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1、CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS and CONCRETEBARAN ARSLAN - 20519522 AYA EKER - 20772831 SERKAN KO - 20519814 T.GİZEM AKSOY - 20519497A.DİLEK SAYINTA- 20519981GOALSnTogivebriefinformationaboutI.Concrete-properties,production,compositionII.Cement-typesofcement,mostlyusedcementIII.ConstructionMaterials-mostlyus
2、edones.nTogiveideasabouthowpresentationismadenToupgradeourskillsonmakingpresentationOutlinenCONCRETE1-What is concrete?2-Composition of concretea)Waterb)Aggregatesc)Reinforcementd)Chemicaladmixturese)Cement3-Concrete productiona)MixingConcreteb)Workabilityc)Curing4-Properties of Concrete5-Types of C
3、oncrete6-Concrete Testing7-Concrete RecyclingnCONSTRUCTION MATERIALSa)Asphaltb)Aggregatec)Brickd)GypsumReferencesOutline continuedCONCRETEWHAT IS CONCRETE?nConstructionmaterialnMixtureofportlandcement,water,aggregates,andinsomecases,admixtures.nThecementandwaterformapastethathardensandbondstheaggreg
4、atestogether.nOftenlookeduponas“manmaderock”.nVersatileconstructionmaterial,adaptabletoawidevarietyofagriculturalandresidentialuses.nStrong,durable,versatile,andeconomical.http:/ of concretenWaternAggregatesnChemical admixturesnCementhttp:/www.bu.edu/sjmag/scimag2008/images/Texture_Concrete_Cracked_
5、by_ivelt_resources.jpgWATERnGoodwaterisessentialforqualityconcrete.nShouldbegoodenoughtodrink-freeoftrash,organicmatterandexcessivechemicalsand/orminerals.nThestrengthandotherpropertiesofconcretearehighlydependentontheamountofwaterandthewater-cementratio.http:/pure- ADMİXTURESnMaterialsintheformofpo
6、wderorfluidsthatareaddedtotheconcretetogiveitcertaincharacteristicsnotobtainablewithplainconcretemixes.nInnormaluse,admixturedosagesarelessthan5%bymassofcement,andareaddedtotheconcreteatthetimeofbatching/mixing.http:/www.cca.org.nz/images/admixtures1.jpgCHEMİCAL ADMİXTURESThemostcommontypesofadmixtu
7、resare:nAccelerators:-Speedupthehydration(hardening)oftheconcrete.-TypicalmaterialsusedareCaCl2andNaCl.nAcrylic retarders :-Slowthehydrationofconcrete,andareusedinlargeordifficultpours.-Typicalretarderistablesugar,orsucrose(C12H22O11).CHEMICAL ADMIXTURESnAir Entraining agents:-Themostcommonlyusedadm
8、ixturesforagriculturalconcrete.-Producemicroscopicairbubblesthroughouttheconcrete.-Entrainedairbubbles:Improvethedurabilityofconcreteexposedtomoistureandfreeze/thawaction.Improveresistancetoscalingfromdeicersandcorrosiveagentssuchasmanureorsilage.CHEMICAL ADMIXTURESnWater-reducing admixtures -Increa
9、setheworkabilityofplasticorfreshconcrete,allowingitbeplacedmoreeasily,withlessconsolidatingeffort.-High-rangewater-reducingadmixturesareaclassofwater-reducingadmixturesqIncreaseworkabilityqReducethewatercontentofaconcrete.qImprovesitsstrengthanddurabilitycharacteristics.REINFORCEMENTnStrongincompres
10、sion,astheaggregateefficientlycarriesthecompressionload.nWeakintensionasthecementholdingtheaggregateinplacecancrack,allowingthestructuretofail.nReinforcedconcretesolvestheseproblemsbyaddingeithermetalreinforcingbars,steelfibers,glassfiber,orplasticfibertocarrytensileloads.http:/www.eurocode2.info/im
11、ages/reinforcement.jpgCEMENTnCrystallinecompoundofcalciumsilicatesandothercalciumcompoundshavinghydraulicproperties.nConsideredhydraulicbecauseoftheirabilitytosetandhardenunderorwithexcesswaterthroughthehydrationofthecementschemicalcompoundsormineralshttp:/ Mainuseisinthefabricationofconcreteandmort
