，减去什除了，减去什么么

37、”，不放在句首，不放在句首10表示表示“用用”的的in, withwith表示具体的工具，表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，位，语言，声音言，声音11 as与与like的区的区别as意意为“作作为，以，以地位或身份地位或身份”，like为“象象一一样”，指，指情形相似情形相似12in与与into区区别in通常表示位置（静通常表示位置（静态），），into表示表示动向，不表示目的地向，不表示目的地或位置或位置六六动词I. 动词的的时态：1. 动词的的时态一共有一共有16种，以种，以ask为例，将其各种例，将其各种时态的构成形式的构成形式列表如下：列

38、表如下：现在在时过去去时将来将来时过去将来去将来时一般一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成完成进行行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/wou

39、ld have been asking2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。

40、如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。

41、一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来一般将来时的表达方式：的表达方式：将来将来时用法用法例句例句1will/shall+动词原原形形表示将来表示将来发生的生的动作或存在的状作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原形原形含有含有“打算，打算，计划，即

42、将划，即将”做某事，或做某事，或表示很有可能要表示很有可能要发生某事生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行行时表示将来表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等等词可用可用进行行时表示按表示按计划即将划即将发生的生的动作作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 动词原形原形表示安排或表示安排或计划中的划中的马上就要上就要发生的生的动作，后面一般不跟

43、作，后面一般不跟时间状状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5 be to + 动词原形原形表示按表示按计划划进行或征求行或征求对方意方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般一般现在在时表示表示将来将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般情，可用一般现在在时表示将来表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this ev

44、ening.II. 动词的被的被动语态：常用被常用被动语态构成构成常用被常用被动语态构成构成1 一般一般现在在时am/is/are asked6过去去进行行时was/were being asked2 一般一般过去去时was/were asked7现在完成在完成时have/has been asked3 一般将来一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成去完成时had been asked4 过去将来去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成将来完成时will/would have been asked5 现在在进行行时am/is/are being aske

45、d10含有情含有情态动词的的can/must/may be asked注注意意事事项被被动语态的否定式是在第一个助的否定式是在第一个助动词或情或情态动词后加后加not，短，短语动词的被的被动态不可漏掉其中介副不可漏掉其中介副词。固定。固定结构构begoing to, used to, have to, had better变为被被动态时，只需将其后的，只需将其后的动词变为被被动态。 如：如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to b

46、e sent here by the little girl.汉语有一有一类句子不出句子不出现主主语，在英，在英语中一般可用被中一般可用被动结构表示。如：构表示。如：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主下面主动形式常表示被形式常表示被动

47、意意义：如：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面下面词或短或短语没有被没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain,

48、 last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等等等七情七情态动词I. 情态动词基本用法：情情态动词用法用法否定式否定式疑疑问式与式与简答答can能力（体力，智力，技能）能力（体力，智力，技能）允允许或或许可（口可（口语中常用）中常用）可能性（表猜可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑，用于否定句或疑问句中）句中）can not / ca

49、nnot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（可以（问句中表示句中表示请求）求）可能，或可能，或许（表推（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必必须，应该（表主（表主观要求）要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont ha

50、ve to.have to只好，不得不（客只好，不得不（客观的必的必须，有，有时态人称人称变化）化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do. No,dont.ought to应当（表示当（表示义务责任，口任，口语中多用中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall将要，会将要，会用于一三人称征求用于一三人称征求对方意方意见用于二三人称表示用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、命令、警告、威威胁等等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall.

51、No,shant.should应当，当，应该（表（表义务责任）任）本本该（含有（含有责备意味）意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，决心意愿，决心请求，建求，建议，用在，用在问句中句中would比比较委婉委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will. No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要需要必必须（常用于否定句和疑（常用于否定句和疑问句中

52、）句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常（去常常（现在已不再）在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used. No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did. No,didnt.II. 情态动词情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：表示推测：以以must为例。为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doin

53、g 推测可能正在进行的事情；推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是是推测可能已经发生过的事情。推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和和might“也许也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。句和否定句。He may not be a

54、t home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和和could“可能可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及表示可疑的可能性，不及cant语语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No, he cant

55、 be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词注意点：情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否

56、定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do八非八非谓语动词I. 非非谓语动词的分的分类、意、意义及构成：及构成：非非谓语形形式式构成构成特征和作用特征和作用时态和和语态否定式否定式复合复合结构构不定式不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非在非谓语前加前加notfor

