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1、休閒運動行為堅持性勉而行之勉而行之 利而行之利而行之安而行之安而行之1休閒運動行為堅持性n50%的人會在運動過程中退出（dropout）nExercise adherence V.S dropout2休閒運動行為堅持性n運動堅持性(exercise of adherence)n為達到某個目標，堅持或忠於某項行為標準的歷程。就研究目的而言，運動的堅持性常被定義為出席率與運動持續時間，是一種長期行為改變與持續的歷程。n依從性（compliance）n對於治療短期性或立即性的運動處方的實踐與服從。n退出（dropout）n曾經積極參與運動，之後又因某些因素而停止繼續參與運動而言。3休閒運動行為堅持性
2、n退出的原因n1.缺乏時間n2.失去興趣n3.家庭因素n4.交通因素n5.便利性4休閒運動行為堅持性n影響運動堅持的原因n個人的因素：收入、教育和職業三項社經指標與運動有密切關係。 n心理因素：人格特質、態度、健康信念與知識。n社會因素：配偶及家庭的社會支持、同儕團體、工作要求。5休閒運動行為堅持性n影響運動堅持性的因素n1.便利性（時間與地點）n2.運動設施（舒適與安全）n3.社會支持（指導者、課程、運動伙伴、家庭 支持）n4.團體性（18.2%退出）與個別性（52.6%退出）n5.運動方案的指導者n6.運動處方的適切性n7.運動樂趣n8.運動方案的選擇（選擇與控制）n9.認知失調（cogn
3、itive dissociation）6休閒運動行為堅持性n促進運動堅持的建議n運動承諾(commitment)n指個體繼續持續參與涉入在活動中，也可以說是為達成活動目標，所付出的努力程度和持續的時間、更可以說是為達成活動目標的決心。7Reciprocal determinismBehaviorfrequencyintensitytimeEnvironmentculturalworksitefacilitieshome equipmentPersoncognitionsemotionsphysiology8nAttention：突出性，情感吸引力，複雜性，流行性，功能價值，認知能力，喚起水準，
4、獲取性偏好nRetention：符號化或編碼能力，解碼能力nProduction：練習，內外在回饋品質，身體能力，差異的對照nMotivation：自我評價，感受，社會比較偏差，內在標準9Exercise Processes of ChangeProcessesExamplesCognitiveProcessesConsciousnessraisingIrecallinformationpeoplehavepersonallygivenmeonthebenefitsofexercise.DramaticreliefWarningsabouthealthhazardsofinactivitymo
5、vemeemotionally.EnvironmentalreevaluationIfeelwouldbeabetterrolemodelforothersifIexercisedregularly.Self-reevaluationIamconsideringtheideathatregularexercisewouldmakemeahealthier,happierpersontobearound.SocialliberationIfindsocietychanginginwaysthatmakeiteasierfortheexerciser.BehavioralProcessCounte
6、rconditioningInsteadofremaininginaction,Iengageinsomephysicalactivity.HelpingrelationshipsIhavesomeoneonwhomIcandependwhenIamhavingproblemswithexercising.ReinforcementmanagementIrewardmyselfwhenIexercise.Self-liberationItellmyselfIamabletokeepexercisingifIwantto.StimuluscontrolIputthingsaroundmyhome
7、toremindmeofexercising.Items From: Marcus, B. H., Rossi, J. S., Selby, V. C., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1992). The stages and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksites sample. Form Health Psychology, 11, pg. 389. Adapted with permission of the author and publisher.10ENJOYME
8、NTOFPHYSICALACTIVITYINTRINSICFACTORSEXTRINSIC FACTORS I.The Movement Experience ItselfUsing ones bodyTime outFocus on the here and now-or the Movement (mindfulness)Mind-body unityMovement sensations II.Social and Environmental ExperienceCamaraderieExercise buddiesNew acquaintancesFriendships III.Sel
9、f-Reinforced Feelings of Mastery, Competence, and ControlSelf-testing OpportunitiesPersonal satisfaction with skill developmentNoticeable improvement in physical capabilities-strength, endurance, etc.Perception of success IV.Externally Reinforced Feelings of Mastery, Competence, and ControlTangible
10、rewardsSocial recognition of abilityPeer acceptance and approval11The sport commitment modelSport enjoymentSport enjoymentInvolvement alternativesInvolvement alternativesInvolvement opportunitiesInvolvement opportunitiesSocial constraintsSocial constraintsPersonal investmentsPersonal investmentsSpor
