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1、 Specialized English Specialized English 1详细课资 Paragraph 11.Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the workpiece.钻是利用绕轴旋转的钻头在工件上生成通孔或盲孔的加工工艺。2.Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal t
2、o the radius of required hole.因此，旋转轴的切削范围就等于所钻孔的半径。3.In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed.实际上是利用绕同一轴的旋转的两个对称切削刃(棱边)来进行加工的。2详细课资 Paragraph 21.Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines. The latter differ i
3、n size and construction.钻削加工有手钻和钻床两种方式。钻床的大小和结构各不相同。2.Nevertheless, the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to drilling on a lathe.然而，钻床加工中钻头总是绕轴旋转而工件保持固定。这与车床上的钻加工相反。3详细课资 Paragraph 31.In drilling operations, a cylindrical rotary-end cuttin
4、g tool, called a drill, is employed.在钻加工中，采用了一种圆柱形的、端面旋转的刀具，称为钻头。2.The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes, which can be straight or helical.钻头可能有一个或多个切削刃(棱边)以及直立的或螺旋状的排屑槽。4详细课资 Paragraph 33.The function of the flutes is to provide outlet passages for the chips g
5、enerated during the drilling operations and also to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined. Following is a survey of the common used drills.排屑槽的作用就是为钻加工过程中产生的碎片提供出口通道，同时允许润滑剂和冷却剂流到切削刃和被加工的工件表面上。下面是平常所使用钻头的概况。5详细课资 Paragraph 41.1.Twist Twist drilldrill
6、. . The The twist twist drill drill is is the the most most common common type of drill.type of drill.螺旋钻螺旋钻( (麻花钻麻花钻). ).麻花钻是最常用的钻头。麻花钻是最常用的钻头。2.It 2.It has has two two cutting cutting edges edges and and two two helical helical flutes flutes that continue over the length of the drill body.that con
7、tinue over the length of the drill body.麻麻花花钻钻具具有有两两个个切切削削刃刃( (棱棱边边) )以以及及两两道道沿沿钻钻体体的的螺螺旋旋槽。槽。3.The 3.The drill drill also also consists consists of of a a neck neck and and a a shank shank that that can be either straight or tapered.can be either straight or tapered.钻头也包括一个钻颈和一个可为直柄或锥柄的柄部。钻头也包括一个钻颈
8、和一个可为直柄或锥柄的柄部。6详细课资 Paragraph 44.In the latter case, the shank is fitted by the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang, which goes into a slot in the spindle socket, thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation.对于后者，柄部可通过楔紧作用将其固定在主轴的锥形孔中，柄部还有一个柄脚，柄脚插入到主轴锥形孔的插槽中，
9、这样就可以可靠的方式传递扭矩。7详细课资 Paragraph 45.On the other hand, straight-shank drills are held in a drill chunk that is, in turn, fitted into the spindle socket in the same way as tapered shank drills.另一方面，直柄钻被固定到钻夹中，同理，钻夹以与锥柄钻相同的方式固定到主轴孔中。8详细课资 Paragraph 51.Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel, a
10、lthough carbide-tipped drills are also available. The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in. (i.e., 0.25 up to 80 mm).尽管在加工中有硬质合金的钻头，但麻花钻通常由高速钢作成。在工业生产实践中，麻花钻的尺寸大小通常在0.01至3.25英寸的范围内。(即是0.25到80毫米)。9详细课资 Paragraph 61.Core drills. A core drill consists of the chamfer, bo
11、dy, neck, and shank.扩孔钻：扩孔钻由倒角槽、钻体、钻颈和钻柄组成。2.This type of drill may have either three or four flutes and equal number of margins, which ensure superior guidance, thus resulting in high machining accuracy.这种类型的钻具有三个或四个出屑槽以及相同数量的刃带，这些可确保准确的导向，从而获得较高的机加工精度。10详细课资 Paragraph 73.A core drill has flat end.
