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1、第二讲 定语从句与倒装句一、复习：虚拟语气1)I wish _ (我年轻的时候有你们这样的时机). 2)If only _ (他知道这病是可以治好的)! Then he would not have killed himself. 3) Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars? I d rather he _ _ (漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰). 4)It s high time that _ _ (采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题). 5)Hugh usually talks _ _ (仿佛在大会上发表演说似的). 6)We
2、 insist that _ (让杰克立刻进医院). 7)We are going to discuss his suggestion that _ (取消期中考试 ). 8)It is essential that _ _(每个人都为紧急情况做好准备). 9)_ (如果他按照我告诉他的方法订票), we would have had quite a comfortable journey. 10)I was to have made a speech _ _(要不是有人把我的话打断了). 11)_ (如果我一直住在纽约), I would know the U.S. well now. 12
3、)If the doctor had not come in time, _ (他现在就不在人间了). 13)But for his help, _ (我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了). 14)Were I in your place, _ (我会毫不犹豫地抓住时机). 15)Had it not been for their opposition, _( 这项法案早就通过了). 二、语法讲解定语从句 Attributive clauses 在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。构成 : 先行词+ 关系词+
4、 从句1关系代词：1who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。关系代词充当宾语可以省略。例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that 在从句中作主语) He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday. whom/that 在从句中作宾语2whose 用来指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，。 例如：Please pass me the book whose cover is red.指物The lawyer whose name is Wang Jin
5、lives in Nanjing. 指人3which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。例如：Great changes which / that have never been seen before appears in the countryside. which / that 在句中作主语The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。which / that 在句中作宾语2. 关系副词引导的定语从句when = on (in, at,
6、during ) + which; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 7 页where = in (at, on ) + which; why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 注：先行词是
7、the way 时，其后的定语从句关系词有三种，例如：I like the way in which / (that) the teacher gives his lessons. 从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。也就是说要看先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分试比较：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略) I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returne
8、d to its motherland. 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词The reason that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable. ( gave 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略) The reason why he didn t come to school yesterday is unbelievable. 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词3. 关系代词that 与 which；that 与 who 的一些特殊用法：指物时
9、，关系代词that 和 which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用 that ：1先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little 等修饰时：Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town? 注：当 something 确指某物或某事时，用that 或 which 都可以，如：There is something that/which
10、keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。” 2) 先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词the first, the second , the last修饰时：This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 3) 先行词被the only， the very 修饰时：The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 4) 先行词既有人又有物时：They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in th
11、e school. 5) 当主句是由who 或 which 引导的特殊问句时，为防止重复，定语从句中常用that：Who is the man that is standing by the door? Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday? 只能用 which 的两种情况1) 非限制性定语从句,先行词为物e.g. Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China. 2) 整句话当先行词It rained a lot, which made a floo
12、d happened 只能用 as, 不能用 which, that, who 的两种情况1) 先行词被such, the same 修饰时e.g. I ve never heard of such a terrible earthquake as you told me. You are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. (像，两支 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 7 页You are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.正
13、是，同一支2) 非限制性定语从句提前,关系词用 as, “正如 所知道 ,所期望 的一样 ” e.g. As we know，Taiwan belongs to China, 当先行词是anyone, those, these, he, she等代词表 “ 人” 时，一般用who 而不用 that：Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here. Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m. He who doesn t
14、 reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用that 而不用 who：He is no longer the man that he used to be. 4. 一种特殊的非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句中，有时根据句子意思，常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、分数或百分比与of whom 或 of which 连用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad. (比
15、较： He has five children, and two of them are abroad.) We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof. (比较： We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.) 定语从句中易犯的错误1. 在定语从句中加了多余的定语e.g. Some of the boys I invited t
16、hem didn t come. (them) 2. 把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. (breaks) Those who has finished may go home. (have) He is the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. (knows) This is one of the rooms that is free now. (are) 3. 误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词e.g. Childre
17、n eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth. (who / that) 4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词a). The house where he lives in needs repairing. ( where he lives 或 that he lives in) b) I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. ( the day when 或 the day on which) 5. 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词I still reme
18、mber the day when we spent together. (that / which) This is the house where we lived in last year. (that /which) 6. 在先行词reason 后错用关系副词why I don t believe the reason why he has given for his being late. (that /which) 7. 主句不完整 ,首先要补充完整This factory is that I worked in. (the one ) 8. what 引导的名词性从句做主语,宾语
19、 ,表语That can be done has already been done. (what) 9. 误将强调句型当定语从句I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. (that) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 7 页练习：1All _ is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 2He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows,
20、most of _ hadn t been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which 3In the dark street, there wasn t a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 4Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.