11、tSportcommitmentcommitmentFigure 1. The sport commitment model. Note. From “ Social Psychological Aspects of the competitive Sport Experience for Male Youth Sport Participants: 4. Predictors of Enjoyment “ by T. K. Scanlan and R. Lewthwaite, 1986, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), p. 33. Copyright
12、1986 by Human Kinetics. Reprinted by permission.12Relapse prevention model for exerciseCoping Response(e.g., change in typeor time of exercise)Increased Self-efficacyDecreased probabilityof relapseHigh-risk situation(e.g., an injury, workdemands)No copingresponseDecreasedself-efficacyPositiveoutcome
13、(e.g., think of all the extra time Ill have by not exercising)Lack of exerciseAbstinenceViolationEffectIncreasedprobabilityof relapse13Cognitive-behavioral model of the relapse processHigh-risksituationCoping responseIncreasedself-efficacyDecreasedprobability of relapseNo-copingresponseDecreasedself
14、-efficacyPlusPositive outcomeexpectancies (for substance effects)Initial use of substanceAbstinenceviolation effectPlusPerceived effectsof substanceIncreasedprobability of relapse14 Relapse prevention model高風險情境有因應無因應自我效能提高自我效能降低，物質效應降低再犯機率物質的最初使用禁戒違反效果，物質的知覺效果再犯率提高再犯的行為模式 (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985)15
15、Factors of relapsenHigh-risk situationsnNegative emotional statesnNegative physiologic statesnLimited coping skillsnSocial pressurenInterpersonal conflictnLimited social supportnLow motivation16Principles of relapsen篩選出動機和承諾低的人（退款制度）n後效關聯事件處理n簽定契約n討論再犯的準備，有計劃的再犯n學習因應技能n認知重新結構n分辦再犯（relapse）與失誤（lapse）
16、之分別，失誤是暫時的，不是永久的運動參與是連續的，而非全有或全無17以 新行為 替代 舊行為開車或坐車到預定的地點前一站下車，然後步行到目的地用走樓梯代替乘電梯提早半小時起床去慢跑或游泳上班休息時間以伸展操代替吃點心動手作家務(如洗衣服，掃地，種花，油漆)邊看電視邊運動，或利用廣告時間運動(如原地體操,登階運動,跳繩)參加運動課程或團體，有系統養成運動習慣到運動場地逛逛，即使今天不想運動18Passive TherapyLow DemandsActive TherapyHigh DemandsHigh risk of SideEffects and Quick Acting, PotentDr
17、ug TherapyElectroconvulsiveTherapyExercise Therapy(Aerobic/Anaerobic)Low Risk of SideEffects and Slow Acting, Less PotentGroup TherapyRelaxation TherapyExercise Therapy(Walking, Recreation)PsychotherapyRecreational TherapyExercise and Other Therapies Categorized According to Active Versus Passive Ro
18、les And High Versus Low Potency and Risk.19Schematic representation for operant behavior changeEnvironmental cuesDiscriminate stimuliHabitual behaviorsSedentary lifestyleSmokingOvereatingHigh blood pressurePositive/negativereinforcementPunishment response costContingency managementGoal settingContra
19、ctingLotteryTailoringShapingAversive controlPromptingTarget behaviorStimulus controlConceptualizationAntecedent conditionsTarget behavior ConsequencesExercise PsychologyReinforcementInterventiontechniques20Structure of causal perceptionsIndustriousnessToleranceLazinessLong-term effortExertionPersist
20、enceDeterminationCommitment to exerciseAptitudeAbilityGeneral body typePhysical coordination Mood FatigueExercise PsychologyInternalExternalStableUnstableStableUnstableControllableControllableUncontrollableUncontrollableTeacher industrious-nessTeacher ToleranceTeachereffortAbility of the opponentTas
