2022年初中化学基础知识总结和常用口诀 2

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1、reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election work basis.

2、 -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leader shi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of policies s

3、uch as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wang Yi fang,

4、 Deputy Secretary of the inde pendent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the independe

5、nt Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating a

6、nd improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to now, the

7、Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rational plan

8、ning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul berry garden

9、s area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX green ve

10、getable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand, fruit p

11、apaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermarket, ensu

12、re has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested a total o

13、f 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and improve t

14、he rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning me cha nism, pr

15、omote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to nowI have put more than 230,000 yuan to township 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first t

16、wo Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientifi

17、c planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in village order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the project, a total

18、of 140 families renovate work carrie d out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing superior support,

19、 invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xiang Hui) has build embankment r

20、etaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-spee

21、d proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and steady developmen

22、t, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young at hletes involved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables c

23、ompleted work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, raise the level

24、of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together化学教师招考必备：初中化学基础知识总结和常用口诀一、物质的学名、俗名及化学式金刚石、石墨： C水银、汞： Hg (3)生石灰、氧化钙： C

25、aO(4)干冰（固体二氧化碳） ：CO2 (5)盐酸、氢氯酸： HCl(6) 亚硫酸： H2SO3 (7)氢硫酸： H2S (8)熟石灰、消石灰： Ca(OH)2 (9)苛性钠、火碱、烧碱：NaOH (10)纯碱： Na2CO3 碳酸钠晶体、纯碱晶体：Na2CO3?10H2O (11)碳酸氢钠、酸式碳酸钠： NaHCO3 (也叫小苏打）(12)胆矾、蓝矾、硫酸铜晶体：CuSO4?5H2O (13)铜绿、孔雀石： Cu2(OH)2CO3 （分解生成三种氧化物的物质）(14)甲醇：CH3OH 有毒、失明、死亡 (15)酒精、乙醇：C2H5OH (16) 醋酸、乙酸（16.6冰醋酸） CH3COOH

26、 （CH3COO- 醋酸根离子）具有酸的通性(17)氨气： NH3 （碱性气体）(18)氨水、一水合氨：NH3?H2O（为常见的碱，具有碱的通性，是一种不含金属离子的碱） (19)亚硝酸钠： NaNO2 （工业用盐、有毒）二、常见物质的颜色的状态1、白色固体： MgO 、P2O5、CaO、NaOH、Ca(OH)2、KClO3 、KCl 、Na2CO3、NaCl、无水 CuSO4；铁、镁为银白色（汞为银白色液态）2、黑色固体：石墨、炭粉、铁粉、CuO、MnO2 、Fe3O4 KMnO4 为紫黑色3、红色固体： Cu、Fe2O3 、HgO、红磷 硫：淡黄色 Cu2(OH)2CO3 为绿色4、溶液的

27、颜色：凡含Cu2+的溶液呈蓝色；凡含Fe2+的溶液呈浅绿色；凡含Fe3+的溶液呈棕黄色，其余溶液一般不无色。（高锰酸钾溶液为紫红色）5、 沉淀(即不溶于水的盐和碱） ： 盐：白色 ： CaCO3、 BaCO3 （溶于酸） AgCl 、 BaSO4(也不溶于稀 HNO3) 等碱：蓝色 ：Cu(OH)2 红褐色 ：Fe(OH)3 白色 ：其余碱。6、 （1）具有刺激性气体的气体：NH3、SO2、HCl （皆为无色）（2）无色无味的气体：O2、H2、N2、CO2、CH4、CO（剧毒）注意：具有刺激性气味的液体：盐酸、硝酸、醋酸。酒精为有特殊气体的液体。7、有毒的，气体：CO 液体： CH3OH 固体

28、： NaNO2 CuSO4(可作杀菌剂,与熟石灰混合配成天蓝色的粘稠状物质波尔多液 ) 三、物质的溶解性1、盐的溶解性含有钾、钠、硝酸根、铵根的物质都溶于水含 Cl 的化合物只有AgCl 不溶于水，其他都溶于水；含 SO42 的化合物只有BaSO4 不溶于水，其他都溶于水。含 CO32 的物质只有K2CO3、Na2CO3、 （NH4）2CO3 溶于水，其他都不溶于水2、碱的溶解性精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought g

29、ood, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activi

30、ties. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of

31、 the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission again

32、st corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, per

33、iodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries.

34、I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 m

35、illion Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agr

36、icult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkwo

37、rm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly

38、to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural

39、, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximi

40、ze, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porc

41、upines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of lon

42、g-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governan

43、ce. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII

44、, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environme

45、nt. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of n

46、ow , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in th

47、e ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan X

48、iang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I

49、 was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct prog

50、ress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social unde

51、rtakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve th

52、e people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together溶于水的碱有：氢氧化钡、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氢氧化钠和氨水，其他碱不溶于水。难溶性碱中Fe(OH)3 是红褐色沉淀，Cu(OH)2 是蓝色沉淀，其他难溶性碱为白色。（包括 Fe（OH）2）注意：沉淀物中AgCl 和 BaSO4 不溶于稀硝

53、酸，其他沉淀物能溶于酸。如：Mg(OH)2 CaCO3 BaCO3 Ag2 CO3 等3、大部分酸及酸性氧化物能溶于水，（酸性氧化物水酸）大部分碱性氧化物不溶于水，能溶的有：氧化钡、氧化钾、氧化钙、氧化钠（碱性氧化物水碱）四、化学之最1、地壳中含量最多的金属元素是铝。2、地壳中含量最多的非金属元素是氧。3、空气中含量最多的物质是氮气。4、天然存在最硬的物质是金刚石。5、最简单的有机物是甲烷。6、金属活动顺序表中活动性最强的金属是钾。7、相对分子质量最小的氧化物是水。最简单的有机化合物CH4 8、相同条件下密度最小的气体是氢气。9、导电性最强的金属是银。10、相对原子质量最小的原子是氢。11、熔

54、点最小的金属是汞。12、人体中含量最多的元素是氧。13、组成化合物种类最多的元素是碳。14、日常生活中应用最广泛的金属是铁。15、最早利用天然气的是中国；中国最大煤炭基地在：山西省；最早运用湿法炼铜的是中国（西汉发现刘安淮南万毕术“ 曾青得铁则化为铜 ”、宋朝应用）；最早发现电子的是英国的汤姆生；最早得出空气是由N2 和 O2 组成的是法国的拉瓦锡。五、初中化学中的“ 三”1、构成物质的三种微粒是分子、原子、离子。2、还原氧化铜常用的三种还原剂氢气、一氧化碳、碳。3、氢气作为燃料有三大优点：资源丰富、 发热量高、 燃烧后的产物是水不污染环境。4、构成原子一般有三种微粒：质子、中子、电子。5、黑

55、色金属只有三种：铁、锰、铬。6、构成物质的元素可分为三类即(1)金属元素、 (2)非金属元素、 (3)稀有气体元素。 7，铁的氧化物有三种，其化学式为(1)FeO、(2)Fe2O3、(3) Fe3O4。8、溶液的特征有三个(1)均一性； (2)稳定性； (3)混合物。9、化学方程式有三个意义：(1)表示什么物质参加反应，结果生成什么物质；(2)表示反应物、生成物各物质问的分子或原子的微粒数比；(3)表示各反应物、 生成物之间的质量比。化学方程式有两个原则：以客观事实为依据；遵循质量守恒定律。10、生铁一般分为三种：白口铁、灰口铁、球墨铸铁。11、碳素钢可分为三种：高碳钢、中碳钢、低碳钢。12、