57、sb. to do sth.具有名具有名词，副，副词和形容和形容词的作的作用用在句中做主、在句中做主、宾、定、表和状、定、表和状语分分词现在在分分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副具有副词和形容和形容词的作用的作用在句中做定、表、在句中做定、表、宾补和状和状语过去去分分词done动名名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名具有名词的作用的作用在句中做主、在句中做主、宾、定和表、定和表语II. 做做宾语的非的非谓语动词比比较：情况情况常用常用动词只接不定式只接不定式做

58、做宾语的的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接只接动名名词做做宾语的的动词或短或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, fe

59、el like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两两者者都都可可以以意意义基本相基本相同同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer,

60、 continue（接不定式多指具体的（接不定式多指具体的动作，接作，接动名名词多指一般或多指一般或习惯行行为）need, want, require（接（接动名名词主主动形式表示被形式表示被动意意义，若接不定式，若接不定式则应用用被被动形式）形式）意意义相反相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事停止正在做的事意意义不同不同remember/forget/regret to do（指（指动作尚作尚未未发生）生）remember/forget/regret doing（指（指动作已作已经发生）生）go on to do（接着

61、做另外一件事）（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何去做，看有何结果）果）mean to do（打算做，企（打算做，企图做）做）mean doing （意（意识是，意味着）是，意味着）cant help to do（不能帮忙做）（不能帮忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）（忍不住要做）III.非非谓语动词做做宾语补足足语的区的区别：常常见动词与与宾语的的逻辑关系及关系及时间概念概念例句例句不定式不定式ask, beg, expect, get

62、, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主主谓关系。关系。强强调动作将作将发生或已生或已经完成完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主主谓关系。关系。强强调动作正作正在在进行，尚未完成行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分去分词动宾关系。关系。动作已作已经完完成，多成，多强强调状状

63、态We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非非谓语动词做定做定语的区的区别：区区别举例例不定式不定式与被修与被修饰词往往有往往有动宾关系，一般式关系，一般式表示将来，表示将来，进行式表示与行式表示与谓语动作同作同时发生，完成式表示在生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前之前发生生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动名名词通常指被修通常指被修饰词的用途，无的用途，无逻辑上的上的任何关系任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?现在分在分

64、词与被修与被修饰词之之间是主是主谓关系，表示关系，表示动作与作与谓语动作同作同时发生生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves过去分去分词与被修与被修饰词之之间是被是被动关系，表示关系，表示动作作发生在生在谓语动作之前，作之前，现已已经完成完成V. 非非谓语动词做主做主语和表和表语的区的区别：区区别举例例不定不定式式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主作，做主语时可以借可

65、以借助于助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有有时可和主可和主语交交换位置，而且意位置，而且意义不不变，并且，并且还能用能用what来提来提问主主语或或表表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主做主语时常用常用)动名名词与不定式的功能区与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示，表示的的动作比作比较抽象，或者泛指抽象，或者泛指习惯性的性的动作，有作，有时也可

66、以也可以用用it做形式主做形式主语，做表，做表语时可以和主可以和主语互互换位置。位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分分词无名无名词的性的性质，不能做主，不能做主语。但是有形容。但是有形容词的性的性质，可，可以做表以做表语，多表明主，多表明主语的特征性的特征性质或者状或者状态等，可被等，可被very, quite, rather等副等副词修修饰。现在分在分词多含有多含有“令人令人”之意，之意，说明主明主语的性的性质特征，特征，多表示主多表示主动，主，主语多多为物。物。过去分去分词一般表示被一般表示被动或主

67、或主语所所处的状的状态，含有，含有“感到感到”之意，主之意，主语多是人。多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常常见分分词有有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其及其-ed形式形式)九定语从句九定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行

68、词与定语从句中间先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系关系词先行先行词从句成从句成分分例句例句备注注关系关系副副词when时间时间状状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用可用on whichwhere地点地点地点状地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用可用in whichwhy原因原因原因状原因状语I cant imagine

69、the reason why he turned down my offer.可用可用for which关系关系词先行先行词从句成分从句成分例句例句备注注关系关系代代词who人人主主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和和that在在从句中做从句中做宾语时，常可以省常可以省略，但介略，但介词提前提前时后面关系后面关系代代词不能不能省略，也省略，也不可以用不可以用thatwhom人人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingwhose人，物人，物定定语

70、I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物人，物主主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物物主主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.as人，物人，物主主语，宾语He is such a person as is resp

