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1、数字信号处理基础安 冬数字信号处理原理第一章 数字信号处理概述数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-1 Applications of DSP.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.Touch-Tone telephonesEdge detection in imagesDigital signal and image filt
2、eringSeismic analysisText recognitionSpeech recognitionMagnetic resonance image (MRI) scansMusic synthesisBar code readersSonar processingSatellite image analysisDigital mappingCellular telephonesDigital camerasDetection of narcotics and explosivesSpeech synthesisEcho cancellationCochlear implantsAn
3、tilock brakesSignal and image compressionNoise reductionCompandingHigh definition television (HDTV)Digital audioEncryptionMotor controlRemote medical monitoringSmart appliancesHome securityHigh speed modems数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal Proce
4、ssingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字
5、信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright
6、 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.Courtesy Michael
7、Noonan, Ph.D. Canisus College数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-2 Examples of signals.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-3 Black and white image. Snap-.Joyce Van de VegteFundamenta
8、ls of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-4 Four frames from high-speed video sequence. “ Vision Research, Inc., Wayne, NJ., USA.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright
9、 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-4 Four frames from high-speed video sequence. “ Vision Research, Inc., Wayne, NJ., USA.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Sa
10、ddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-4 Four frames from high-speed video sequence. “ Vision Research, Inc., Wayne, NJ., USA.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights r
11、eserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-4 Four frames from high-speed video sequence. “ Vision Research, Inc., Wayne, NJ., USA.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-11 A/D
12、and D/A conversion.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理 数字信号处理的理论部分数字信号处理的理论部分： 指人们为了得到满足需要的信号形式而对数字化的信号进指人们为了得到满足需要的信号形式而对数字化的信号进行处理的行处理的数学原理、方法和手段数学原理、方法和手段。信号处理的内容包括：变。信
13、号处理的内容包括：变换、滤波、检测、谱分析、估计、压缩、识别等。换、滤波、检测、谱分析、估计、压缩、识别等。 数字信号处理以数字信号处理以19651965年年 Cooley-TurkeyCooley-Turkey在在计算数学计算数学上上发表的发表的“用机器计算复序列傅里叶级数的一种算法用机器计算复序列傅里叶级数的一种算法”“FFT”FFT”为标志开始形成并发展的。在为标志开始形成并发展的。在4040年的时间里，数字信年的时间里，数字信号处理的理论和技术日趋成熟与完善，用数字方法来处理信号处理的理论和技术日趋成熟与完善，用数字方法来处理信号，已逐渐取代模拟信号处理。数字信号处理已广泛应用于号，已
14、逐渐取代模拟信号处理。数字信号处理已广泛应用于各工程技术领域，包括语音、图像、通讯、控制、航天、医各工程技术领域，包括语音、图像、通讯、控制、航天、医疗、生医、地质勘探、建筑等。疗、生医、地质勘探、建筑等。数字信号处理原理 数字信号处理器数字信号处理器（Digital Signal Processor, Digital Signal Processor, DSPsDSPs） 是指一类具有专门为完成数字是指一类具有专门为完成数字信号处理任务而优化设计的系统体信号处理任务而优化设计的系统体系结构、硬件和软件资源的系结构、硬件和软件资源的单片可单片可编程处理器件编程处理器件。数字信号处理器是。数字信
15、号处理器是实现数字信号处理任务的一个重要实现数字信号处理任务的一个重要而有效的手段。而有效的手段。特别是随着通信和信息技术的飞速发展，数字信号处理器件得到了特别是随着通信和信息技术的飞速发展，数字信号处理器件得到了空前的发展和应用。现在，掌握和熟练应用数字信号处理器件已经空前的发展和应用。现在，掌握和熟练应用数字信号处理器件已经成为相关行业高级技术人才的一项重要技能。成为相关行业高级技术人才的一项重要技能。数字信号处理原理 世界上第一颗世界上第一颗DSPDSP芯片诞生于芯片诞生于19781978年年, AMI, AMI公司发布的公司发布的 S2811 S2811。目前，世界上主要的半导体厂商基
16、本都有基于目前，世界上主要的半导体厂商基本都有基于DSPDSP的产品发布，包的产品发布，包括括TITI公司、公司、ADAD公司、公司、MotorolaMotorola公司、公司、LucentLucent等。等。 DSP市场是半导体市场增长最快的亮点，凭借其无与伦比的市场是半导体市场增长最快的亮点，凭借其无与伦比的信息处理能力，数字处理器以比最快的信息处理能力，数字处理器以比最快的PC微处理器还快微处理器还快10-50倍倍的处理速度无可厚非地代替着的处理速度无可厚非地代替着MPU的位置，成为数字化电子世界的位置，成为数字化电子世界中越来越处于主导地位的电脑芯片。中越来越处于主导地位的电脑芯片。
17、数字信号处理原理 DSP是是围围绕绕着着数数字字信信号号处处理理的的理理论论、实实现现和和应应用用等等几几个个方方面面发发展展起起来来的的。数数字字信信号号处处理理在在理理论论上上的的发发展展推推动动了了数数字字信信号号处处理理应应用用的的发发展展。反反过过来来，数数字字信信号号处处理理的的应应用用又又促促进进了了数数字字信信号号处处理理理理论论的的提提高高。而而数数字字信信号号处处理理的的实实现现则则是是理理论论和和应应用用之之间的桥梁。间的桥梁。1）理论：）理论：1、数字信号处理数字信号处理的基本内容的基本内容信号理论信号分析：用解析的方法表示信号，信号与系统信号传输：用最经济有效的方法来