56、常用于炼铁的铁矿石有三种：(1)赤铁矿 (主要成分为Fe2O3)；(2)磁铁矿 (Fe3O4)；(3)菱铁矿 (FeCO3)。13、炼钢的主要设备有三种：转炉、电炉、平炉。14、常与温度有关的三个反应条件是点燃、加热、高温。15、饱和溶液变不饱和溶液有两种方法：（1）升温、 （2）加溶剂；不饱和溶液变饱和溶液有三种方法：降温、加溶质、恒温蒸发溶剂。（注意：溶解度随温度而变小的物质如：氢氧化钙溶液由饱和溶液变不饱和溶液：降温、加溶剂；不饱和溶液变饱和溶液有三种方法：升温、加溶质、恒温蒸发溶剂）。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，

57、共 16 页16、收集气体一般有三种方法：排水法、向上排空法、向下排空法。17、水污染的三个主要原因：(1)工业生产中的废渣、废气、废水；(2)生活污水的任意排放； (3)农业生产中施用的农药、化肥随雨水流入河中。18、通常使用的灭火器有三种：泡沫灭火器；干粉灭火器；液态二氧化碳灭火器。19、固体物质的溶解度随温度变化的情况可分为三类：(1)大部分固体物质溶解度随温度的升高而增大；(2)少数物质溶解度受温度的影响很小；(3)极少数物质溶解度随温度的升高而减小。 20、CO2 可以灭火的原因有三个：不能燃烧、不能支持燃烧、密度比空气大。21、单质可分为三类：金属单质；非金属单质；稀有气体单质。2

58、2、当今世界上最重要的三大矿物燃料是：煤、石油、天然气。23、应记住的三种黑色氧化物是：氧化铜、二氧化锰、四氧化三铁。24、氢气和碳单质有三个相似的化学性质：常温下的稳定性、可燃性、还原性。25、教材中出现的三次淡蓝色：(1)液态氧气是淡蓝色(2)硫在空气中燃烧有微弱的淡蓝色火焰、（3）氢气在空气中燃烧有淡蓝色火焰。26、与铜元素有关的三种蓝色：(1)硫酸铜晶体； (2)氢氧化铜沉淀； (3)硫酸铜溶液。 27、过滤操作中有 “ 三*” ：(1)漏斗下端紧 *烧杯内壁； (2)玻璃棒的末端轻 * 在滤纸三层处； (3)盛待过滤液的烧杯边缘紧*在玻璃捧引流。28、三大气体污染物：SO2、CO、N

59、O2 29、酒精灯的火焰分为三部分：外焰、内焰、焰心，其中外焰温度最高。30、 取用药品有 “ 三不” 原则：(1)不用手接触药品； (2)不把鼻子凑到容器口闻气体的气味；(3)不尝药品的味道。31、古代三大化学工艺：造纸、制火药、烧瓷器32、工业三废：废水、废渣、废气34、可以直接加热的三种仪器：试管、坩埚、蒸发皿（另外还有燃烧匙）35、质量守恒解释的原子三不变：种类不改变、数目不增减、质量不变化36、与空气混合点燃可能爆炸的三种气体：H2、CO、CH4 （实际为任何可燃性气体和粉尘） 。37、煤干馏（化学变化）的三种产物：焦炭、煤焦油、焦炉气38、浓硫酸三特性：吸水、脱水、强氧化39、使用

60、酒精灯的三禁止：对燃、往燃灯中加酒精、嘴吹灭40、溶液配制的三步骤：计算、称量（量取）、溶解41、生物细胞中含量最多的前三种元素：O、C、H 42、原子中的三等式：核电荷数=质子数 =核外电子数原子序数43、构成物质的三种粒子：分子、原子、离子化学口诀1、基本反应类型：化合反应：多变一分解反应：一变多置换反应：一单换一单复分解反应：互换离子2、常见元素的化合价（正价）：一价钾钠氢与银，二价钙镁钡与锌，三价金属元素铝；一五七变价氯，二四五氮，硫四六，三五有磷，二四碳；一二铜，二三铁，二四六七锰特别。3、实验室制取氧气的步骤：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - -

61、- - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village

62、 election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of vio

63、lation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline insp

64、ection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues

65、; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agricultur

66、e. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional indust

67、ry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output va

68、lue. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now reta

69、in Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive t

70、o build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult

71、ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direc

72、t supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have

73、 invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work enviro

74、nment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective clean

75、ing mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I

76、b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n car

77、ried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote

78、 the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By secu

79、ring superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui)

80、 has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our

81、land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriatio

82、n and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migr

83、ated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning

84、 work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together“ 茶（查）、庄（装）、定、点、收、利（离） 、息（熄） ”“ 查” 检查装置的气密性“ 装

85、” 盛装药品，连好装置“ 定” 试管固定在铁架台“ 点” 点燃酒精灯进行加热“ 收” 收集气体“ 离” 导管移离水面“ 熄” 熄灭酒精灯，停止加热5、电解水的实验现象：“ 氧正氢负，氧一氢二” ：正极放出氧气，负极放出氢气；氧气与氢气的体积比为1：2。6、组成地壳的元素：养闺女（氧、硅、铝）7、原子最外层与离子及化合价形成的关系：“ 失阳正，得阴负，值不变” ：原子最外层失电子后形成阳离子，元素的化合价为正价；原子最外层得电子后形成阴离子，元素的化合价为负价；得或失电子数电荷数化合价数值。8、化学实验基本操作口诀：固体需匙或纸槽，一送二竖三弹弹；块固还是镊子好，一横二放三慢竖。液体应盛细口瓶，

86、手贴标签再倾倒。读数要与切面平，仰视偏低俯视高。滴管滴加捏胶头，垂直悬空不玷污，不平不倒不乱放，用完清洗莫忘记。托盘天平须放平，游码旋螺针对中；左放物来右放码，镊子夹大后夹小；试纸测液先剪小，玻棒沾液测最好。试纸测气先湿润，粘在棒上向气*。酒灯加热用外焰，三分之二为界限。硫酸入水搅不停，慢慢注入防沸溅。实验先查气密性，隔网加热杯和瓶。排水集气完毕后，先撤导管后移灯。9、金属活动性顺序：金属活动性顺序由强至弱：K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au （按顺序背诵） 钾钙钠镁铝锌铁锡铅（氢）铜汞银铂金10、“ 十字交 *法” 写化学式的口诀：“ 正

87、价左负价右，十字交*约简定个数，写右下验对错”11、过滤操作口诀：斗架烧杯玻璃棒，滤纸漏斗角一样；过滤之前要静置，三*二低莫忘记12、实验中的规律：凡用固体加热制取气体的都选用高锰酸钾制O2 装置（固固加热型） ；凡用固体与液体反应且不需加热制气体的都选用双氧水制O2 装置（固液不加热型） 。凡是给试管固体加热，都要先预热，试管口都应略向下倾斜。凡是生成的气体难溶于水（不与水反应）的，都可用排水法收集。凡是生成的气体密度比空气大的，都可用向上排空气法收集。凡是生成的气体密度比空气小的，都可用向下排空气法收集。凡是制气体实验时，先要检查装置的气密性，导管应露出橡皮塞12ml，铁夹应夹在距管口 1