21、k difficultyObjective task Characteristics Luck Chance21Subprocesses governing observational learningAttentionprocessesModeled events Salience Affective valence Complexity Prevalence Functional valueObserver attributes Perceptual capabilities Perceptual set Cognitive capabilities Arousal level Acqui
22、red preferencesRetentionprocessesSymbolic codingCognitive organizationCognitive rehearsalEnactive rehearsalObserver attributes Cognitive skills Cognitive structuresProductionprocessesCognitive representationObservation of enactmentsFeedback informationConception matchingObserver attributes Physical
23、capabilities Component subskillsMotivationalprocessesExternal incentives SensoryTangibleSocialControlVicarious incentivesSelf-incentives Tangible Self-evaluativeObserver attributes Incentive preferences Social comparative biases Internal standardsModeledeventsMatchingpattern22Social learning / Socia
24、l cognitive theoryn觀察學習的基本過程n示範與模仿n主動演練n自我效能人類的學習並非完全透過直接的經驗，經由觀察人們可以記錄他人行為及其後果，學習新行為並不需真正的強化，懲罰，或消除(Bandura, 1977)社會認知理論的主題：(1)個人；環境；行為，三者互為影響(2)知覺評價23觀察學習nAttention：突出性，情感吸引力，複雜性，流行性，功能價值，認知能力，喚起水準，獲取性偏好nRetention：符號化或編碼能力，解碼能力nProduction：練習，內外在回饋品質，身體能力，差異的對照nMotivation：自我評價，感受，社會比較偏差，內在標準24示範與模仿
25、n與觀察者同質性高者，認同度可提高n聲望比觀察者略高者為佳n比觀察者能力略強者較能力高超者佳n熱情與關懷者效果較佳n示範者的其他方面（如口頭禪；名牌服飾）有強大的暗示作用n生動；活潑；逼真的示範更有助於吸引注意力，其效果優於象徵性的楷模（影片）n漸進示範（或分解動作）有助於學習複雜的技能學習25主動演練n替代性強化(vicarious reinforcement)：經由觀察而沒有行為表現，僅對於示範動作有所了解n直接強化(direct reinforcement)：觀察者在複製行為後的親身體驗較為有效n模仿與演練，改進自己的行為，使其接近示範者之動作n接近真實的情境，有助於類化與遷移26The
26、 influence of psychology and the sport sciences on the many dimensions associated with sport psychologyPSYCHOLOGYSPORT PSYCHOLOGYTHE SPORT SCIENCESLEARNING, PERFORMANCE,SKILLYOUTHMENTAL/PSYCHOLOGCAL SKILLS & PROGRAMSCOUNSELINGGROUP DYNAMICSEVALUATIONWELL-BEINGdemands of events practices simulationsp
27、ractice techniquesfeedbacklearning processesobservational learningautomaticityadaptive skillsinformation processingexpert systemsoptimal learningperiodsideal experiencesinfluence of coaches/agentsmaturational influencesmotivesdropping outgender considerationsmental-preparation routinesimageryfocus o
28、f attentionself-esteem and confidenceattributionsgoal settingarousal levelmotivational approachesself-regulationcoping with problemsinjury and paindepressiondrug abuseeating disorders career terminationsevere anxietymaladaptive behaviordisabilitiesaggressionproductivitymorale and cohesionleadership
29、styleinteractive processessocial dimensionsspectator effectsmoralsgender considerationstest constructionpsychological attributescognitive stylesdiagnosispersonneldetection/selectionprediction of successmotivation to exerciseadherencepsychological benefitsquality of life self-perceptions27發展休閒運動承諾的方法
30、n建立合理的目標n寫下心理契約(psychological contracting)n指導人員的支持與協助n共同參與目標的擬定n必要的學習與訓練n適當的報酬與誘因28心理契約心理契約(psychological contracting)運動健身自我承諾契約書我(姓名)_願意自民國_年_月_日起至_月_日止共_週，每週至少從事三天(次)，每天(次)至少三十分鐘以上之運動。運動方式:每週各一次有氧舞蹈、瑜珈與健走。飲食方式:四低一高(低脂肪、低蛋白質、低鹽、低醣、高纖維之攝食)。如達契約規定，可獲結業証書與書籍一本獎勵。如未達契約規定，願繳交200元為學校或社區健康促進之基金。立約人:_簽名蓋章見證人(鼓勵者):_簽名蓋章中華民國_年_月_日29