12、 The chamfer can have three or four cutting edges or lips, and the lip angle may between 90。 and 120。扩孔钻有一个扁形的柄脚。倒角槽有三四个切削刃或刀刃，刀刃角从90度到120度大小不等。4.Core drills are employed for enlarging previously made holes and not for originating holes.扩孔钻是用来扩孔而不是用来钻孔的。11详细课资 Paragraph 75.This type of drill is char
13、acterized by greater productivity, high machining accuracy, and superior quality of the drilled surfaces.这种类型的钻具有高效率、高机加精度和好的表面质量。12详细课资 Paragraph 81.1.Gun Gun drillsdrills. . Gun Gun drills drills are are used used for for drilling drilling leap leap holes. holes. All All gun gun drills drills are
14、are straight-flutes, straight-flutes, and and each each has has a a single single cutting cutting edge.edge.深深孔孔钻钻：深深孔孔钻钻是是用用来来钻钻削削深深孔孔。所有的深孔钻都是直槽并有一个单刃。所有的深孔钻都是直槽并有一个单刃。2.A 2.A hole hole in in the the body body acts acts as as a a conduit conduit to to transmit transmit coolantcoolant under under c
15、onsiderable considerable pressure pressure to to the the tip tip of of the the drill.drill.深深孔孔钻钻体体的的孔孔的的作作用用相相当当于于一一个个导导管管，在在钻钻顶顶部部的的压力下把压力下把冷却液冷却液输送到底部。输送到底部。13详细课资 Paragraph 91.There 1.There are are two two kinds kinds of of gun gun drills, drills, namely, namely, the the center-cut center-cut gu
16、n gun drill drill used used for for drilling drilling blind blind holes holes and and the the trepanning drilltrepanning drill. .深深孔孔钻钻分分为为两两种种，即即用用于于钻钻削削盲盲孔孔的的中中心心钻钻和和套套孔孔钻钻。2.The 2.The latter latter has has a a cylindrical cylindrical groovegroove at at its its center, center, thus thus generating
17、 generating a a solid solid core, core, which which guides guides the the tool tool as as it it proceeds during the drilling operation.proceeds during the drilling operation.套套孔孔钻钻的的中中心心有有一一个个圆圆柱柱孔孔，钻钻孔孔时时可可在在工工件件上上形形成成一一个个芯芯子子，当当钻钻头头连连续续进进给给进进行行钻钻孔孔时时，芯芯子子对对钻钻头头起导向作用。起导向作用。14详细课资 Paragraph 101.Spad
18、e drills. Spade drills are used for drilling large holes of 3.5 in.(90mm) or more.扁钻：扁钻用于钻削3.5英寸或更大的孔。2.Their design results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight, which facilitates its handling. Moreover, this type of drill is easy to be grind.它们的设计明显降
19、低了钻头的生产成本、切实的减轻了重量，以便于钻头的操纵。而且，这种类型钻头易于磨削。15详细课资Other Types of Drilling Operations 钻孔的其它类型In addition to conventional drilling, there are other operations that are involved in the production of holes in the industrial practice. Following is a brief description of each of these operations.除了常规钻孔以外，有其
20、他加工工序涉及到工业实践中的孔加工。以下是这些工序的简短描述。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/211616详细课资Boring Boring involves enlarging a hole that has already been drilled. It is similar to internal turning and can, therefore, be performed on a lathe. There are also some specialized machine tools for carrying out boring operations. Those incl
21、ude the vertical boring machine, the jig boring machine, and the horizontal boring machine.镗孔 镗孔涉及到对已经被钻出的孔的扩大。类似于车内圆，因此能在车床上进行。也有一些进行镗孔加工的专用机床。包括立式镗床、坐标镗床和卧式镗床。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/211717详细课资Counterboring As a result of counterboring, only one end of a drilled hole is enlarged. This is illustrated in F
22、igure 1 (a). This enlarged hole provides a space in which to set a bolt head or a nut so it would be entirely below the surface of the part.锪沉孔 锪沉孔时钻好的孔只有一端被扩大。如插图1(a)中所示。孔被扩大的部分提供了安装螺栓头或螺母的空间，因此它应该整个低于零件表面。(a) Counterboring (b) Spot facing (c) CountersinkingFigure 1 Operations related to drilling.5
23、机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/211818详细课资Spot Facing Spot facing operation is performed to finish off a small surface area around the opening of a hole. As can be seen in Figure 1 (b), this process involves removing a minimal depth of cut and is usually performed on castings or forgings.锪端面 锪端面用于在孔的开口周围加工出一个小平面区域
24、。如图1(b)所示，其工艺包含去除一个最小的切削深度，常用于铸件和锻件。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/211919详细课资Countersinking As shown in Figure 1 (c), countersinking is done to enable accommodating the conical seat of a flathead screw so that the screw does not appear above the surface of the part.锪锥孔 如图1(c)所示，锪出的锥孔能容纳平头螺钉的锥形安装位置，以使螺钉不会露出零件表面。Re