12、arsnModern uses-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,mortar,panels,plaster)-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,tunnels,parking,etc.)-Water(pipes,drains,canals,dams,tanks,pools,etc.)-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing,poles,pylons,fencin
13、g)-Agriculture(buildings,processing,housing,irrigation)CEMENTnHYDRAULIC CEMENTS:nHydraulic lime:Onlyusedinspecializedmortars.Madefromcalcinationofclay-richlimestones.nNatural cements: MisleadinglycalledRoman.Itismadefrom argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone andclay or shale, with few raw
14、 materials. Because they werefoundtobeinferiortoportland,mostplantsswitched.nPortland cement:Artificialcement.Madebythemixingclinkerwithgypsumina95:5ratio.CEMENTnPortland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to35%) of ground limestonehavebeenaddedas a fillerto aportlandcementbase.nBlended cements:Mi
15、xofportlandcementwithoneormore SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) likepozzolanicadditives.nPozzolan-lime cements:OriginalRomancements.OnlyasmallquantityismanufacturedintheU.S.Mixofpozzolanswithlime.CEMENTnMasonry cements: Portland cement where othermaterialshavebeenaddedprimarilytoimpartplast
16、icity.nAluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are themainrawmaterials.Usedforrefractoryapplications(suchascementingfurnacebricks)andcertainapplicationswhererapidhardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.ThereisonlyoneproducingfacilityintheU.S.PORTLAND CEMENTnMostactivecomponentofc
17、oncretenThegreatestunitcostinconcrete,nItsselectionandproperuseareimportantinobtainingmosteconomicallythebalanceofpropertiesdesiredforanyparticularconcretemixture.http:/www.cement.org/decorative/images/overview2.jpgPORTLAND CEMENTnTheproductionprocessforportlandcementfirstinvolvesgrindinglimestoneor
18、chalkandaluminaandsilicafromshaleorclay.nTypeI/IIportlandcementsarethemostpopularcementsusedbyconcreteproducers-TypeIcementisthegeneralpurposecementandmostcommontype.Unlessanalternativeisspecified,TypeIisusuallyused.-Type IIcementreleaseslessheatduringhardening.Itismoresuitableforprojectsinvolvingla
19、rgemassesofconcrete-heavyretainingwallsTypesofPortlandcementCement type UseI1 General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating conditionsII2Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attackIIIWhen high-early strength is requiredIV3When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive struct
20、ures)V4When high sulfate resistance is requiredIA4A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agentIIA4A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agentIIIA4A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agentPORTLAND CEMENTPhysical Properties of Portland Cements1)Finen
21、ess,2)Soundness3)Consistency4)Settingtime5)Compressivestrength6)Heatofhydration7)LossofignitionConcrete productionnThisprocessdevelopsphysicalandchemicalpropertieslikemechanicalstrength,lowmoisturepermeability,andchemicalandvolumetricstability.AproperlyproportionedconcretemixwillprovidenMixingconcre
22、tenWorkabilitynCuringMixing concretenEssentialforI.Theproductionofuniformconcrete,II.Highqualityconcrete.nEquipmentandmethodsshouldbecapableofeffectivelymixinghttp:/ http:/ of concretenStrengthnElasticitynCrackingnShrinkagecrackingnTensioncrackingStrength ConcretehasrelativelynHighcompressivestrengt