88、/3 处。凡是用长颈漏斗制气体实验时，长颈漏斗的末端管口应插入液面下。凡是点燃可燃性气体时，一定先要检验它的纯度。凡是使用有毒气体做实验时，最后一定要处理尾气。凡是使用还原性气体还原金属氧化物时，一定是“ 一通、二点、三灭、四停”13、反应规律：置换反应：（1）金属单质+ 酸 盐 + 氢气（2）金属单质+ 盐（溶液） 另一种金属+ 另一种盐精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页（3）金属氧化物木炭或氢气金属二氧化碳或水复分解反应：碱性氧化物酸盐 H2O 碱酸 盐 H2O 酸盐 新盐新酸盐 1盐 2新盐 1新盐 2 盐碱

89、 新盐新碱14、金属酸 盐H2中：等质量金属跟足量酸反应，放出氢气由多至少的顺序：Al MgFeZn 等质量的不同酸跟足量的金属反应，酸的相对分子质量越小放出氢气越多。等质量的同种酸跟足量的不同金属反应，放出的氢气一样多。在金属酸 盐H2 反应后，溶液质量变重，金属变轻。金属盐溶液 新金属新盐中：金属的相对原子质量新金属的相对原子质量时，反应后溶液的质量变重， 金属变轻。金属的相对原子质量新金属的相对原子质量时，反应后溶液的质量变轻， 金属变重。15、催化剂：一变二不变（改变物质的反应速率，它本身的化学性质和质量不变的物质是催化剂）氧化剂和还原剂：得氧还，失氧氧（夺取氧元素的物质是还原剂，失去

90、氧元素的物质是氧化剂）16、用洗气瓶除杂的连接：长进短出用洗气瓶排水收集气体的连接：短进长出用洗气瓶排空气收集气体的连接：密小则短进长出，密大则长进短出17、实验除杂原则：先除其它，后除水蒸气实验检验原则：先验水，后验其它方程式是学习化学最重要的化学用语，所以熟练记忆和书写化学方程式是学习化学的保证。一、掌握化学方程式的书写要领左写反应物，右边写生成，写对化学式，系数来配平，中间连等号，条件要注清，生成沉淀气，箭头来标明。二、归类记忆根据知识系列或反应类型或物质类别记忆，使零散的知识通过归纳成有规律可循，以重点物质为中心的知识网络。三、联系实验现象记忆化学方程式枯燥难记，如何使化学用语的学习有

91、声有色、兴趣盎然，可联系实验现象记忆。如硫在氧气中燃烧，记忆联想：燃硫入氧，燃烧变旺，火焰蓝紫，美丽漂亮，产生气体，可真够“ 呛” 。磷在氧气中燃烧，记忆联想：红磷燃烧，可真热闹，初三化学复习资料（溶液）1. 什么是溶液： 一种或几种物质分散到另一种物质里，形成均一的、 稳定的混合物就是溶液。小液滴分散到液体里形成的混合物叫做乳浊液。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, hig

92、h culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance wit

93、h the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for sign

94、s of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a w

95、hile to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he

96、text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase s

97、cientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output val

98、ue; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, s

99、upporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production

100、value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter mel

101、on, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and coun

102、ty level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya indust

103、ry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goa

104、t farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of env

105、ironmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have p

106、ut more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of tw

107、o villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful atte

108、ntion to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses

109、 renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water con

110、servancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the

111、fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the a

112、rea of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng

113、, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and

114、constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my

115、 total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together溶液的特征：均一、稳定；均一指的是溶液各部分的性质一样；稳定指的是只要温度不改变、水分不蒸发，溶质就不会分离出来。溶液的组成： 溶液由溶质和溶剂组成。溶液的质量 =溶质的质量 +溶剂的质量。能溶解其它物质的物质叫做溶剂，被溶解的物质叫做溶质。溶质可以是固体，也可以是气体或液体物质。溶

116、剂一般为液体物质。水是最常用的溶剂，其次有酒精、汽油等。溶液的应用：溶液在工农业生产中和生活中有广泛应用。（1）溶液对生命活动有很大意义。 (2)在溶液中可加快反应物之间的化学反应速率。2. 溶解的过程：溶质在溶解的过程中，有的放出热量，有的吸收热量。3. 溶液的状态：在一定温度下，向一定量溶剂里加入某种溶质，当溶质不能溶解时，所得溶液叫做这种溶质的饱和溶液；还能继续溶解，叫做这种溶质的不饱和溶液。饱和溶液和不饱和溶液可以相互转化。不饱和溶液（溶质的溶解度随着温度的升高而增大）4.固体溶解度：表示在一定温度下， 某物质在 100g 溶剂里达到饱和状态时所溶解的质量。多数固体的溶解度随温度的升高

117、而增大，但也有少数固体的溶解度随温度的升高而减小。5. 气体的溶解度：是指这种气体在压强为101kPa和一定温度时溶解在1体积水里达到饱和状态时的气体体积。6. 溶解度曲线： 物质的溶解度随温度变化的曲线叫做溶解度曲线。应用溶解度曲线可以查出某种物质在一定温度时的溶解度。7. 结晶(l)定义：从溶液中析出具有一定几何外形的固体的过程称为结晶。该过程中形成的具有规则的几何外形的固体叫做晶体。(2)方法：蒸发溶剂法： 适用于溶解度受温度变化影响不大的固体溶质，如从海水中提取食盐等。冷却热饱和溶液法：适用于溶解度受温度变化影响很大的固体溶质，如 KNO3 的热饱和溶液冷却后析出硝酸钾晶体。(3)日常

118、生活中的结晶现象：被汗水浸湿的衣服晾干后，出现白色的盐斑，是因为汗水中含有的氯化钠等物质结晶析出晶体的缘故。久置的硫酸铜溶液的试剂瓶口出现蓝色的硫酸铜晶体。海水晒盐。8. 溶液中溶质的质量分数：是溶质质量与溶液质量之比。（溶液组成的一种表示方法）溶质的质量分数 = 100% 可以利用上式进行溶质质量分数的有关计算并根据需要配制溶质质量分数一定的溶液。第 7 单元 酸 碱 盐1. 酸碱指示剂（石蕊、酚酞）遇酸、碱溶液的变色情况；稀盐酸氢氧化钠溶液紫色石蕊试液红 蓝无色酚酞试液无 红2. 常见的酸精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，

119、共 16 页（1）常见酸的物理性质及用途：物理性质用途盐酸(HCl) 浓盐酸是无色、有刺激性气味的液体，易挥发，在空气中冒白雾，有酸味。重要化工产品。用于金属表面除锈、制造药物（如盐酸麻黄素、氯化锌）等；人体胃液中的盐酸可帮助消化硫酸(H2SO4) 浓硫酸是无色、粘稠、油状液体，有吸水性，溶于水时放热。重要化工原料。可用于生产化肥、农药、火药、染料以及冶炼金属、精炼石油和金属除锈等；在实验室常用作干燥剂（2）酸的通性：（掌握稀盐酸、稀硫酸的化学性质，知道它们的用途。） 酸能使酸碱指示剂显示不同的颜色； 酸能与多种活泼金属反应，生成氢气；注意：活泼金属指的是在金属活动顺序表中排在（H）前面的金属