18、传输最大的信息量，通 信原理信号处理：基本任务信息的采集与获取：模 数信息的重排：抽取、内插信息的压缩：图像编码压缩滤波、变换、压缩、估计、重排等数字信号处理原理2 2）实现方法）实现方法(1)在在通通用用的的计计算算机机上上用用软软件件(如如Fortran、C语语言言、Matlab语语言言)实实现现；速度较慢，一般可用于速度较慢，一般可用于DSP算法的模拟算法的模拟(2) 在在通通用用计计算算机机系系统统中中加加上上专专用用的的加加速速处处理理机机实实现现；专专用用性性强强，应应用受到很大的限制用受到很大的限制(3) 用用通通用用的的单单片片机机（如如MCS-51、96系系列列等等）实实现现
19、，这这种种方方法法可可用用于于一一些些不不太太复复杂杂的的数数字字信信号号处处理理，如如数数字字控控制制等等；只只适适用用于于实实现现简简单单的的DSP算法算法(4) 用用通通用用的的可可编编程程DSP芯芯片片实实现现。与与单单片片机机相相比比，DSP芯芯片片具具有有更更加加适适合合于于数数字字信信号号处处理理的的软软件件和和硬硬件件资资源源，可可用用于于复复杂杂的的数数字字信信号号处理算法；处理算法；(5) 用用专专用用的的DSP芯芯片片实实现现。在在一一些些特特殊殊的的场场合合，要要求求的的信信号号处处理理速速度度极极高高，通通用用DSP芯芯片片很很难难实实现现，如如专专用用于于FFT、数
20、数字字滤滤波波、卷卷积积相相关关等等算算法法的的DSP芯芯片片，这这种种芯芯片片将将相相应应的的信信号号处处理理算算法法在在芯芯片片内内部用硬件实现，无需进行编程。部用硬件实现，无需进行编程。专用性强，应用受到很大的限制专用性强，应用受到很大的限制数字信号处理原理 只有第只有第4种方法才使数字信号处理的应用打开了新的局面。种方法才使数字信号处理的应用打开了新的局面。 虽然数字信号处理的理论发展迅速，但在虽然数字信号处理的理论发展迅速，但在2020世纪世纪8080年代以前，年代以前，由于实现方法的限制，数字信号处理的理论还得不到广泛的应用。由于实现方法的限制，数字信号处理的理论还得不到广泛的应用
21、。直到直到2020世纪世纪7070年代末年代末8080年代初世界上第一片单片可编程年代初世界上第一片单片可编程DSPDSP芯片的芯片的诞生，才将理论研究结果广泛应用到低成本的实际系统中，并且诞生，才将理论研究结果广泛应用到低成本的实际系统中，并且推动了新的理论和应用领域的发展。可以毫不夸张地说，推动了新的理论和应用领域的发展。可以毫不夸张地说，DSPDSP芯片芯片的诞生及发展对近几十年来通信、计算机、控制等领域的技术发的诞生及发展对近几十年来通信、计算机、控制等领域的技术发展起到十分重要的作用。展起到十分重要的作用。 数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-5 Analog voltage sign
22、al.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-6 Sample-and-hold signal. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, In
23、c.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-7 Quantization and digitization.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-8 Digital signal.Joy
24、ce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-9 Zero order hold signal.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper
25、 Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-10 Recovered analog signal after smoothing. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-13 Signals and
26、spectra.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-13 Signals and spectra.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education,
27、Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-14 A single piano note (middle C) and its time trace. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGUR
28、E 1-15 Spectrum of middle C (200-500 Hz).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-16 A piano chord (CEG) and its time trace.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Si
29、gnal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-17 Spectrum of CEG chord (200-500 Hz).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07
30、458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-18 Examples of spectra.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-18 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal Pr
31、ocessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-18 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理F
32、IGURE 1-18 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-18 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Educatio
33、n, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-18 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-19 Bass, tenor, alto, and soprano
34、singing ranges. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-20 Low pass filter to extract bass voices.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright
35、2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-21 High pass filter to extract soprano voices.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights res
36、erved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-22 Band pass filter to extract alto voices.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-23 Spectrum for CEG chord (250-2500 Hz).Joyce Van de VegteFun
37、damentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-24 Low pass filtering a piano chordJoyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle
38、River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 1-24 Continued.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理第二章 模数转换和数模转换数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-1 Typical digital signal processi
39、ng system.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理 SAMPLINGThe sampling interval, or sampling period is the time in seconds between sampling points. The sampling frequency, or
40、sampling rate, is the number of samples per second, measured in HertzRelation: 数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-2 Analog signal.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-3 Sample-and-ho
41、ld signal (shown with analog signal). Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-4 Digital signal (shown with sample-and-hold signal).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Di
42、gital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-5 Undersampled analog signals. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 0
43、7458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理Nyquist Sampling theoremA signal with maximum frequency of W Hz must be sampled at least 2W times per seconds to make it possible to reconstruct the original signal being sampled.This minimum sampling frequency is called the Nyquist sampling rate.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-6 Al
44、iasing in the time domain with 40 kHz sampling (adapted from Pohlmann, 1994).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-7 Antialiasing Filter.Joyce Van de VegteFundamenta
45、ls of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-7 Antialiasing Filter.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07
46、458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-7 Antialiasing Filter.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理Quantization stepN is the number of bitsR is the full scale analog rangeTh
47、e quantization step size is sometimes referred to as the resolution of the quantizer.Quantization error=Quantization value-Actual value数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-15 Quantization of unipolar data (maximum error = full step).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Ed
48、ucation, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-16 Quantization of unipolar data (maximum error = half step).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserv
49、ed.数字信号处理原理Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-18 Quantization of bipolar data (maximum error = half step).Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal Process
50、ingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-19 Analog-to-digital conversion.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights rese
51、rved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-20 A/D.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-21 Three-bit A/D conversion. Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright
52、2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-22 Serial digital bitstream.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGU
53、RE 2-23 Digital-to-analog conversion.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-24 D/A.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal Proces
54、singCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-25 Three-Bit D/A conversion.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserve
55、d.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-26 Comparing signals in the A/D/D/A chain.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-26 Comparing signals in the A/D/D/A chain.Joyce Van de VegteFundam
56、entals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-26 Comparing signals in the A/D/D/A chain.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理FIGURE 2-26 Comparing signals in the A/D/D/A chain.Joyce Van de VegteFundamentals of Digital Signal ProcessingCopyright 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.数字信号处理原理