23、h,nLowtensilestrengthnFairtoassumethataconcretesamplestensilestrengthisabout10%-15%ofitscompressivestrengthnTheultimatestrengthofconcreteisinfluencedby-water-cementitiousratio -thedesignconstituents-themixing-placement-curingmethodsElasticitynFunctionofthemodulusofelasticityoftheaggregatesandtheceme
24、ntmatrixandtheirrelativeproportionsnTheAmericanConcreteInstituteallowsthemodulusofelasticitytobecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:where wc=weightofconcrete(poundspercubicfoot)andwherefc=compressivestrengthofconcreteat28days(psi)CrackingnAllconcretestructureswillcracktosomeextent.nCracksduetotensil
25、estressinducedbyshrinkageorstressesoccurringduringsettingorusehttp:/ crackingnOccurwhenconcretemembersundergorestrainedvolumetricchanges(shrinkage)asaresultofeitherdrying,autogenousshrinkageorthermaleffects.nThenumberandwidthofshrinkagecracksthatdevelopareinfluencedby-theamountofshrinkagethatoccurs-
26、theamountofrestraintpresent-theamountandspacingofreinforcementprovided.http:/epg.modot.org/files/thumb/3/39/216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg/550px-216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpgTension crackingnMostcommoninconcretebeamswhereatransverselyappliedloadwillputonesurfaceintocompres
27、sionandtheoppositesurfaceintotensionduetoinducedbending.nThesizeandlengthofcracksisdependenton-Themagnitudeofthebendingmoment-Thedesignofthereinforcinginthebeamatthepointunderconsideration.Types of concreteRegularconcreteHigh-strengthconcreteStampedconcreteHigh-performanceconcreteSelf-consolidatingc
28、oncretesVacuumconcretesShotcretePerviousconcreteCellularconcrete,Cork-cementcompositesRoller-compactedconcreteGlassconcreteAsphaltconcreteRapidstrengthconcreteRubberizedconcretePolymerconcreteGeopolymerorgreenconcreteLimecreteRefractoryCementConcreteclothInnovativemixturesGypsumconcreteConcrete test
29、ing CompressiontestingofaconcretecylinderSamecylinderafterfailurehttp:/.au/vca/Images/testing.jpghttp:/www.concrete- test methodsnCompactionFactorTest(CompactingFactorTest,Glanville)nCompactionTestnFreeOrificeTest(OrimetTest)nK-SlumpTesternFreeFlowTestMethodsnSlumpTestnModifiedSlumpTestnSlumpRateMac
30、hinenKellyBallTestnRingPenetrationTestnConePenetrationTestnMovingSphereViscometernFlowTroughTestnDelivery-ChuteTorqueMeternDelivery-ChuteDepthMeternSurfaceSettlementTestConcrete recyclingnincreasinglycommonmethodofdisposingofconcretestructuresnrecyclingisincreasingdueto-improvedenvironmentalawarenes
31、s-governmentallaws-economicbenefitsnRecyclingconcreteprovides-environmentalbenefits-conservinglandfillspaceConstruction materialsnAsphaltnAggregate nBricknGypsumASPHALTnAlsoknownasbitumennDarkbrowntoblacknHighlyviscousnHydrocarbonproducedfrompetroleumdistillationresidue.nAtleast80%carbon,whichexplai
32、nsitsdeepblackcolor.nSulphurisanotheringredient.nPrimarilyusedasasealantforrooftopsandadurablesurfaceforroads,airportrunways,playgroundsandparkinglots.http:/ OF ASPHALTnThemajortypesofasphaltusedinconstructionare;nRolledasphaltnMasticasphalt.http:/ Asphalt nMadeofaggregate,orsolidmaterialssuchassand
33、,gravel,orrecycledconcrete,withanasphaltbinder.nUsedtomakeroadsandothersurfaces,suchasparkinglots,bybeingappliedinlayersandcompacted.nDifferenttypesofrolledasphaltaredistinguishedaccordingtotheprocessusedtobindtheaggregatewiththeasphalt.TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALTnHot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC)-Produce
