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1、Grammar and usageUnreal conditionals虚拟语气中的非真实条件句虚拟语气中的非真实条件句虚拟语气可用于条件句和其它一些从句中。虚拟语气可用于条件句和其它一些从句中。虚拟语气用于条件句中比较多，情况也比虚拟语气用于条件句中比较多，情况也比较复杂，所以要特别加以注意。首先要判较复杂，所以要特别加以注意。首先要判断一下是否应该用虚拟语气，因为条件句断一下是否应该用虚拟语气，因为条件句分为两种，一种是分为两种，一种是真实条件句，真实条件句，一种是一种是非非真实条件句，真实条件句，只有在非真实条件句中才用只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气，在真实条件句中，要用陈述语虚拟语气
2、，在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气气。虚拟语气的介绍虚拟语气的介绍Observe the following sentences and tell whether they are real or unreal conditional clauses. If we go on polluting the world, it wont be fit for us to live in.If you are busy doing your homework, I wont interrupt you.If you have finished cleaning the classroom, you ca
3、n go home now.(Under these conditions, the things are sure to happen.)If there were a lot of good restaurants in the city, this would make it more attractive. (There arent many good restaurant now.)If a lot of people spoke English, it would be very helpful for tourists. (Not many people can speak En
4、glish now.)非真实条件句的时态表达非真实条件句的时态表达如果假设的情况完全不存在或者实现的可如果假设的情况完全不存在或者实现的可能性很小能性很小, ,可以说几乎没有时可以说几乎没有时, ,就需要用虚就需要用虚拟语气来表达拟语气来表达, ,也就是说也就是说, ,这时的条件句是这时的条件句是非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。条件句中的时态后退一步。虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气一、条件从句和主句中的虚拟语一、条件从句和主句中的虚拟语气气 时间时间从句从句 主句主句与与过去事实过去事实过去事实过去事实相反相反If +主语主语+
5、动词的动词的过去式过去式(be-were)与与现在事实现在事实现在事实现在事实相反相反If+主语主语+had +过过去分词去分词主语主语 +should/would/could/might+动词原形动词原形主语主语+should/would/could/might + have+过去分词过去分词与与将来事实将来事实将来事实将来事实相反相反If+主语主语+1.动词过去式动词过去式2.were to3.(should) + 动词动词原形原形主语主语 +should/would/could/might+动词原形动词原形注意：注意：在在if I /he/she/it 之后，可用之后，可用were代替代
6、替was。两者在意义上没有区别，但是两者在意义上没有区别，但是were更为正更为正式，特别是在陈述心存怀疑的事情时，如：式，特别是在陈述心存怀疑的事情时，如：If she were ready, we would go.在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，我们在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，我们可以用可以用were to或或should +do来表示来表示, ,如如: :If I were to fail my English test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I
7、 would talk to him about it.在非真实条件句中，如果有在非真实条件句中，如果有were，had，should，我们可以将，我们可以将if省略，把这些省略，把这些词置于句首，采用倒装形式，如词置于句首，采用倒装形式，如:If I should meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her. 虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装If I were in your position, I would do it better. = Were I in your position
8、, I would do it better.If they had made preparations, they would have succeeded.=Had they made preparations, they would have succeeded.有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行，而需要按照各完全按照上述表格来进行，而需要按照各自的时间来调整，这样的句子就叫错综时自的时
9、间来调整，这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。间条件句。错综时间条件句错综时间条件句e.g.If you had followed the doctors advice, then you would be all right now.If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow.If she had prepared well for her lessons yesterday, she wouldnt have so many difficulties now.有时一个假设的情况并不用条件
10、从句表示有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示, ,而用其它方式来表示而用其它方式来表示, ,这样的句子叫含蓄这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。条件句。1. 用用with，without, under , but for等介等介词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句。代替条件从句。二、二、 含蓄条件句含蓄条件句e.g. We might have died without your help. =We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stoppe
11、d it. = If we had known in time, we could stopped it.We could have done better under more favorable conditions (= if we had been given more favorable conditions). Without your help (= If you hadnt helped me), I couldnt have succeeded. But for the heavy traffic (= If the traffic had not been so heavy
12、), we would have arrived earlier. He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy (= if he had not been so busy). 在条件从句中除最常见的连词之外在条件从句中除最常见的连词之外,尚尚有下列连词有下列连词: otherwise; in case; but that; on condition that; unless; suppose/supposing (that); so long as; provided/providing (that)2. 用相当于用相当
13、于if 的其他连词表示虚拟结构的其他连词表示虚拟结构e.g. I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.But that you had offered help, they couldnt have finished their work on time.三、虚拟语气的常用句型三、虚拟语气的常用句型1、动词wish后的后的宾语从句中，从句中， had done /(could /would have done)wish did /were would / could / might do How I wish I