120、，但K、ca、Na 等金属可直接与水反应，Sn 和 Pb 反应过于缓慢，所以，一般我们讨论的是Mg、Al、Zn、Fe 四种金属， 且与酸反应的速度依次减慢；而酸一般指盐酸和稀硫酸，因浓硫酸和硝酸有氧化性，它们与活泼金属反应时，不能产生氢气。与稀盐酸反应与稀硫酸反应镁 Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2铝 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2 锌 Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2 Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2铁 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2（FeCl2 溶液、 Fe

121、SO4溶液的颜色为浅绿色） 酸能与某些金属氧化物反应，生成水。铁锈 氧化铜盐酸 Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+H2O CuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2O 硫酸 Fe2O3+3H2SO4=Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O CuO +H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O （FeCl3 溶液、 Fe2(SO4)3 溶液为黄色； CuCl2 溶液为绿色； CuSO4 溶液为蓝色。）3. 常见的碱（1）常见碱的物理性质及用途：俗名 物理性质用途氢氧化钠（NaOH）苛性钠、火碱、烧碱纯净的氢氧化钠是白色固体，极易溶于水、溶于水时放出大量的热，能够吸收空气中的水蒸气而潮解。重要化工原料， 用于肥皂、 石油、造

122、纸、纺织和印染等工业，在生活中可用来除去油污。氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)2) 熟石灰、消石灰白色粉末状固体、微溶于水、其水溶液俗称石灰水。用于建筑材料、制漂白粉、氢氧化钠，改良土壤，制波尔多液。氢氧化钙制取CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2 （反应放出大量的热）（2）碱的通性：（掌握氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙的性质，知道它们的用途。）碱能使酸碱指示剂显示不同的颜色； 碱能与某些非金属氧化物反应，生成水。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thoug

123、ht good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three ac

124、tivities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectificatio

125、n of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission a

126、gainst corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform,

127、 periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industri

128、es. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.

129、12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the

130、 agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for si

131、lkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mai

132、nly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricult

133、ural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of ma

134、ximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of

135、porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of

136、 long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental gove

137、rnance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyigua

138、ngII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living envir

139、onment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As

140、of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square i

141、n the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yu

142、an Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje c

143、t, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct

144、progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social

145、undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serv

146、e the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together比较： 2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O与 Ca(OH)2+CO2=CaCO3+H2O (可用于区别两种碱) 注意：氢氧化钠的保存方法密封保存。原因：易吸收水分潮解；能与空气中的CO2反应。4. 酸、碱溶液的稀释方法；浓硫

147、酸稀释的正确操作：在稀释浓硫酸时，一定要把浓硫酸沿器壁慢注入水里，并不断搅拌。切不可将水倒进浓硫酸里。5. 酸和碱有腐蚀性，使用时一定要注意安全；6. 中和反应：酸和碱作用生成盐和水的反应叫中和反应。中和反应有广泛的应用。7. 溶液的酸碱度可用pH 表示。 PH 与溶液酸碱性的关系：pH7，溶液为酸性； pH7，溶液为中性；pH7，溶液为碱性。用 pH 试纸可测定溶液的酸碱度。8. 盐是在水溶液中能解离出金属离子和酸根离子的化合物。1重要的酸 盐酸硫酸的物理性质及其用途；2酸的化学性质；3中和反应及应用；4浓硫酸的特性稀释及事故的处理；5重要的碱 氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙的物理性质用途及腐蚀性；6溶

148、液的导电性及原因；7溶液酸碱度表示pH 及应用；8重要的盐 氯化钠碳酸钠碳酸钙的物理性质及用途；9粗盐的提纯；过滤和蒸发操作；10CO32-的鉴定；11. 发生复分解反应的条件。知识提要1. 中常见的酸有盐酸、硫酸、硝酸等。(1) (1) 盐酸和硫酸的物理性质盐酸是氯化氢的水溶液，化学上也叫氢氯酸,化学式 HCl,相对分子质量为36. 5。纯净的盐酸是无色有刺激性酸味的液体，有挥发性，和腐蚀性。常用于制药、试剂、金属除锈及制造其他化工产品，是胃液中的主要成分，帮助消化。硫酸 H2SO4，相对分子质量98。纯净的浓硫酸为无色粘稠油状液体，有吸水性，易溶于水，溶解时放出大量热，有强烈的腐蚀性。可用

149、作一些气体的干燥剂，广泛用于生产化肥、农药、火药、染料及金属除锈、蓄电池等。稀释浓硫酸时会放出大量的热，很易使水和酸液沸腾飞溅出来而发生事故。因此，在稀释浓硫酸时，一定要把浓硫酸沿着器壁慢慢地注入水里，并不断地用玻璃棒搅拌。(2) (2) 盐酸和硫酸的化学性质HCl H2SO4 跟指示剂的作用使紫色石蕊试液变红色无色酚酞不变色使紫色石蕊试液变红色无色酚酞不变色精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页跟活泼金属的反应Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H22Al+

150、3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2跟金属氧化物的反应Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O CuO+2HCl= CuCl2+H2O Fe2O3+3H2SO4=Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O 跟碱的中和反应NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O Cu(OH)2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O 2NaOH+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2H2O Cu(OH)2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2O 跟某些盐的反应CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2HCl+AgNO3=AgCl+HNO3 H2SO4+Na2CO3=Na2SO4+H2O+CO2H2SO

151、4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2HCl2. 生活中常见的碱有氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙等（1） （1） 氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙的物理性质氢氧化钠化学式NaOH，相对分子质量是40，俗名叫火碱、烧碱、苛性钠。纯净的氢氧化钠为白色固体，在空气中易吸湿而潮解。极易溶于水且放热。有强烈的腐蚀性。可用作干燥剂，广泛用于制肥皂、石油、造纸、纺织和印染等。氢氧化钙化学式Ca(OH)2，相对分子质量74，俗名熟石灰、消石灰等氢氧化钙是白色粉末，微溶于水，放热，其澄清水溶液叫石灰水，有腐蚀性和吸湿性。用于建筑业、农业上的改良酸性土壤等。（2） （2） NaOH 和 Ca(OH)2 的化学性质NaOH Ca(OH)2 跟指示剂

152、的反应使紫色石蕊变蓝色使无色酚酞变红色使紫色石蕊变蓝色使无色酚酞变红色跟非金属氧化物的反应2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O 2NaOH+SO2=Na2SO3+H2O Ca(OH) 2+CO2=CaCO3+H2O跟酸的中和反应NaOH+HNO3=NaNO3+H2O Ca(OH)2+2 HCl=CaCl2+ 2H2O 3. 常见的盐有氯化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸钙等氯化钠化学式NaCl，广泛分布在海水、盐湖、盐井、盐矿中，它是食盐的主要成分，是一种白色有咸味的固体，易溶于水，溶解度受温度变化影响不大。对维持人体体液的平衡起着重要作用。它是重要的化工原料，用于制造烧碱、氯气、盐酸、漂白粉、纯碱等，医