34、dat160degreesCelsius.-Thishightemperatureservestodecreaseviscosityandmoistureduringthemanufacturingprocess,resultinginaverydurablematerial.-HMACismostcommonlyusedforhigh-trafficareas,suchasbusyhighwaysandairports.http:/ ASPHALTnWarm mix asphalt concrete (WAM or WMA)-Reducesthetemperaturerequiredform
35、anufacturebyaddingasphaltemulsions,waxes,orzeolites.-Benefitsboththeenvironmentandtheworkers,asitresultsinlessfossilfuelconsumptionandreducedemissionoffumes.http:/www.wispave.org/images/iStock_000007064664XSmall.jpgROLLED ASPHALTnCold mix asphalt concrete,-Emulsifiedinsoapywaterbeforemixingitwiththe
36、aggregate,eliminatingtheneedforhightemperaturesaltogether.-TheasphaltproducedisnotnearlyasdurableasHMACorWAM-TypicallyusedforlowtrafficareasortopatchdamagedHMAC.http:/ ASPHALTnCut-back asphalt concrete-IllegalintheUnitedstatessincethe1970s,butmanyothercountriesaroundtheworldstilluseit.-Theleastenvir
37、onmentallyfriendlyoption,resultinginsignificantlymoreairpollutionthantheotherforms.-Madebydissolvingtheasphaltbinderinkerosenebeforemixingitwiththeaggregate,reducingviscositywhiletheconcreteislayeredandcompacted.MASTIC ASPHALTnAlsocalledsheetasphalt.nLowerbitumencontentthantherolledasphalt.nUsedfors
38、omeroadsandfootpaths.nUsedalsoinroofingandflooring.http:/www.e- ASPHALTnStonemasticasphalt(SMA),isanothervariety.nBecomingincreasinglypopularasanalternativetorolledasphalt.nBenefitsinclude-Anti-skidproperty-TheabsenceofairpocketsButiflaidimproperly-Maycauseslipperyroadconditions.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
39、OF ASPHALTnDurability-Ameasureofhowasphaltbinderphysicalpropertieschangewithage.-Sometimescalledagehardening.-Ingeneral,asanasphaltbinderages,itsviscosityincreasesanditbecomesmorestiffandbrittle.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTnRheologynThestudyofdeformationandflowofmatter.nDeformationandflowoftheasph
40、altbinderinHMAisimportantinHMAperformance.nHMApavementsthatdeformandflowtoomuchmaybesusceptibletoruttingandbleeding,whilethosethataretoostiffmaybesusceptibletofatiguecracking.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTnSafetynAsphaltcementlikemostothermaterials,volatilizes(givesoffvapor)whenheated.nFlashpoint.nF
41、orsafetyreasons,theflashpointofasphaltcementistestedandcontrolled.nPurity.nAsphaltcement,asusedinHMApaving,shouldconsistofalmostpurebitumen.nImpuritiesarenotactivecementingconstituentsandmaybeharmfultoasphaltperformance.AGGREGATEnCollectivetermforsand,gravelandcrushedstonemineralmaterialsintheirnatu
42、ralorprocessedstatenRoadsandhighwaysconstitutethelargestsingleuseofaggregateat40percentofthetotalAGGREGATE ORIGINS AND PRODUCTIONnCaneitherbenaturalormanufacturedI.NaturalaggregatesaregenerallyextractedfromlargerrockformationsthroughanopenexcavationII.Manufacturedrocktypicallyconsistsofindustrialbyp
43、roductssuchasslag(byproductofthemetallurgicalprocessingtypicallyproducedfromprocessingsteel,tinandcopper)nSpecialtyrockthatisproducedtohaveaparticularphysicalcharacteristicnotfoundinnaturalrock(suchasthelowdensityoflightweightaggregate).AGGREGATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIESnToughness and abrasion resistance
44、.Aggregatesshouldbehardandtoughenoughtoresistcrushing,degradationanddisintegrationfromactivitiessuchasmanufacturing,stockpiling,production,placingandcompaction.nDurability and soundness.Aggregatesmustberesistanttobreakdownanddisintegrationfromweathering(wetting/drying)orelsetheymaybreakapartandcause