21、 A .who B. which C. this D. what 5 John is the only one of the students who _ French John is one of the students who _ FrenchAknow B knows Cknowing D known 6 This is the knife _ I usually cut my pencilThis is the knife _ I usually use to cut my pencilAwith which B which C by which D with that 7 Who
22、lives in the house _ windows face south ？ Who lives in the house _ the windows face south ？Awhose Bwhich C of which D that 8 Is this factory _ you visited last year ？Is this the factory _ you visited last year ？Athat Bof which C the one Dwhere 9 When I have trouble ，he is the only one _I can ask for
23、 help When I have trouble ，he is the only one _ I can go for help Awhom B to whom C which D to who 10 The reason _ he gave us was that his car broke down on the wayThe reason _he was late was that his car broke down on the way Afor which B which C how D what 翻译：The social Security Retirement Program
24、 is made up of two trust funds, (其中较大的一笔到明年将全部用完。The road of life is long, but only a few steps are crucial especially during some years (当人年轻的时候). 孩子们花费的时间in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. April Fool s Day is that spec
25、ial day of the year 在这一天你可以捉弄别人 . 易混题一定语从句与并列句注意用标点符号和连接词and, but 等来区别。1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of_ is an engineer. 2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is a dancer. 3.Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 7 页二. 定语从句与地点状语从句看是否有先行
26、词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是状语从句1.Rice doesn t grow well _ there is not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_ my parents worked ten years ago. 三. 定语从句与强调句强调句型可以复原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be that 后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了It be that 后句子就不完整了。1. It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at th
27、e airport. It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. 2. It is in the factory _John works. It is the factory _John works. 四. 定语从句与结果状语从句在定语从句中， 假设先行词被such 修饰时， 关系词要用as, 组成 suchas结构 .这个结构与状语从句suchthat 如此 以致 很相似，要注意区别。假设从句中的及物动词后无宾语，就是定语从句，用 suchas.否则就是状语从句，用suchthat. 1.I have the same
28、computer _you have. ( as) 2. She is such a kind girl _all of us like to make friends with her. (that) 五. 定语从句与习惯句型. 注意固定句型：It is the first/second/third time that+ 从句从句用现在完成时1.It is the first time _she has been in Shanghai. 2.It was the time _Chinese people had a hard life. 六. 定语从句与单句 注意标点符号。 两个单句间用句
29、号，而定语从句两个句子间用逗号。1.The mother told the lazy boy to work, _didn t help 2.The mother told the lazy boy to work. _didn t help. 1、倒装句 Inversion 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语” 。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。一、倒装的类型类型例句说明完全倒装Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends. 学生们涌出去欢送外国朋友。整个谓语移至主语之前。部分倒装Seldom does h
30、e go to school late. 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。二、倒装结构的基本用法1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装情 况例句说明疑问句中Have you got a dictionary? Where did he go last Monday? Are you listening to the radio? Which boy broke this glass? 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。“ there be”结构中There are three wells in our village. There stand
31、s a big paper making factory by the river. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 7 页情 况例句说明在以 here, there, now, then, in, up, away, down 等副词开头的句中Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你一封信。There goes the bell. 铃响了。Now comes your turn to play. 现在轮到你玩了。Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。Down she went 她下
32、来了。使用完全倒装结构。但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。在以 nor neither 或no more开头的句子中I can t swim, nor (neither)can she .He hasn t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there. He did not turn up. No more did his wife. 表示也不这样,neither和 nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more。用在 as尽管引导的让步状语从句中Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to
33、see me . 尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。Young as he is, he knows a lot . 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。从属连句as 用于特殊语序，含义与 though, although 相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装 表语提前2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。使句子更加流畅，更加生动情 况例句说明含有否认意义的副词或连词放在句首时Never before have we seen such a sight. Not until New Year s Day shall I give you a gift.Not only was everyt
34、hing that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship. Hardly had he seem me when he ran away. 常 用 否 认 词 有 : never, not, hardly, scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only but also, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when 等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。副词 only 放在句首时Only then did he realize his mista
35、kes . Only in this way can you learn maths well . Only Mother can understand me . Only three of us failed in the exam.only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语 +部分倒装”。如置于句首的only 修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。虚拟语气条件从句中Were they here, they would help us . Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something. Should you fail, take
36、more pain and try again. 把从句中 if 省略将 were， had或 should放在主语的前面。直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时“He is a clever boy” said the teacher. “Go, Dick, go! ”cried Tom,“ Go home and get help”“What do you think of the film? ”he asked. “I m leaving for Hongkong next month ” Mary told me yesterday. 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。但如果主句主语为代词
37、时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。表示祝愿的句子中May you succeed! 祝你成功。Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁！谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。副词 so 在句首He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I . They will learn chemistry next term, so will I . I can drive a car, so can my younger brother. 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。Tom won
38、the first prize for the English 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 7 页情 况例句说明competition. So he did. 英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。It was cold yesterday. So it was 确实冷。意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。在频度状语 often, always, many a time等开头的句子中Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不
39、要这样做。Many a time has she helped me with my English. 她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。在方式状语thus 开头的句子中及程度状语 so 放句首Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大， 连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。介词短语作状语，放在句首In the middle of the room stood a little girl. 在房间中央站着一个小女孩。In the
40、 distance was a horse.马在远处。在强调表语的句子中Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such is life. 生活就是这样。Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. 附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构到达平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。翻译：Television was not invented by any one person, (也不是一夜之间就出现的). The organization had broken no rules, but (也没有很负责地执行规定). 虽然他年龄不大, he knows a lot of things. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 7 页