25、aming Reaming is actually a sizing process, by which an already drilled hole is slightly enlarged to the desired size. As a result of a reaming operation, a hole has a very smooth surface. The cutting tool used in this operation is known as the reamer.铰孔 铰孔实际上是一个矫正工艺，通过它可以将已钻好的孔轻微扩大到需要的尺寸。铰孔加工可以得到具有
26、非常光滑表面的孔。用于铰孔的刀具被称为铰刀。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212020详细课资Classification of Drilling Machines钻床的分类Drilling operations can be carried out by employing either portable small machines or appropriate machine tools. The latter differ in shape and size, although they have common features. For instance, they all in
27、volve one or more twist drills, each rotating around its own axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed.钻削加工可以用便携式的小机器或适当的机床来进行。尽管它们有相同的特征，后者在形状和尺寸上有不同。例如，它们都包含一个或更多的麻花钻，当工件被牢固地夹紧时绕着自身的轴线旋转。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212121详细课资This is contrary to the drilling operation on a lathe, where the workpiece is he
28、ld in and rotates with the chuck.6 Following is a survey of the commonly used types of drilling machines.6. drilling operation 意为“钻孔工序，钻孔操作”。全句可译为：这与在车床上进行的钻孔操作正好相反，在车床上，工件被夹紧在夹具内并随其转动。以下是常用类型钻床的情况。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212222详细课资Bench-type Drilling Machines Bench-type drilling machines are general-purpo
29、se, small machine tools that are usually placed on benches. This type of drilling machine includes an electric motor as the source of motion, which is transmitted via pulleys and belts to the spindle, where the tool is mounted.台式钻床 台式钻床是通用的小型机床，通常放置在工作台上。这种钻床用电机作为动力源，通过皮带轮和带将动力传输到装有刀具的主轴上。The feed i
30、s manually generated by lowering a lever handle, which is designed to lower (or raise) the spindle.77. lever handle 意为“杠杆手柄”。全句可译为：进给是通过用手向下搬动手柄而实现的，这个手柄是被设计用来使主轴向下（或向上）运动的。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212323详细课资The workpiece is mounted on the machine table, although a special vise is sometimes used to hold the
31、 workpiece. The maximum height of a workpiece to be machined is limited by the maximum gap between the spindle and the machine table.工件安装在机床工作台上，有时也用一个专用台钳来夹持工件。被加工工件的最大高度受到主轴和工作台之间最大间隙的限制。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212424详细课资Upright Drilling Machines Depending upon the size, upright drilling machine tools ca
32、n be used for light, medium, and even relatively heavy jobs. It is basically similar to bench-type machines, the main difference being a longer cylindrical column fixed to the base.88. cylindrical column fixed to the base 意为“固定在底座上的圆形立柱”。全句可译为：立式钻床 根据尺寸，立式钻床能用于加工轻的、中等的甚至是相对重型的工件。它与台式钻床基本类似，主要的区别之处在于
33、一根较长的固定在底座上的圆形立柱。25机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/2125详细课资Along that column is an additional, sliding table for fixing the workpiece which can be locked in position at any desired height. The power required for this type is more than that for the bench-type drilling machines, since this type is employed in perfor
34、ming medium-duty jobs.沿着立柱是一个附加的安装工件的滑动工作台，它能在任何需要的高度锁定位置。这种钻床所需的功率比台式钻床要大，因为它用于做中等负荷的工作。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212626详细课资There are also large drilling machines of the upright type. In this case, the machine has a box column and a higher power to deal with large jobs. Moreover, gear boxes are employed to
35、provide different rotational spindle speeds as well as the axial feed motion, which can be preset at any desired rate.也有大的立式钻床。这种情况下，机床有一个箱型立柱和更大的功率去加工大型工件。而且，用了变速箱来提供不同的主轴转速和预设好的任何速率的轴向进给运动。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212727详细课资Multispindle Drilling Machines Multispindle drilling machines have sturdy construc
36、tion and require high power; each is capable of drilling many holes simultaneously saimlteinisli . The positions of the different tools (spindles) can be adjusted as desired. Also, the whole head (which carries the spindles and the tools) can sometimes be tilted, as required.多轴钻床 多轴钻床有坚固的构造和需要的大功率；两
37、者都使其能同时加工多个孔。不同刀具（主轴）的位置都能按需要调整。而且整个床头箱（携带着主轴和刀具）有时可按需要倾斜。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212828详细课资This type of drilling machine is used mainly for mass production in jobs having many holes, such as cylinder blocks. 这种钻床主要用于有多个孔的工件的大量生产，如气缸缸体。Radial Drill A radial drill is particularly suitable for drilling holes