71、ected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做做宾语一般一般不省略不省略II. that与与which, who, whom的用法区的用法区别：情况情况用法用法说明明例句例句只用只用that的的情况情况1.先行先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不等不定代定代词时。2.先行先行词被被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修等修饰时3.先行先行词有形容有形容词最高最高级和序数和序数

72、词修修饰时4.先行先行词既指人又指物既指人又指物时5.先行先行词被被the only, the very修修饰时6.句中已句中已经有有who或或which时，为了了避免重复避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the o

73、nly man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?情况情况用法用法说明明例句例句只用只用which, who, whom的的情况情况1.在非限制性定在非限制性定语从句中，只能从句中，只能用用which指代物，用指代物，用who/whom指人指人2.在由在由“介介词+关系代关系代词”引引导的的定定语从句中，只能用从句中，只能用which指物，指物，whom指人。指人。3.先行先行词本身是本身是that时，关系，关系词用用which, 先行先行词为those, one, he时多用多用who。He has a s

74、on, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as与与which的区的区别：定定语从句从句区区别例句例句限制限制性定性定语从从句中句中名名词前有前有such和和the same修修饰时，关系代，关系代词用用as,不能用不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such book

75、s as you cant understand. 非限非限制性制性定定语从句从句中中as和和which都可以指代前面整都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有个主句。如果有“正如，象正如，象”的的含含义，并可以放在主句前，也，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用可以放在后面，那么用as；而；而which引引导的从句只能放主句的从句只能放主句后，并无后，并无“正如正如”的意思。的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a fa

76、mous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定限制性定语从句与非限制性定从句与非限制性定语从句的区从句的区别：类别语法意法意义及特征及特征例句例句限制限制性定性定语从从句句对先行先行词起修起修饰限制作用，限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，完整明确，这种从句与主种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限非限制性制性定定语从句从句对先行先行词作附加的作附加的说明，明，与主句的关系不十分密切，与主句的关系不十分密

77、切，较松散。从句和主句之松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个用逗号分开，相当于一个插入插入语，不能用，不能用that引引导，关系代关系代词做做宾语时也不能也不能省略。省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十名十名词性从句性从句种种类作用作用常用关常用关联词例句例句主主语从句从句在复合句中做主在复合句中做主语，相当于名相当于名词，一般，一般置置谓语之前，也可之前，也可用用it作形式主作形式主语，主主语从句放主句之从句放主句之后后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, who

78、se, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表表语从句从句在复合句中做表在复合句中做表语，相当于名相当于名词，位于，位于系系动词之后之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从句从句在复合句中做在复合句中做宾语，相当于名相当于名词He asked me which team could win the gam

79、e.同位同位语从从句句放在名放在名词之后之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等等) 表明表明其具体内容其具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一、状十一、状语从句从句种种类连接接词注意点注意点时间状状语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, har

80、dlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意主句表示将来意义时，从句，从句须用一用一般般现在在时；while引引导的从句中的从句中动词一般是延一般是延续性的；性的；until用在肯定句用在肯定句中主句中主句动词是延是延续性的，而否定句性的，而否定句中主句中主句动词为短短暂性的。性的。地点状地点状语where, wherever原因状原因状语because, as, since, now thatbecause语气最气最强强，since较弱，表弱，表示大家都明了的原因

81、，示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。又次之。条件状条件状语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that从句中从句中动词时态不可用将来不可用将来时，常，常用一般用一般时代替代替种种类连接接词注意点注意点目的状目的状语so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和和in order that后常接后常接may, should, could, would等情等情态动词结果状果状语sothat, suchthat比比较状状语than, asas, not so/asas, the moreth

82、e more方式状方式状语as if, as though, asas if 和和as though引引导的从句一般用的从句一般用虚虚拟语气。气。让步状步状语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在在让步状步状语从句中常用倒装形式；从句中常用倒装形式；although和和though用正常用正

83、常语序，可序，可和和yet连用，但不可和用，但不可和but连用用种种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句完完全全倒倒装装here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副等副词开开头的句子表示的句子表示强强调Out rushed the children.表示地点的介表示地点的介词短短语作状作状语位于位于句首句首Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.强强调表表语，置于句首，或，置于句首，或为保持保持句子平衡句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.十二、倒装句

84、十二、倒装句种种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句部分部分倒装倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意等表示否定意义的副的副词放于句首放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修和修饰的状的状语放于句首放于句首Only then did he realized the importance of English.not onlybut also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also

85、he is expert at it.neithernor连接并列的句子，前后都倒装接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.sothat, suchthat中的中的so或或such及修及修饰的成分的成分放于句首放于句首时前倒后不倒前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引引导的的让步状步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。