153、疗上的生理盐水、农业上的选种等用途。碳酸钠化学式Na2CO3，俗名纯碱或苏打，是白色易溶于水的固体。它是一种重要的化工原料，用于玻璃、造纸、纺织和洗涤剂的生产等。碳酸钙化学式CaCO3。 它是石灰石、 大理石的主要成分， 是一种白色难溶于水的固体。石灰石、大理石是重要的建筑材料。还可作人体补钙剂。4. 常见的化肥氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和复合肥。（1）常见的氮肥有铵盐如NH4Cl 、NH4HCO3 ，硝酸盐如NH4NO3 和 NaNO3，还有尿素 CO（NH2）2、氨水 NH3?H2O 等。氮是植物体内蛋白质、核酸和叶绿素的组成元素，能促进作物的茎、叶生长茂盛，叶色浓绿。精选学习资料 - - - -

154、- - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidifi

155、ed the eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disast

156、er relief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the C

157、ounty discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee

158、 n published 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial str

159、uct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating t

160、he traditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 m

161、illion Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres,

162、the township now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional adv

163、antages, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tra

164、cing famous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality an

165、d benefits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins t

166、o take shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural deve

167、lopment. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishme

168、nt of effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for X

169、iang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi o

170、n w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the enti

171、re village to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving in

172、frastructure. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in

173、XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs

174、strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organiz

175、ed, land expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10

176、 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility syst

177、em of family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together（2）常见的磷肥有磷矿粉Ca3(PO4)2、钙镁磷

178、肥、过磷酸钙Ca (H2PO4)2 和 CaSO4 的混合物。磷是植物体内核酸、蛋白质和酶等多种重要化合物的组成元素，可以促进作物生长，增强作物的抗寒、抗旱能力。（3）常用的钾肥有K2SO4 和 KCl 等。钾具有保证各种代谢过程的顺利进行、促进植物生长、增强抗病虫害和抗倒伏能力等功能。（4） 时含有两种或两种以上的营养元素的化肥叫复合肥料。如 KNO3 和 NH4H2PO4 等。化肥对提高农作物产量有重要作用，但不合理的使用也对环境造成一定的污染。5. CO32的鉴定：取样品与试管中，加入稀盐酸，如有能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体产生，证明样品中含有 CO32。6. 复分解反应的条件： 只有两种

179、化合物互相交换成分，生成物中有沉淀或有气体或有水生成时，复分解反应才可以发生。初三化学复习资料（元素及其化合物）1、化学是一门研究物质的组成、结构、性质以及变化规律的以实验为基础自然科学。物理和化学的共同点：都是以实验为基础的自然科学. 2、化学变化和物理变化的根本区别是：有没有新物质的生成。化学变化中伴随发生一些如放热、发光、变色、放出气体、生成沉淀等现象。3、物理性质 状态、气味、熔点、沸点、硬度、密度、延展性、溶解性、挥发性、导电性、吸附性等。4、化学性质 氧化性、还原性、金属活动性、活泼性、稳定性、腐蚀性、毒性等。5、绿色粉末碱式碳酸铜加热后，绿色粉末变成黑色，管口出现小水滴，石灰水变

180、浑浊。Cu2(OH)2CO3 6、我国的某些化学工艺像造纸、制火药、烧瓷器，发明很早，对世界文明作出过巨大贡献。(空气) 1、空气中氧气含量的测定：实验现象：红磷（不能用木炭、硫磺、铁丝等代替）燃烧时有大量白烟生成，同时钟罩内水面逐渐上升，冷却后，水面上升约1/5 体积。若测得水面上升小于1/5 体积的原因可能是：红磷不足，氧气没有全部消耗完装置漏气没有冷却到室温就打开弹簧夹。2、法国化学家拉瓦锡提出了空气主要是由氧气和氮气组成的。舍勒和普利斯特里先后用不同的方法制得了氧气。3、 空气的成分按体积分数计算，大约是氮气为78%、 氧气为 21% （氮气比氧气约为41） 、稀有气体（混合物）为0.

181、94%、二氧化碳为0.03%、其它气体和杂质为0.03%。空气的成分以氮气和氧气为主，属于混合物。4、排放到大气中的有害物质，大致可分为粉尘和气体两类，气体污染物较多是SO2、CO、NO2，这些气体主要来自矿物燃料的燃烧和工厂的废气。（水）1、水在地球上分布很广，江河、湖泊和海洋约占地球表面积的3/4，人体含水约占人体精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 16 页质量的 2/3。淡水资源却不充裕，地面淡水量还不到总水量的1%，而且分布很不均匀。2、水的污染来自于工厂生产中的废渣、废水、废气，生活污水的任意排放，农业生产中施用

182、的农药、化肥随雨水流入河中。3、预防和消除对水源的污染，保护和改善水质，需采取的措施：加强对水质的监测，工业 “ 三废 ” 要经过处理后再排放，农业上要合理（不是禁止）使用化肥和农药等。4、电解水实验可证明：水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的；在化学变化中，分子可以分成原子，而原子却不能再分。5、电解水中正极产生氧气，负极产生氢气，体积比（分子个数比）为12，质量比为81，在实验中常加稀H2SO4 和 NaOH 来增强水的导电性。通的是直流电。（O2、H2、CO2、CO、C）1、氧气是无色无味，密度比空气略大，不易溶于水，液氧是淡蓝色的。氢气是无色无味，密度最小，难溶于水。二氧化碳是无色无味，密度比空

183、气大，能溶于水。干冰是CO2 固体。 （碳酸气）一氧化碳是无色无味，密度比空气略小，难溶于水。甲烷是无色无味，密度比空气小，极难溶于水。俗名沼气（天然气的主要成分是CH4）2、金刚石（ C）是自然界中最硬的物质，石墨（C）是最软的矿物之一，活性炭、木炭具有强烈的吸附性，焦炭用于冶铁，炭黑加到橡胶里能够增加轮胎的耐磨性。金刚石和石墨的物理性质有很大差异的原因是：碳原子排列的不同。CO 和 CO2 的化学性质有很大差异的原因是：分子的构成不同。生铁和钢主要成分都是铁，但性质不同的原因是：含碳量不同。3、反应物是固体，需加热，制气体时则用制O2 的发生装置。反应物是固体与液体，不需要加热，制气体时则

184、用制H2 的发生装置。密度比空气大用向上排空气法难或不溶于水用排水法收集密度比空气小用向下排空气法CO2、HCl 、NH3 只能用向上排空气法CO、N2、 （NO）只能用排水法4、实验室制O2 的方法是：加热氯酸钾或高锰酸钾（方程式）KClO3 KMnO4 工业上制制O2 的方法是：分离液态空气（物理变化）原理：利用N2、 O2 的沸点不同， N2 先被蒸发，余下的是液氧（贮存在天蓝色钢瓶中）。实验室制H2 的方法是：常用锌和稀硫酸或稀盐酸（不能用浓硫酸和硝酸，原因：氧化性太强与金属反应不生成H2 而生成 H2O） （也不能用镁：反应速度太快了；也不能用铁：反应速度太慢了；也不能用铜，因为不反

185、应）Zn+H2SO4Zn+HCl 工业上制 H2 的原料：水、水煤气（H2、CO） 、天然气（主要成分CH4）实验室制CO2 的方法是：大理石或石灰石和稀盐酸。不能用浓盐酸（产生的气体不纯含有 HCl ） ，不能用稀硫酸（生成的CaSO4 微溶于水，覆盖在大理石的表面阻止了反应的进行）。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent int

186、o the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of

187、the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early wa

188、rning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repa

189、ir the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than

190、 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technolog

191、ical training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivati

192、on area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberr

193、y sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.729

194、2 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged

195、 bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field det

196、ection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farme

197、rs increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, incl

198、uding: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I ha

199、ve introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yu

200、an to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country

201、 bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural

202、 work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has b

203、een completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility const

204、ruction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work.