14、 was there with you. I wish I hadnt lost the chance. I wish he would / could / might go with us to the theatre. sb. + had done 2. If only sb. + did / were sb. + would / could do要是我能在一天里把英语学好就好了。要是我能在一天里把英语学好就好了。要是我听了他的建议就好了。要是我听了他的建议就好了。要是要是Simon能给我回信就好了能给我回信就好了 。 3、 would sooner would rather I woul
15、d sooner he left on the earlier train. Id rather you went tomorrow. Id rather you hadnt done that.（that ）主语）主语+ had done (过去过去)(that) 主语主语+ did / were ( 现在，将来现在，将来) She is walking slowly as if she were tired.She talked about the film as if he had seen it. 主语主语 + had done 4. as if /as though 主语主语 + d
16、id /were 主语主语+ would / could / might do 但但as if / as though 后的从句也常用陈述句与其，往往是可能后的从句也常用陈述句与其，往往是可能发生的或真实的。发生的或真实的。It looks as if we are going to win . 主语主语+ would have done (过去过去) 5. If it were not for ， 如果没有如果没有 if it had not been for 主语主语+ should / would do （现在）（现在） If it were not for the rain , the
17、 crops would die.If it had not been for your timely help , I would have failed. 6.在状在状语从句引从句引导词后后在由在由lest, for fear that, in case等引等引导的从的从句中句中，虚，虚拟语气的形式气的形式为“should +动词原形原形”。如：。如： I ran as fast as possible lest I should be too late. I was afraid to open the door lest he should follow me. He ran away
18、 for fear that he should be caught.在由在由in order that, so that或或that引引导的目的状的目的状语从从句中句中，虚，虚拟语气的形式气的形式为“may / might / could +动词原形原形”。如：。如： In order that everybody may understand it, write it in simple language. I gave him the book so that he might read it on the train.四、固定句式中的运用四、固定句式中的运用1.表示表示“建建议、命令、
19、要求、命令、要求、坚决做决做”等等动词（如（如demand, suggest, advise, propose, insist, order, request, desire, urge, deserve, recommend, intend等）等）后的后的宾语从句中从句中谓语常用常用“（should +）动词原形原形”。如：。如： I suggest you (should) have enough sleep. I recommend that everyone (should) attend the party. Our only request is that this (should
20、) be settled as soon as possible. He made the decision that nothing (should) hold him back. It + be + suggested / demanded + that 引引导的主语从句导的主语从句 suggestion, proposal 引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句 It is+ important / necessary + that 从句从句 Its high (about) time + sb. did sth. should do sth Should 不能省略不能省略如：如：I woul
21、d have given you more money, but I was poor then.I would have called you, but I forgot your telephone number.五五. 通过上下文来虚拟通过上下文来虚拟1._ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were notPractice2. He came late, otherw
22、ise he _ the first bus. A. caught B. would catch C. would have caught D. had caught3. Mary was going to the wedding if her friend _ her. A. hadnt called on B. didnt call at C. didnt call on D. hadnt called at4. -Lets stop watching the boring TV programme, Jack! -If you dont watch it, I _ , either. A
23、. dont B. wont C. am not D. stop5.-Shall I tell John about the bad news? -No, you _. I think that will make him sad. A. neednt B. wouldnt C. shouldnt D. mustnt6. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? You _ somebody. A. might hurt B. could have hurt C. would hurt D. must have hurt 7.-Mum, m
24、ay I got out and play? -No, you _ . A. wont B. dont C. arent able to D. cant8. From what I hear about their hotel and the weather, they _ their holiday very much. A. would have enjoyed B. shouldnt have enjoyed C. neednt have enjoyed D. cant have enjoyed 9.-Did you hear me come in last night? -No, I
25、_ asleep. A. cant be B. must be C. must have been D. couldnt have been10.-Ill pay you by cheque monthly. -Id rather you _ me cash weekly. A. pay B. will pay C. are to pay D. paid11. They didnt want to come with us at first. But then we _ persuade them. A. had managed to B. were able to C. did try to
26、 D. would have to12. The doctor said, “Sir, you _ be sitting in this waiting room. Its for the children only.” A. oughtnt to B. cant C. mustnt D. wont13. -Did Wei Hua have breakfast before going to school yesterday? -No, but I think he _ have. A. will B. may C. should D. must14. I would have informed her if possible, but I _ so busy. A. were B. had been C. was D. would be15.-No one was prepared for Mr. Hills questions. -I guess we _ the lesson last night. A.I would read B. ought to read C. should have read D. had read