45、prematurepavementdistress.nParticle shape and surface texture.Particleshapeandsurfacetextureareimportantforpropercompaction,loadresistanceandworkability.Generally,cubicangular-shapedparticleswitharoughsurfacetexturearebest.nSpecific gravity.Aggregatespecificgravityisusefulinmakingweight-volumeconver
46、sionsandincalculatingthevoidcontentincompactedHotMixedAsphaltnCleanliness and deleterious materials.AggregatesmustberelativelycleanwhenusedinHMA.Vegetation,softparticles,claylumps,excessdustandvegetablemattermayaffectperformancebyquicklydegrading,whichcausesalossofstructuralsupportand/orpreventsbind
47、er-aggregatebondingGYPSUMnOccursinnatureas:-flattened-oftentwinnedcrystals-transparentcleavablemassescalledselenite.nMayalsooccurinasilky,fibrousform,inwhichcaseitiscommonlycalledsatinspar.nFinallymayalsobegranularorquitecompact.nInhand-sizedsamples.nCanbetransparentoropaque.http:/www.warmtec.co.nz/
48、mediac/400_0/media/variotherm3.JPGOCCURRENCE GYPSUM nAcommonmineral,withthickandextensiveevaporitebedsinassociationwithsedimentaryrocks.nGypsumisdepositedinlakeandseawater.nHydrothermalanhydriteinveinsiscommonlyhydratedtogypsumbygroundwaterinnearsurfaceexposures.nOftenassociatedwiththemineralshalite
49、andsulfur.http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GypsumUSES OF GYPSUMnGypsumBoardprimarilyusedasafinishforwallsandceilings;knowninconstructionslangasDrywallnPlasteringredient.nAcomponentofPortlandcementusedtopreventflashsettingofconcrete.BRICKnMasonryunitnDoesnotinferanyparticularmaterialnAbout%90ofUK,bricksma
50、defromsomeformofclay.n%8ofUKbricksmadeofconcretecrushedrockaggregateandportlandcementaremainconstituents.n%3ofUKofbrickmadefromsandandlime,sometimeswiththeadditionofcrushedflint.http:/ OF BRICKnCommon unit-suitableforgeneralconstruction,withnospecialclaimtogiveanattractiveappereance.nFacing unit-spe
51、acillymadeorselectedtogiveanattractiveappearancenHeader-shorterfaceofamasonryunitshowingonthefaceofawallnBrick- notexceeding338mminlenght,225mminwidth,nor113mminheight.http:/www.legacy- OF BRICKnEngineering brick-firedclaybrick,havingadenseandstrongsemi-vitreousbody,conformingtodefinedlimitsforwater
52、absorbtionandcompressivestrengthnFrogged brick-Frogsnotexceeding%20ofgrossvolumenSoft mud bricks-mosteconomical.burnedat900-1000Ctoachievestrenght.nDry pressed bricks-moreaccurate,sharper-edgedbricksTYPES OF BRICKnExtruded bricks-harddense,lighter,easiertohandle,differentthermalpropertiesfromsolidbr
53、icks.makehardenedbydrying20-40hoursat50-150Cbeforebeingfired.nCalcium silicate bricks-consistoflime,mixedwithquartz,crushedflintorcrushedsiliceousrockwithmineralcolourants.Bricksareaccurate,uniform,variouscolors(whiteiscommon)USES OF BRICKnInmetalurgyindustry,glassindustryforliningfurnaces.nUseasare
54、fractory(silica,magnesiabricks)nTomakewalls,barbeques,fencesetc.GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKnHardnDurablenRectangularnSmallishnHoldsheatwell/insulatesnCompactnComeinseveralearth-tonecolorsnCheapREFERENCESnWEB,http:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/cement.htmlnWEB,http:/www.concrete.org/general/fE4-03.pdfnWEB,http:/ question about our presentation.1.Whatisthecompositionofconcrete?2.Whatisthepurposeofcuring?3.Whatisthetypesofasphaltmostlyusedinconstruction?4.Whattypeofconstructionmaterialisusedforliningthekilns?