38、 in large and heavy workpieces that are inconvenient to mount on the table of an upright drilling machine. A radial drilling machine has a main column, which is fixed to the base.摇臂钻 摇臂钻特别适于在大型和重型工件上钻孔，这些工件不便于安装在立式钻床的工作台上。摇臂钻有一根固定在基础上的杆柱。机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/212929详细课资The cantilever guide arm, which car
39、ries the drilling head, can be raised or lowered along the column and clamped at any desired position.99. cantilever guide arm 意为“摇臂”。全句可译为：装有钻床主轴箱的摇臂可以沿着立柱上下移动，并且可以固定在任何合适的位置上。The drilling head slides along the arm and provides rotary motion and axial feed motion. Again, the cantilever guide arm ca
40、n be swung, thus enabling the tool to be moved in all directions according to a cylindrical coordinate system.钻头主轴箱沿摇臂滑动，提供回转运动和轴向进给运动。摇臂能够摆动，因此使刀具能移到柱面坐标系的任何位置。30机械工程专业英语教程2024/7/2130详细课资 翻译的基本方法之二翻译的基本方法之二-词义的引伸词义的引伸Skills of Translation-Acceptation Development31详细课资当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯
41、或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出,这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。 引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意,引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意 。二二 、词义的引伸、词义的引伸32详细课资 在专业性文章中，某些常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。 The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。independent 独立的引伸为专业词义分动的1. 使基本词义专业化
42、：使基本词义专业化：33详细课资- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。（boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）34详细课资 当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应采用解释性语言使其明确化。- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.在许多用途方面，青铜
43、要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）2. 使基本词义明确化使基本词义明确化 ：35详细课资- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward. 因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。 (these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”)36详细课资 英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括
44、。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.电变为动力的典型例子是电车。- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.河流提供丰富的水力资源。- The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。3. 使基本词义具体化：使基本词义具体化：3
45、7详细课资- It has long been thought of making good use of the suns energy to serve the human being.人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。- Good switches move quickly.优质开关通断灵活。- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。-
46、That engine sounds good.那台发动机听起来很正常。3. 使基本词义具体化：使基本词义具体化：38详细课资- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。-
47、The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。 3. 使基本词义具体化：使基本词义具体化：39详细课资 英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。- An electric power station is a factory in which e
48、nergy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。-The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape.这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.每个人的生活中都有苦有甜。4. 使基本词意抽象化：使基本词意抽象化：40详细课资- Very often a machine is made in different pi
49、eces. 机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。（块、片、个）- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design. 显然，设计还大有改进的余地。（空间，余地）5. 名词的引伸名词的引伸41详细课资6. 动词的引伸动词的引伸- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop. 电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）- The workpiece is chucked quickly, be
50、cause the three jaws move in together. （向内运动）因为三爪同时收拢，工件迅速卡紧。42详细课资- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （最强的、最大功率的）甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.这里，引人注目的一点是
51、，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（ 大的）7. 形容词的引伸形容词的引伸43详细课资- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.导线越粗，导电就越容易。8. 副词的引伸副词的引伸- This current which flows fir
52、st in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。9. 词组的引伸词组的引伸44详细课资-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys.我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。 (丘陵和溪谷) - The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的中央臂上。（一个在另一个之上）- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）45详细课资谢谢大家！谢谢大家！46详细课资