205、Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of

206、land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nsh

207、ip to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spirit

208、ual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, t

209、he sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put togetherCaCO3+ HCl 工业上制 CO2 的方法是：煅烧石灰石CaCO35、氧气是一种比较活泼的气体，具有氧化性、助燃性，是一种常用的氧化剂。（黑色） C 和 O2 反应的现象是：在氧气中比在空气中更旺，发出白光。（黄色） S 和 O2 反应的现象是：在空气中淡蓝色火焰，在氧气中蓝紫色的火焰，生成刺激性气味的气体SO2。（红色或白

210、色） P 和 O2 反应的现象是：冒白烟，生成白色固体P2O5。 （用于发令枪）（银白色） Mg 和 O2 反应的现象是：放出大量的热，同时发出耀眼的白光，生成一种白色固体氧化镁。 （用于照明弹等）（银白色） Fe 和 O2 反应的现象是：剧烈燃烧，火星四射，生成黑色固体Fe3O4，注意点：预先放入少量水或一层沙，防止生成的熔化物炸裂瓶底。H2 和 O2 的现象是：发出淡蓝色的火焰。CO 和 O2 的现象是：发出蓝色的火焰。CH4 和 O2 的现象是：发出明亮的蓝色火焰。酒精燃烧C2H5OH+ O2 甲醇燃烧CH3OH+ O26、H2、CO、C 具有相似的化学性质：可燃性还原性 可燃性H2+

211、O2 可燃性气体点燃前一定要检验纯度CO+ O2 H2 的爆炸极限为474.2% C+ O2 （氧气充足）C+ O2 （氧气不足）还原性H2+CuO 黑色变成红色，同时有水珠出现C+ CuO 黑色变成红色，同时产生使石灰水变浑浊的气体CO+CuO 黑色粉末变成红色，产生使石灰水变浑浊的气体7、CO2 与水反应：CO2+H2O （紫色石蕊变红色）与碱反应：CO2+Ca(OH)2 （检验 CO2 的方程式）与灼热的碳反应：CO2+C （吸热反应，既是化合反应又是氧化还原反应，CO2 是氧化剂）除杂： COCO2 通入石灰水CO2+Ca(OH)2CO2CO 通过灼热的氧化铜CO+CuOCaOCaCO

212、3只能煅烧CaCO3检验： CaOCaCO3加盐酸CaCO3+ HCl鉴别： H2、CO、CH4 可燃性的气体：看燃烧产物H2、O2、CO2：用燃着的木条（H2、CO2） ， （O2、CO2） ， （CO、CO2）用石灰水8、酒精 C2H5OH，又名乙醇，工业酒精中常含有有毒的甲醇CH3OH，醋酸又名乙酸， CH3COOH，同碳酸一样，能使紫色石蕊变红色。无水醋酸又称冰醋酸。当今世界上最重要的三大矿物燃料是：煤、石油、天然气；煤是工业的粮食，石油是工业的血液。其中气体矿物燃料是：天然气，固体矿物燃料是煤，氢气是理想燃料（来源广，放热多，无污染） 。（铁）1、铁的物理性质：银白色金属光泽，质软，

213、有良好的延性和展性，是电和热的导体。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 16 页2、铁生绣实际上是铁、 氧气和水等物质相互作用，铁锈的主要成分是氧化铁Fe2O3 （红棕色） 。全世界每年因生绣损失的钢铁约占世界年产量的?。3、防止铁制品生绣的方法：保持铁制品表面的洁净和干燥，在铁制品的表面涂上一层保护膜。具体操作是：在其表面刷油漆，在其表面涂油，金属制品表面镀上其它金属，通过化学反应使铁制品的表面生成致密的氧化膜。4、黑色金属： Fe、Mn、Cr（铬）有色金属：除前三种以外都是，如Cu、Zn、Al 5、合金（混合物）：是由

214、一种金属与其它一种或几种金属（或非金属）一起熔合而成的具有金属特性的物质。铁的合金有：生铁和钢（混合物）生铁的含碳量在2%4.3%之间，钢的含碳量在0.03%2%之间。生铁分为白口铁、灰口铁和球墨铸铁，球墨铸铁具有很高的机械强度，某些场合可以代替钢。钢分为碳素钢和合金钢。6、炼铁的主要设备是高炉，主要原料是铁矿石、焦炭和石灰石。原理：在高温条件下，用还原剂一氧化碳从铁的氧化物中将铁还原出来。（不能：置换）炼钢设备：转炉、电炉、平炉。原理：在高温条件下，用氧气或铁的氧化物把生铁中所含的过量的碳和其它杂质转变为气体和炉渣而除去。7、白口铁的用途：用于炼钢、灰口铁的用途制造化工机械和铸件。低碳钢和中

215、碳钢用来制造机械零件，钢管。高碳钢用来制刀具、量具和模具。8、锰钢中合金元素为锰，韧性好，硬度大；不锈钢中合金元素为铬、镍，抗腐蚀性好；硅钢中合金元素为硅，导磁性好；钨钢中合金元素为钨，耐高温，硬度大。9、导电性：银铜铝，铝和锌在空气中能形成一层致密的氧化物薄膜，可阻止进一步氧化。铜生锈是铜和水、氧气、二氧化碳发生的反应。钛耐腐蚀性好。（溶液）1、溶液的特征：均一稳定的混合物。加水升温饱和溶液不饱和溶液熟石灰对温度例外增加溶质降温蒸发溶剂饱和石灰水变成不饱和的石灰水的方法是：加水降温对于同一种溶质的溶液来说，在同一温度下，饱和溶液一定比不饱和溶液要浓。2、20时，易溶物质的溶解度为10g，可溶

216、物质的溶解度1g10g，微溶物质的溶解度为 0.01g1g，难溶物质的溶解度为0.01g。3、分离： KCl 和 MnO2 方法为过滤，步骤：溶解、过滤、蒸发，NaCl 和 KNO3 方法为结晶，步骤：溶解、冷却结晶。（冷却热饱和溶液法）对溶解度受温度变化不大的物质采用蒸发溶剂的方法来得到晶体（如NaCl） 。对溶解度受温度变化比较大的物质采用冷却热的饱和溶液的方法来得到晶体（如KNO3 、CuSO4）冷却饱和 CuSO4 溶液析出晶体的化学式为CuSO4?5H2O。4、碘酒中溶质是碘，溶剂是酒精。盐酸中溶质是HCl，石灰水中溶质为Ca(OH)2，食精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -

217、 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the

218、 eighth village election work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster rel

219、ief acts of violation of policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County

220、discipline inspection Wang Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n pub

221、lished 4 issues; and the independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ur

222、e of agriculture. -Consolidating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the tra

223、ditional industry. Up to now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million

224、 Yuan output value. -Rational planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the to

225、wnship now retain Mul berry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantage

226、s, and strive to build XX green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing f