86、或事。He can play the piano. So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!省略省略if的虚的虚拟条件条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三、虚十三、虚拟语气气类别用法用法例句例句If引引导的的条件从句条件从句与与现在事在事实相反相反从句从句动词：过去式（去式（be用用were）主句主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形原形If he were here, he would help us.与与过去事去事实相反相反从句从句

87、动词：had+过去分去分词主句主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分去分词If I had been free, I would have visited you.与将来事与将来事实相反相反从句从句动词：过去式去式 / should+动词原形原形 / were+不定式不定式主句主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它状其它状语从句从句as if引引导的状的状语从句中从句中动词用用过去式或去式或过去完成式去完成式They

88、 are talking as if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that引引导的状的状语从句中从句中动词用用can / could / may / might / would等等+动词原形原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.类别用法用法例句例句宾语从句从句demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wis

89、h后的从句中分后的从句中分别用用过去式，去式，过去完成式和去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与原形表示与现在，在，过去和将来情况相去和将来情况相反反I wish I could be a pop singer.主主语从句从句在在It is necessary / important / strange that, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that 等从句等从句中，中，谓语动词用用should+动词原形原形It is strange that such a person should be our frien

90、ds.其它句型其它句型中中It is time that句型中句型中动词用用过去式或去式或should+动词原形原形Its high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中所接的从句中动词用用过去式或者去式或者过去完成式去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中句型中动词常用常用过去式或者去式或者过去完成式，表示去完成式，表示强强烈烈的愿望的愿望If only our dream had come true!十四、重要句型十四、重要句型1.It was not until midnight that

91、 he finished his task.2.Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.3.The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.4.He walked around the house, gun in hand.5.May you be in good health!6.Wish you a pleasant journey back home!7.The professor was a humorous man with big n

92、ose and deep-set eyes.8.What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9.He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.10.Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.11.On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.12.Looking back upo

93、n those past years, he couldnt help feeling very proud.13.No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.14.Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.15.How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!16.There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the

94、room.17.Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.18.There goes the bell.19.Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.20.It is no use crying for help.21.If only I had been your student in the middle school!22.It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.23.Only when he exp

95、lained did I realize the reason for this.24.“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”25.Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.26.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.十五、动词搭配十五、动词搭配1. add to增加，增进 add to把加进ad

96、d up相加 add up to总计，所有这一切说明2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入 break into pieces成为碎片break out爆发break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散break through突破3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下4. c

97、all on号召，拜访（某人） call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集，请某人来call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行5. come about发生，出现come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是 come along一道来，赶快come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合

98、计，总共是come over走过来come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起come from来自，源自6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减 cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 cut through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴 7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因） die from死于（意外事故、情形） die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off

99、逐一死去8. fall behind落后 fall over ones feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退9. hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 hand down流传，遗传10. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话11. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查 go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反 go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去 go on(with)继续进行 go down

100、下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴 go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出12. get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话） get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假 get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床 get through打通电话，完成，通过 g

101、et round消息传开 get close to sth. 接近，几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know) get back取回，收回13. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体） give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放弃，让（座位）14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，镇压15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保

102、持， keep up with跟上 keep off (grass)不接近，离开 keep away from避开，不接近，离远远的 keep out of keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来 keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止16. knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作，休息17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘

103、记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期18. look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look onas看作 look into调查 look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心 look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾 look ab. up and down仔细打量某人look ab in the face/eyes直视某人19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 ma

104、ke up for弥补 make into / of / from 制成 make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单） make for走向，驶往，促使20. pass away去世 pass by经过 pass down(on)to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视21. pay back还钱，报复pay for付钱，为受到惩罚，因得到报应pay off还清22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health) pick out挑选，辨认，

105、看出 pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受put out伸出，扑灭put off推迟 put into放进，翻译put away放好，存钱put down记下，平息put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前put through 接通电话put aside放到一边 put back放回24. pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 p

106、ull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边 pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up（使）停住25. push over推倒，刮倒 push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去 push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选 run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完27. see off送行 see through看透，识破 see to照料，照管28. send for派人去请

107、 send off送行 send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射29. set up建立 set off出发，触发，引起 set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 set about开始着手(doing) set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟 30. take off脱掉，起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收，领会 take up从事，占用（时间空间） take down记录，取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out take ch

108、arge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以 为自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职 31. think of想起 think ofas把看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb. 对某人看法好32. turn off / on打开turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝 turn against变得敌视，反对 turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来 turn in上缴turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟Goodbye！Wish you happy every day！