227、amous agricult ural brand, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and bene

228、fits, and direct supermarket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take

229、 shape,. I have invested a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural developmen

230、t. -Work environment and improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of

231、effective cleaning mecha nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang g

232、uangyiguang, I b, orders the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w or

233、k has bee n carried out. -S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire vil

234、lage to promote the project, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastr

235、ucture. By securing superior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX Riv

236、er (Xia ng Hui) has build embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strong

237、ly promote our land. Joan Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, la

238、nd expropriation and steady development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs

239、 have been migrated, clearing tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of

240、family planning work, raise the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together盐水中溶质为NaCl，氧化钙溶于水溶质为Ca(OH)2，三氧化

241、硫溶于水溶质为H2SO4，胆矾 CuSO4?5H2O 溶于水溶质为CuSO4，医用酒精中溶质为C2H5OH。（组成与结构）1、分子是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子（原子、离子也能保持物质的化学性质）。原子是化学变化中的最小粒子。例如：保持氯气化学性质的最小粒子是D（氯分子）（A、Cl B、Cl- C、2Cl D、Cl2） 。保持 CO2 化学性质的最小粒子是CO2 分子；保持水银的化学性质的最小粒子是汞原子。在电解水这一变化中的最小粒子是氢原子和氧原子。原子中：核电荷数（带正电）=质子数 =核外电子数相对原子质量 =质子数 +中子数原子是由原子核和核外电子构成的，原子核是由质子和中子构成的，构成原

242、子的三种粒子是：质子（正电） 、中子（不带电） 、电子（带负电） 。一切原子都有质子、中子和电子吗？（错！一般的氢原子无中子）。某原子的相对原子质量=某原子的质量 /C 原子质量的 1/12。相对原子质量的单位是“1”，它是一个比值。相对分子质量的单位是“1”。由于原子核所带电量和核外电子的电量相等，电性相反，因此整个原子不显电性（即电中性） 。2、由同种元素组成的纯净物叫单质（由一种元素组成的物质不一定是单质，也可能是混合物，但一定不可能是化合物。）由一种分子构成的物质一定是纯净物，纯净物不一定是由一种分子构成的。由不同种元素组成的纯净物一定是化合物；由不同种元素组成的物质不一定是化合物，但

243、化合物一定是由不同种元素组成的。纯净物与混合物的区别是物质的种类不同。单质和化合物的区别是元素的种类不同。由两种元素组成的， 其中一种是氧元素的化合物叫氧化物。氧化物一定是含氧化合物，但含氧化合物不一定是氧化物。元素符号的意义：表示一种元素，表示这种元素的一个原子。化学式的意义： 表示一种物质， 表示这种物质的元素组成，表示这种物质的一个分子，表示这种物质的一个分子的原子构成。物质是由分子、原子、离子构成的。由原子直接构成的：金属单质、稀有气体、硅和碳。由分子直接构成的：非金属气体单质如H2、O2、N2、Cl2 等、共价化合物、一些固态非金属单质如磷、硫等。分子又是由原子构成的。共价化合物是由

244、非金属与非金属（或原子团） 组成，如 CO2、H2O、SO3、HCl、H2SO4。由离子直接构成的： 离子化合物 （金属与非金属或原子团）如 NaCl、CaCl2、MgS、NaF、ZnSO4。构成氯酸钾的微粒是K+ 、ClO3-。3、决定元素的种类是核电荷数（或质子数）， （即一种元素和另一种元素的本质区别是质子数不同或者核电荷数不同）；决定元素的化学性质的是最外层电子数。同种元素具有相同的核电荷数，如Fe、Fe2+、Fe3+因核电荷数相同，都称为铁元素，但最外层电子数不同，所以他们的化学性质也不同。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第

245、14 页，共 16 页核电荷数相同的粒子不一定是同种元素，如Ne、HF、H2O、NH3、CH4。已知 RO32-有 32 个电子，则R 的质子数为： R+8 3+2=32 （质量守恒定律）1、在一切化学反应中，反应前后原子的种类没有改变，原子的数目没有增减，原子的质量也没有变化，所以反应前后各物质的质量总和相等。小结：在化学反应中: 一定不变的是： 各物质的质量总和元素的种类元素的质量原子的种类原子的数目原子的质量；一定改变的是：物质的种类分子的种类；可能改变的是分子的数目。书写化学方程式应遵守的两个原则：一是必须以客观事实为基础，二是要遵守质量守恒定律， “ 等号 ” 表示两边各原子的数目必

246、须相等。（酸、碱、盐）1、固体 NaCl、KNO3 、NaOH、Mg(NO3)2 等不能导电，其水溶液能导电，所以酸碱盐溶液能导电，但有机物溶液不导电。2、氯酸钾溶液中是否含有自由移动的氯离子？（没有，只含有自由移动的氯酸根离子）3、能导电的溶液中，所有阳离子所带的正电荷总数等于阴离子所带的负电荷总数，所以整个溶液不显电性。例如某溶液中Na+Mg2+ Cl-=3 25，如 Na+为 3n 个，求 SO42-的个数，（此类题要会）解： 3n+22n=5n+2x，则 x= 4、盐中一定含有金属离子或金属元素（ ） 碱中一定含有金属元素（ ）化合物中一定含有非金属元素（ ） 碱中一定含有氢氧元素（

247、）酸中一定含有氢元素（ ） 有机物中一定含有碳元素（ ）5、使紫色的石蕊试液变红的溶液不一定是酸溶液，但一定是酸性溶液；（如NaHSO4溶液是盐溶液，但溶液显酸性）使紫色的石蕊试液变蓝的溶液不一定是碱溶液，但一定是碱性溶液。（如 Na2CO3 溶液是盐溶液，但溶液显碱性）6、X-和 Cl-具有相似的化学性质，说出HX 的化学性质（酸的通性）i. 与酸碱指示剂作用，紫色石蕊遇HX 变红色，无色酚酞不变色。ii.与金属反应生成盐和氢气（条件：在活动性顺序表中，只有排在H 前面的金属才能置换出酸中的氢；酸除了HNO3 和浓 H2SO4，氧化性强，与金属反应时，不生成氢气而生成水， H2CO3 酸性太

248、弱）iii. 与金属氧化物反应生成盐和水（一定反应）iv. 与碱反应生成盐和水（一定反应）v. 与某些盐反应生成另一种酸和另一种盐（条件：生成物有沉淀或气体）7、溶液的酸碱度常用pH 来表示， pH=7 时溶液呈中性， pH7 时呈酸性， pH7 时呈碱性。PH=0 时呈酸性， pH 越小，酸性越强，pH 越大，碱性越强。蒸馏水的 pH=7（雨水的pH7 显弱酸性），SO3 溶于水，溶液pH7，CO2 溶于水，溶液 pH7；pH 升高可加碱（可溶性碱）或水，pH 降低可加酸或水。PH=3 和 pH=4精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第

249、15 页，共 16 页reserve cadre training platform. Select 12 thought good, strong, young, high culture of talent into the village two committees reserve cadres, through to the town, spending, party members stepped up t heir training in the form of distance education, solidified the eighth village election

250、work basis. -Grass-roots level, carry out the four-three activities. In accordance with the unified pla n of the County and township cadres actively supporting work, members of leadershi p each supporting a family difficulties and poor peopl e in a family, all . Disaster relief acts of violation of

251、policies such as special inspe ctions, ordered rectification of the problems, for signs of problems, early warning, early prevention. As of now, I organize all cadres and workers with about 80 people to the County Commission visited the cultural corridor; invited the County discipline inspection Wan

252、g Yi fang, Deputy Secretary of the independent Commission against corruption forum a while to update and repair the Gallery culture village, of honest and clean government promotion of special issue of the voice of the inde pendent Commission against corruption had bee n published 4 issues; and the

253、independent Commission against corruption message platform, periodi cally se nds t he text messages more than 2000 pieces of the ICAC. (B) pay special attention to party building and pr omote the Council for economic planning, further optimization of the industrial struct ure of agriculture. -Consol

254、idating and improving t he benefits of traditional industries. I adopted to increase scientific and technological training, and introducing high-tech agri cult ural production, increase the efficiency of traditional industries, further strengthening and consolidating the traditional industry. Up to

255、now, the Township 22746 acres of rubber plantation area, 5.12 million Yua n output value; betel nut cultivation area of 2279 acres, 5.3 million Yuan output value; powder banana planting area of 940 acres, 4.77 million Yuan output value; puzzle area of 670 acres, 1.61 million Yuan output value. -Rati

256、onal planning industrial distribution. Further optimize the agricult ural structure, supporting plant Mulberry sericulture, melon, papaya and such short, flat, fast special advantage industries. First, mulberry sericulture project. In 2015, the new Mulberry 147 acres, the township now retain Mul ber

257、ry gardens area of 1097 acres, a total of 18 batches for silkworm rearing, production value amounted to 1.7292 million Yua n, a n increase of 24.29% and increase farmers income 1.4698 million Yuan; second, vegetable industry is gratifying. Make full use of regional advantages, and strive to build XX

258、 green vegetable brands. This year I planted vegetables mainly to cucumber, bitter melon, white beans, winged bean, and planting an area of 550 acres, total 1414 tons, increasing peasants income of 228.72; third, papaya fruit industry was strengthened. To build can tracing famous agricult ural brand

259、, fruit papaya has became provincial quality brand agricultural, in province, and county level used field detection + agricultural tracing II dimensi on code + supermarket sales platform of agricultural Super docking mode, greatly to improve spring papaya of quality and benefits, and direct supermar

260、ket, ensure has papaya planting househol ds interests of maximize, makes papaya industry became I Xiang farmers increase of new highlig hts. The year 2015, Papaya fruit plant 320 acres, more than 2.24 million Yua n output value; four special livestock breeding begins to take shape,. I have invested

261、a total of 1.3 million Yuan this year, the introduction of porcupines, turtles and goat farming project, including: aquaculture Porcupine 32, farmed turtle 13, breeding goats, 41, a total of 650. (C) promoting infrastructure, provide a platform for urban and rural development. -Work environment and

262、improve the rural environment. One is the esta blishment of long-term mechanism of environmental health, I have introduced the XX rural sanitation improvement assessment methods and the XX months rural sanitation regulation evaluation standards, towards the establishment of effective cleaning mecha

263、nism, promote the healthy development of environmental governance. Up to now, I have put more than 230,000 yuan to t ownship 6 village of old garbage to clean up. Second, steadily promoting the construction of Phu my village. County plans to invest 4 million Yuan for Xiang guangyiguang, I b, orders

264、the first two Fu Mei Village proje ct, currently guangyiguangII, order one order of two villages-rich country bidding for construction work has been completed, the constructi on team has been assigned to me, some farmers of the old housing demolition and reconstructi on w ork has bee n carried out.

265、-S cientific planning, gradually improving the living environment. Paying careful attention to renovate rural work, further integration of reconstruction funds in v illage order, order the se cond village, and bobao, and village, Tong Village, er Cun, renovate the entire village to promote the proje

266、ct, a total of 140 families renovate w ork carried out. As of now , Township 65 houses renovation w ork has been completed; pr omoting complete 35, light, light in the second village, the whole village project is bei ng carried out. -Increasing investment, improving infrastructure. By securing super

267、ior support, invested a total of more than 407,000 square in the ow nship of water conservancy facility construction and renovation; invested a total of more than 208,000 square in the Township construction and repair the drinki ng water; invested 1.89 million yuan in XX River (Xia ng Hui) has build

268、 embankment retaining wall; invest more than 7.6 million Yuan Xiang Hui completed the fa?de renovation work. Also, put more than 36,000 yuan t o township 6 village village road conservation, the protection of the public travel security. -High-speed-Jones (XX) programs strongly promote our land. Joan

269、 Le high-speed proje ct, it is a key constructi on pr oje ct, I was drafted into the area of 448.77 acres of land, involving XX, manpower, Nanpi ng, 4 village, a total of 95 people, long li nes, and pressure. But because of my leadership and effective measures, organized, land expropriation and stea

270、dy development, effective mediation disputes, the proje ct progress rapidly advanci ng, as of now, the ow nship to apply for a land deal ha s been sig ned, farmers young athletes inv olved and the ground attache d to compensation have all bee n allocated land within 10 tombs have been migrated, clea

271、ring tables completed work has bee n completed. (D) social undertakings steadily, and constructi on of spiritual civilization to flourish. -Healthy development of population and family planni ng programs. Further the implementation of population and Responsibility system of family planning work, rai

272、se the level of administration according to law and to serve the people. As of now, my total was 62 people, the sex ratio at birth to 106.67, 12.05 per thousand in the birth, com prehensive contraception 80.93%, long -term measures put together混合溶液 pH7，测定 pH 的最简单的方法是使用pH 试纸，测定时，用玻璃棒把待测溶液滴在 pH 试纸上，然后

273、把试纸显示的颜色跟标准比色卡对照，便可知溶液的pH。pH数值是整数。8、碱的通性由于碱在水溶液里都能电离而生成OH-离子，所以它们有一些相似的化学性质。(1) 碱溶液能跟酸碱指示剂起反应。（条件：碱必须可溶）紫色的石蕊试液遇碱变蓝色，无色酚酞试液遇碱变红色。例如Fe(OH)3 中滴入紫色的石蕊试液，石蕊不变色。物质是由分子、原子、离子构成的。由原子直接构成的：金属单质、稀有气体、硅和碳。由分子直接构成的：非金属气体单质如H2、O2、N2、Cl2 等、共价化合物、一些固态非金属单质如磷、硫等。分子又是由原子构成的。共价化合物是由非金属与非金属（或原子团） 组成，如 CO2、H2O、SO3、HCl

274、、H2SO4。由离子直接构成的： 离子化合物 （金属与非金属或原子团）如 NaCl、CaCl2、MgS、NaF、ZnSO4。构成氯酸钾的微粒是K+ 、ClO3-。3、决定元素的种类是核电荷数（或质子数）， （即一种元素和另一种元素的本质区别是质子数不同或者核电荷数不同）；决定元素的化学性质的是最外层电子数。同种元素具有相同的核电荷数，如Fe、Fe2+、Fe3+因核电荷数相同，都称为铁元素，但最外层电子数不同，所以他们的化学性质也不同。核电荷数相同的粒子不一定是同种元素，如Ne、HF、H2O、NH3、CH4。已知 RO32-有 32 个电子，则R 的质子数为： R+8 3+2=32 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 16 页